Abstract
Elucidation of chemical composition of biooil is essentially important to evaluate the process of lignocellulosic biomass (LCBM) conversion and its upgrading and suggest proper value-added utilization like producing fuel and feedstock for fine chemicals. Although the main components of LCBM are cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, the chemicals derived from LCBM differ significantly due to the various feedstock and methods used for the decomposition. Biooil, produced from pyrolysis of LCBM, contains hundreds of organic chemicals with various classes. This review covers the methodologies used for the componential analysis of biooil, including pretreatments and instrumental analysis techniques. The use of chromatographic and spectrometric methods was highlighted, covering the conventional techniques such as gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry. The combination of preseparation methods and instrumental technologies is a robust pathway for the detailed componential characterization of biooil. The organic species in biooils can be classified into alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, benzene-ring containing hydrocarbons, ethers, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acids, and other heteroatomic organic compounds. The recent development of high resolution mass spectrometry and multidimensional hyphenated chromatographic and spectrometric techniques has considerably elucidated the composition of biooils.
Highlights
Fossil resources, namely, coal, petroleum, and natural gas, are still the main raw materials to meet the global requirements for energy and fine chemicals
The compositional analysis of biooil covers a wide range of its characteristics, including macroscopical and integral features such as solid-liquid phases distribution, acidity, stability, heating value, elemental contents, and molecular weight distribution and microscopical and specific features such as chemical composition, distribution of moieties of species, distributions of functional groups and chemical bonds, and connection styles of organic matters
Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) molecular weight (Da) the separation of components is based on the difference in penetration of molecules according to their size and shape [122, 123]
Summary
Coal, petroleum, and natural gas, are still the main raw materials to meet the global requirements for energy and fine chemicals. The compositional analysis of biooil covers a wide range of its characteristics, including macroscopical and integral features such as solid-liquid phases distribution, acidity, stability, heating value, elemental contents, and molecular weight distribution and microscopical and specific features such as chemical composition, distribution of moieties of species, distributions of functional groups and chemical bonds, and connection styles of organic matters Most of these analyses require qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) is a powerful technique for the determination of volatile fractions in different types of biooils providing detailed information on the molecular composition It provides complementary qualitative and quantitative analyses of a wide variety of compounds [25, 71,72,73,74,75,76]. These compositional assessments were compared and discussed, and the future work on the componential characterization of biooil was prospected and suggested
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