Light Fraction Research Articles

Dependence of far-red light on red and green light at increasing growth of lettuce.

Despite being outside of the traditionally defined photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) waveband (400-700 nm), far-red (FR; 700-799 nm) light can increase photosynthesis and induce shade-avoidance responses, which increases light interception and thus, whole-plant growth. However, it is unclear how the promotion of growth from FR light depends on PAR wavebands and specifically how the substitution of red light (600-699 nm) with green light (500-599 nm) influences the efficacy of FR light on increasing shoot biomass accumulation. To determine this, we grew red- and green-leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa) at a fixed total photon flux density (PFD) with 12 different fractions of red, green, and FR light and the same PFD of blue (400-499 nm) light. We postulated that decreasing the red:FR by substituting FR light for green light, red light, or both would increase shoot fresh mass (FM) until a fraction beyond which growth (but not leaf area) would begin to decrease. Indeed, the substitution of red with FR light increased the leaf area of both cultivars, but FM was greatest under an FR fraction [FR/(R+FR)] of approximately 0.25. Under the greatest FR PFD, FM was similar to lettuce grown without FR light, despite having greater leaf surface area for light interception. Green light had less of an effect on leaf expansion and FM than FR light, and plant diameter and leaf area of red-leaf 'Rouxai' were the greatest when green light fully replaced red light at the highest FR PFD. We conclude that under a modest light intensity and blue PFD, a spectrum that includes up to 25% of far-red photons can increase leaf area and biomass accumulation. While leaf area may continue to increase at higher far-red fractions, fresh mass does not, and plant quality begins to deteriorate.

In-situ light extinction nano-oxide volume fraction measurements during single iron particle combustion

In-situ measurements of the volume fraction of nanoparticles generated during the combustion of single iron particles were conducted using a high-speed light extinction method. The process of nanoparticles generation from iron particles burning under conditions of 21% oxygen concentration and ambient temperatures of 1400 K and 1850 K can be divided into three stages: acceleration of productivity, stable productivity, and continuous growth of volume fraction after the cessation of nanoparticles generation on the iron particle's surface. The productivity of nanoparticles in stage 2, which is proportional to the particle diameter, suggests that the nanoparticles generation process in this stage may be influenced by the outward diffusion of gaseous Fe and FeO. Approximately 2% to 4% of iron is converted into nanoparticles after combustion, and the conversion rate decreases with increasing particle diameter. Accurate values of the refractive index of iron and its oxides at high temperatures and in the liquid phase will contribute to improving the accuracy of the light extinction measurement since those values significantly affect the measured results of the volume fraction of nanoparticles.

UV-Vis spectrophotometric determination of rare earth elements (REE) speciation at near-neutral to alkaline pH. Part I: m-cresol purple properties from 25-75 °C and Er hydrolysis.

The speciation and mobility of rare earth elements (REE) strongly depends on pH, which controls the formation of charged aqueous hydroxyl species. The latter potentially play an important role in controlling heavy REE adsorption on clay minerals in near-neutral to alkaline waters such as in regolith-hosted REE mineral deposits. However, accurate REE hydrolysis constants are needed for developing geochemical models that can predict the role of these charged species in natural systems. Here, we develop a robust experimental UV-Vis spectrophotometric method using m-cresol purple to determine in situ pH from 25 to 75 °C. This method is used to derive the average ligand number and hydrolysis constants of erbium (Er) at 25 °C in aqueous solutions with low ionic strength (≤0.001 mol L-1) at pH from ∼7 to 9.5 and in the presence of Er concentrations from 0 to 0.057 mM. The average ligand number ranges between 1 and 3 indicating that Er(OH)2+, Er(OH)2+ and Er(OH)03 control speciation in the experiments. The logarithm of the Er hydrolysis constants (, n = 1 to 3) derived at infinite dilution for the reaction Er3+ + nH2O = Er(OH)n3-n + nH+ are: , , . Implementation of these experimental data into a geochemical model indicates that the Er(OH)2+ and Er(OH)03 species are both stable in a much wider pH range than previously predicted. Consequently, the positively charged REE hydroxyl complexes can potentially control the fractionation of light vs. heavy REE via adsorption as observed in the formation of certain regolith-hosted REE deposits.

Specifications for applying high octane additives to the motor gasoline in hot climate

The article analyzes the use of high-octane additives to motor gasoline used in hot climates. We have studied anti-knock additives as additives to improve the octane number of gasoline. An additive based on alcohols, octane-Booster, was used as such additives. Laboratory studies were carried out on the physicochemical parameters of AI-80 and AI-92 gasoline with the addition of an anti-knock additive. The results of the studies show that when gasoline is used in hot climates, the addition of high-octane components based on alcohols increases the octane number, but at the same time the boiling point of the light fraction of gasoline decreases. With an increase in the percentage of additive, the boiling point of the light fractions reached 58°C. Taking into account all the experimental data obtained, we suggest adding a percentage of this additive of no more than 3%, which shows the optimal octane number and distillation temperature of 10% gasoline for hot climates. With a further increase in concentration to 5%, the octane number increases, but at the same time the distillation temperature of 10% gasoline sharply decreases, which can lead to increased friction losses. When the concentration increased above 5%, the octane number did not change. To ensure optimal engine operating conditions in hot climatic conditions, we suggest ensuring that the boiling point of gasoline at the beginning of distillation is not lower than 40°C ÷ 43°C, and the distillation temperature of 10% gasoline is not lower than 70°C.

