Lightning Arresters Research Articles

Studi Kemampuan Arrester Untuk Pengaman Transformator Pada Gardu Induk Tanjung Morawa 150 KV

Overvoltage is a voltage that can only be held for a very limited time. Overvoltage that occurs for a time that exceeds the equipment's capacity limit will damage the equipment connected to the network that is subjected to overvoltage. Lightning overvoltage is a periodic overvoltage caused by external overvoltage, both direct and indirect strikes. Lightning overvoltage only lasts a very short time but has a voltage that is so high that it exceeds the operating voltage of the equipment so it is potentially very damaging. Lightning Arrester is an installation safety equipment from overvoltage disturbances due to lightning strikes (Lightning Surge) or by switching surges (Switching Surge). Transformer / power transformer serves to distribute power / electrical power by increasing or decreasing the voltage at the substation. This research focuses on substation equipment, namely Lightning Arrester ASEA type XAR 170A3/144 which is connected to a Power I transformer (transformer) UNINDO 906007289. Good protection is obtained when the arrester is placed as close as possible to the transformer clamp. However, in practice the arrester must be located at a distance X from the transformer being protected. Therefore, the distance must be determined properly so that the resulting protection can be obtained properly. Arrester installation according to theory is 50 meters from the transformer, in practice at the TAMORA Substation the arrester distance is 3 meters from the temporary transformer based on calculations in this final project the best distance is 10.96 meters.

Desain Pemrograman Visual Pengendalian Nomor Urut

Overvoltage is a voltage that can only be held for a very limited time. Overvoltage that occurs for a time that exceeds the equipment's capacity limit will damage the equipment connected to the network that is subjected to overvoltage. Lightning overvoltage is a periodic overvoltage caused by external overvoltage, both direct and indirect strikes. Lightning overvoltage only lasts a very short time but has a voltage that is so high that it exceeds the operating voltage of the equipment so it is potentially very damaging. Lightning Arrester is an installation safety equipment from overvoltage disturbances due to lightning strikes (Lightning Surge) or by switching surges (Switching Surge). Transformer / power transformer serves to distribute power / electrical power by increasing or decreasing the voltage at the substation. This research focuses on substation equipment, namely Lightning Arrester ASEA type XAR 170A3/144 which is connected to a Power I transformer (transformer) UNINDO 906007289. Good protection is obtained when the arrester is placed as close as possible to the transformer clamp. However, in practice the arrester must be located at a distance X from the transformer being protected. Therefore, the distance must be determined properly so that the resulting protection can be obtained properly. Arrester installation according to theory is 50 meters from the transformer, in practice at the TAMORA Substation the arrester distance is 3 meters from the temporary transformer based on calculations in this final project the best distance is 10.96 meters.

Modeling of transient caused by lightning strike at Nias high voltage substation using ATP-EMTP case study

Lightning has always been a dangerous threat to power system equipment consisting of: power plants, substations, transmission lines and distribution lines. Commonly, the overhead high voltage transmission line is subjected to lightning strikes. Therefore the protection level against lightning is determined based on the level of insulation of equipment. To prevent damage due the equipment due to a lightning strike, an arrester is used. In this study, three models of arrester are used as comparison viz. IEEE arrester model, Micaela arrester model and Karbalaye arrester model. The system were simulated by using the Alternative Transients Program (ATP) software. The results show that the lightning arrester is declared successful in protecting the transmission system, where the three lightning arresters have Margin Protection (MP) arrester which reaches 28%. In the simulation, it is known that the IEEE and Karbalaye arrester successfully breakdown the lightning current in transmission system so that the transient overvoltage recorded on the transformer does not exceed the Basic Insulation Level (BIL) value of the transformer. While the Pincenti arrester has also succeeded in reducing the voltage on the system but its value is greater than the transformer BIL of the substation, Teluk Dalam, Nias

Relationship between Damage Rate of High-Voltage Electrical Equipment and Instrumental Seismic Intensity

Based on the actual damage data of high-voltage electrical equipment in electric substations in the Wenchuan earthquake, this paper uses the cumulative Gaussian distribution function to describe the relationship between the damage rate of high-voltage electrical equipment and the instrumental seismic intensity. The instrumental seismic intensity at strong motion observation stations in the Wenchuan earthquake is calculated, and the Kriging interpolation method is used to estimate the instrumental seismic intensity at 110 kV and above voltage level substations in Mianyang, Deyang, Guangyuan, and Chengdu of Sichuan Province. A cumulative Gaussian distribution function is then used to fit the damage rate-instrumental seismic intensity relationship curve for six types of high-voltage electrical equipment such as the transformer, circuit breaker, voltage mutual inductor, current mutual inductor, isolating switch, and lightning arrester. The results show that transformers have the highest vulnerability during earthquakes, and they suffered a certain level of damage even under low instrumental intensity. The second most vulnerable equipment is the circuit breaker, followed by the lightning arrester, transformer, and isolating switch, which share a similar vulnerability curve.

Disaster management plan for residential-cum-commercial property in Mumbai: a case study

A residential-cum-commercial property consisting of seven buildings with approximately 50 m height in Mumbai city of India was considered for disaster management study. The main objective of this study was to minimize all the losses of any kind of possible disasters like fire, lighting, cyclone, flood, earthquake and terrorist attack. Each disaster was imposed on the project design and responses were formulated in order to minimize the damage to lives and resources. Public address systems and alarm systems have been installed at the project site to alert the residents about the disasters and to give directions which are to be followed. Fire mitigation and detection equipment are also present at the project site. In this study, accessibility of the fire tender from each side of the buildings has been analyzed. Assembly points for emergencies have been designated for the project. Lightning arrestors have been installed for protection against lightning strikes. Natural drainage network within 1 km radius from the project site has been analyzed using geographic information system to prevent the. CCTV for security, signages for evacuation plan and rescue equipment have been installed throughout the project site to save lives in priority. The key findings are the losses due to disasters could be minimized with proper planning which might have cost for execution, operation and maintenance. This comprehensive study can be referred for planning to minimize the loss of lives and resources in high-rise buildings in case of disasters in urban area.

Reliability Analysis of A Novel On-line Maintenance Switchgear Under Transient Impulse

To improve the efficiency of switchgear maintenance, a double-action switchgear is presented to realize the purpose of on-line maintenance in this paper. And to check the reliability and safety of the novel design, a research about the insulation performance of the new design switchgear under two different impulse action is carried out. The two different impulse phenomena refer the switching process of the double-action switchgear and the lighting impulse respectively. The switchgear conversion equivalent circuit is established to analyze the transient process of the switching and the mechanism of lightning surge strike on the switchgear is analyzed as well. Based on these, an 3D electric field model is established to calculate the distribution of electric field under switchgear transient condition and the lightning impulse condition respectively. The results show that when the new switchgear operates under the condition of the maximum overvoltage during the switching progress, the maximum field strength is 4.35×105V/m, which is less than the air breakdown field strength. Under the extreme conditions of lightning surge strike, the maximum field strength in the main switchgear and stand-by switchgear is 1.415×107V/m and 5.093×106V/m respectively, where the breakdown may occur. Lightning arresters is quite necessary to be adopted to protect the new switchgear.

Modeling and Simulation of a Metal Oxide Lightning Surge Arrester for 132kV Overhead Transmission Lines

This paper demonstrated the design of a Metal Oxide Surge Arrester for a 132 kV system with a rated voltage of 120 kV according to specifications. The study model was chosen to be Pinceti model which is a derivation of the IEEE standard model of Lightning arrester design. The design specifications for the lab tests on 120kV rated arrester for ZnO material were obtained from the catalogue of Ohio Brass Pvt. Ltd. The parameters for the lumped components were derived from the manufacturer’s data sheet while the non-linear characteristic was derived from curve fitting based on the Pinceti provided curves in literature, using Matlab Curve Fitting Tool. The design was simulated on EMTP-RV commercial software and the results before optimization as well as after optimization are presented. A cross comparison with the manufacturers data results in 1.113% relative error, which is in competition with similar designs for different rated and system voltages in literature. The study presents an improved model of a metal oxide arrester for 132kV system, with its lumped and exponential parameters presented in detail.

The failure arc paths of the novel device combining an arrester and an insulator under different pollution levels

Lightning strokes on transmission lines could trigger insulation failure if no protective measures are taken. Typically, a lightning arrester is used for this purpose. In order to combine the insulator and the lightning arrester as a single entity, a novel lightning protection composite insulator, combining an arrester and an insulator was developed for 10 kV distribution lines. Studied in this paper are the various arc paths of the novel insulator. The arc path tests under both AC and impulse voltage were conducted. The findings indicate that low, medium, high, very high, and extremely heavy pollutions caused different types of arcings under AC voltage. In addition, arc paths were affected by both the pollution level and the magnitude of impulse voltage. Based on the arc paths recorded by a high-speed camera, the flashover modes can be divided into three categories (flashover of the air gap, flashover of silicone rubber sheds in insulation section, and flashover of the whole insulator). More specifically, we defined and analyzed 14 types of arc paths in detail, and the critical pollution level (0.1 mg/cm2) of normal operation were obtained. Further, the statistical probability of each arc under impulse voltage was calculated. Due to the complexity of the arc paths under the switching impulse voltage, a 90% probability distribution figure of arc paths with different Us (switching impulse voltage) and ESDD (equivalent salt deposit density) was presented according to the test results. At last, we discuss the impulse voltage waveform corresponding to the typical arc path and describe the research prospect. The research results in this paper present the failure modes of the novel lightning protection insulator, and the results can be used for designing insulators for various pollution levels.

Research on Assembly Automation Technology of New Prefabricated Transformer Prefabricated Transformer

The technical field of transformers discussed in the paper relates to the production of lead wires, especially a factory-made prefabricated transformer with a new lead wire; its transformer includes a transformer main body and a new transformer lead wire connected to the main body of the transformer. The transformer lead wire includes a transformer lead wire, and a copper-aluminium terminal, a heat shrinkable tube, a composite insulator, a grounding test ring, a lightning arrester lead assembly, and a C-clamp are arranged in order from one end to the other end. The design of the new type lead wire transformer assembly can completely realize the factory prefabrication of the transformer lead wire, the manufacturing process is simple, and the construction time on site can be greatly reduced and the construction efficiency can be improved.

Throwing light on lightning

Lightning is a well-known life-threatening natural phenomenon. The lightning not only threatens the life of humans and animals but also threatens the nominal operation of electrical and electronics devices. Therefore, appropriate lightning arresting mechanisms should be designed to arrest the lightning and its impact, including voltage and current surges in power systems. To design the lightning surge arresters, the characteristics of the lightning have to be studied, which are presented in this paper.

Feasibility of Storing Lightning Energy Being Discharged t hrough a Lightning Arrester by a Capacitor

Lightning phenomenon over the years has been subject of debate of scientists as well as that of people. For some, it is the manifestation of their deities, and, for others it is nothing but a simple display of colors along with fearsome sounds with a destructive power. We know by the work of scientists like Benjamin Franklin (18th century) that it was not what we used to think, and, has some explanations. We now, have understood how the clouds get charged, and how they, in turn, induce charges on the surface of the earth below them. The different types of strokes were also better understood along the way. With the grasp of the real phenomenon, scientists worked out its multiple threats to transmission lines, and therefore, came up with some protective devices to avoid the total catastrophe that could occur should these strokes be left without any preventive measures. Hence, many protective devices came to life with special applications; one of which the lightning arrester. The latter one helps a lot, especially nearby substations by grounding lightning induced energy. We also know that scientists have been discussing the possibility of capturing lightning energy, and, use it to compensate the deficit in energy demand from the world needs in terms of energy. We are using here a capacitor-lightning arrester combination to try and store the lightning-induced energy in transmission lines. We shall carry out this work by making use of the ability of the capacitor while subjected to a surge, and then, find out about the energy it can store by getting charged up. we shall also make use of SmartDraw software for our designs and models. The aim here is to target how we could possibly break the grounds in the mastering of the ever-lost lightning energy to ground.

110kV Lightning-proof and Ice-proof Insulators and Explosion-proof Research

At present, the transmission line realizes the effect of lightning protection and supporting wires by connecting insulators and lightning arresters in parallel. However, due to the large weight and volume of lightning arresters, the space of the cross arm of the iron tower is limited, the workload of lightning arresters installation and line operation and maintenance is greatly increased, and the live operation is more difficult. Aiming at the problems that lightning arresters do not have the ability to hang wires, and additional hanging points are needed during installation, and the cross arm of iron tower is reformed, this paper proposes a lightning protection composite insulator combining lightning arresters and insulators. In view of the anti-explosion performance of lightning arresters, the existing research mostly focuses on the discussion and theoretical analysis of lightning arresters explosion accidents, and seldom involves the anti-explosion performance test of lightning arresters. In this paper, the practicability and reliability of the 110kV lightning-proof and ice-proof insulator are illustrated through the explosion-proof performance test and mechanical performance test of the proposed 110kV lightning-proof and ice-proof insulator.

Methodology for Analysis of Electric Distribution Network Criticality Due to Direct Lightning Discharges

Direct lightning discharges in overhead distribution networks invariably cause serious insulation damage, frequently leading to the electric system’s partial or total shutdown. Installing lightning arresters can be very effective, and it is commonly used to minimize this problem; however, considering that typically, electric distribution grids exhibit a very large number of electrical nodes, the massive use of lightning arresters may not be economically viable. In this way, this article proposes a methodology for allocating lightning arresters that can significantly reduce the number of lightning arresters installed, but at the same time maintaining an adequate protection level for the distribution grid. The proposed methodology, named Direct Discharge Crossing (DDC), analyzes the network criticality based on two main factors, which are the overvoltage magnitudes and the number of flashovers provoked by lightning discharges, and defines a feeder lightning performance function that is used to indicate the recommended location for lightning arresters’ installation. The simulation studies are accomplished using the IEEE 34 bus distribution grid and ATP software to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed solution, which is confirmed by the results presented.

English

English

ANALISIA PENEMPATAN LIGHTNING ARRESTER PADA CABLE HEAD 60 SEBAGAI PENGAMAN TRANSFORMATOR GIS BANDARA NGURAH RAI

The transmission line of 150 kV between GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear) Bandara Ngurah Rai and GI Nusa Dua needs to be concerned further due to the high number of VIP customers supplied by the GIS Bandara Ngurah Rai. The location of transmission line of GIS Bandara Ngurah Rai with GI Nusa Dua is also located in the southern area of Bali in which according to the data of BMKG in 2018, it was recorded that 15.000-30.000 lightning strike occurred in the southern area of Bali. One of the devices used to protect the equipment from lightning surge is lightning arrester. Lightning arrester which is used in the network of GIS Bandara Ngurah Rai to GI Nusa Dua is placed on Cable head 60. The transmission line of GIS Bandara Ngurah Rai with GI Nusa Dua is connected by an overhead line of 8.5 km and an underground cable of 2.02 km, which is connected by terminating on Cable head 60. The distance between the Airport GIS transformer and the lightning arrester is 2.02 km, therefore it needs to be studied further in order to find out whether the protection generated by the lightning arrester has been optimal or not. The result showed that the arrester with an installation distance of 2020 meters from the transformer is still able to cut the lightning surges by producing the sparkover voltage value of 605.12 kv. Accordingly, the result of sparkover voltage exceeds the sparkover voltage of the arrester in the number of 577kv, however the voltage is still within the tolerance range of the sparkover voltage of the arrester.

The influence of the closing phase angle of AC filter on the action of arrester in ±800 kV Nuozhadu DC transmission project

The power system is affected by different levels of transient shock caused by different switching angle when AC filter switching on. The shock causes frequent action and aging of lightning arrester. In this article, the causes of frequent action of lightning arrester in Nuozhadu DC project are analyzed by means of power systems computer aided design simulation. The overvoltage, current, and energy of AC filter switching on are also analyzed. The critical angle of the arrester action of AC filters is discussed. The results show that AC filter switching on can affect this group and other groups. When the closing phase angle reaches 12°, the arrester in this group lightnings. When the closing phase angle reaches 18, the arresters in other groups lightning. Finally, the influence of the three phases and the impact which varies with power are also discussed.

Молниезащита сетей наружного освещения

The territories of facilities intended for carrying out mass cultural events and of stadiums are lighted using modern outdoor lighting systems, which consist of 0.4 kV cable lines, light poles with LED luminaires, and digital instrumentation and control systems. If lightning strikes hit at the poles, which serve as natural lightning diverters, or near the facilities, there occurs a danger of injuring people or inflicting damage to sensitive expensive equipment and cable lines. The lightning protection of outdoor lighting networks is considered. The conditions under which the protection of outdoor lighting equipment and electrical safety of people and animals are ensured in the case of lightning strikes at the poles or near the outdoor lighting networks are determined. The distribution of potentials near lighting poles and the overvoltages induced in the cable lines are determined by calculation. Measures for protecting the equipment and people against dangerous lightning impacts are elaborated. The design solutions on lightning protection of a stadium with lightning poles are experimentally checked through simulating a lightning stroke at the pole by discharge at a vertical conductor.

STUDI PERBAIKAN SISTEM PEMBUMIAN UNTUK MENCEGAH KEGAGALAN LIGHTNING ARRESTER PADA PENYULANG SULAHAN BANGLI

The Feeder of Sulahan Bangli is located in the highlands which are often exposed to natural phenomena in the form of lightning, so the Feeder of Sulahan Bangli often experience interference with over voltage. Lightning Arrester in The Feeder of Sulahan Bangli often experience failure due to overvoltages during lightning surges. In 2016 there were 4 times the overvoltage failure in conventional Lightning Arrester in The Feeder of Sulahan (PT. PLN (Pesero) UP3 East Bali, 2016). The failure of Lightning Arrester in The Feeder of Sulahan Bangli is caused by the interference of backback-flashover, this is caused by the earth resistance value in Lightning Arrester exceeds the standard value <1 ? which is an average of 8 ? so that it needs to be repaired grounding system. In this study an analysis of the area of the grounding system is installed, analyzing the various grounding systems that are suitable in the Feeder of Sulahan, and calculating the cost of each grounding system. The results of calculations and analysis of several grounding systems used by the Grid-Rod grounding system in wet and clay soils are the most optimal type of groundinging system that can be used as a reference for improving the grounding system in The Feeder of Sulahan Bangli with an earth resistance value of 0, 4543 Ohms at a cost of Rp. 5,416,625, - per unit and on a 0.4461 Ohm thick clay soil at a cost of Rp. 8,728,125, - per unit.

Robust Instruments Position Estimation using Improved Kernelized Correlation Filter for Substation Patrol Robots

Substation patrol robots (SIR) play an increasingly important role in ensuring the safe operation of substations. The robust and precise position estimating of the instruments to be inspected on the images are a prerequisite for accurately detecting the target states or obtaining the target readings under all-weather environment. In order to achieve high location accuracy of instrument, this study proposed an improved kernelized correlation filter (KCF) algorithm for achieving robust instrument location on images for SPR. Firstly, multiple templates are selected for training KCF classifier parameters. Then, reliable SURF matching-point determination method is designed, and the regions including reliable matching points are selected as the candidate regions, so that the searching range is narrowed. Finally, for KCF response surface of each candidate region, Single-Peak Constraint (SPC) is designed for locating target and reducing mismatching rate. Furthermore, experiments are performed for validating the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, in which four instruments mainly including lightning arrester monitor and transformer thermometer are selected. The experimental results show that the proposed method has higher accuracy of target localization than traditional SURF-based position estimating method.

Modeling and Analysis of Lightning Arrester for Transmission Line Overvoltage Protection

Modeling and Analysis of Lightning Arrester for Transmission Line Overvoltage Protection