Development and research of a new nanocomposition for elimination of asphaltene-tar-paraffin deposits

At long-operating fields, due to a drop in reservoir pressure and temperature in the bottom-hole zone of wells as a result of degassing, light oil fractions volatilize and heavy fractions deposit on the rock surface, which leads to weakened filtration and reduced productivity. On the other hand, these particles deposited in the pores hydrophobize the rock surface, and water passing through this surface mixes with the deposited hydrocarbons to form an emulsion. The emulsion formed reduces phase conductivity. For effective exploitation of this type of oil fields, compositions that have a stronger effect on the bottom-hole zone and are more economically feasible have been developed and their properties have been studied. As a result of these studies it was revealed that with the addition of small concentrations of metallic nanoparticles to compositions consisting of solvents and surfactants, the ability of the developed new composition to dissolve asphaltene-tar-paraffin deposits is significantly increased. Keywords: asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits; metal nanoparticles; surfactants; solvents; new composition.

Investigation of the effect of alumina porous media on the polyethylene waste pyrolysis with continuous feed

This study investigates the pyrolysis of polyethylene waste in a continuous-feed mode to provide novel insights into recycling waste plastics. Alumina (Al2O3) porous media has been introduced into the pyrolysis reactor to study its effect on continuous-feeding plastic waste pyrolysis. The pyrolysis product yields, oil fractions, and gas components have been determined under varying porous media structures, i.e., thickness and pore size, and operating parameters, i.e., temperature and gas-carrying velocity. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first attempt to investigate the influence of porous media pore size on the thermal decomposition of waste polyolefin in continuous feeding mode. The results reveal that higher thicknesses and smaller pore sizes of porous media can enhance the properties of pyrolysis oil with lower heavy fractions (>C20). The aromatization of light olefins is triggered when the temperature exceeds 520 °C, resulting in a rapid increase in light fraction (<C12) in pyrolysis oil. Moreover, the gas-carrying velocity determines the pyrolysis product distribution by regulating the volatiles' residence time.

The relationship between site history and human health risks: Lessons from 13 years of contaminated land risk assessments in Victoria, Australia

AbstractSite history is widely recognized as one of the key determinants of the nature and scale of contamination that is likely to be present at a location. While there is vast anecdotal and empirical evidence on the relationship between site history and risk of exposure to pollution, few attempts have been made to systematically collate data across sites to rigorously identify such trends. This study presents an analysis of human health risk metrics extracted from all 1732 contaminated land environmental audits published in Victoria, Australia between 2006 and 2018. The contaminating activities found to be most likely associated with elevated risks to human health were service stations, fuel depots, dry cleaners, gasworks, mechanical parts manufacturers, imported fill and unknown offsite sources generating regional groundwater pollution (usually polluted with trichloroethene). The ten chemical contaminants most frequently assessed in human health risk assessment reports included (in order): benzene, C&gt;10–16 petroleum hydrocarbons, naphthalene, C6–10 petroleum hydrocarbons, xylenes, trichloroethene, toluene, ethylbenzene, benzo(a)pyrene, and tetrachloroethene. The findings of this report include recommendations to develop regulatory guideline values in Australia for trimethylbenzenes, heavy fraction petroleum hydrocarbons (C&gt;16), and trans‐1,2‐dicholoethene, and to strengthen the evidence base informing risks associated with light fraction petroleum hydrocarbons (C6–16) and trichloroethene. To the author's knowledge, this study is the first to extract risk metrics from environmental audit reports and provides a strong evidence base to help regulators, academics and commercial practitioners rank and prioritize sites based on their site history and associated risks.

A Comparative Study of Fuel Density Precision Data Using Digital Densimeter Meters at Two Different Temperatures

The widespread use of liquid fuels can be monitored by their density and light fractions, which affect storage, combustion, handling, and contractual issues. The quantitative measurement of fuel density is carried out using an analytical procedure whose test method presents precision data (repeatability and reproducibility) at 15 °C, whereas Brazilian commercial legislation uses a base temperature of 20 °C. Therefore, the scope of this study was to evaluate whether there are statistically significant differences between these two temperatures. An interlaboratory study, considering homogeneity and stability checks, was carried out, and the data were treated using a one-way analysis of variance in a single-stage nested design for calculating the density precision data (under repeatability and reproducibility conditions). After using an F test to compare the variances at 15 °C and 20 °C, one concluded that these precision data are not always metrologically comparable.

Preparing for low surface brightness science with the Vera C. Rubin Observatory: a comparison of observable and simulated intracluster light fractions

ABSTRACT Intracluster light (ICL) provides an important record of the interactions galaxy clusters have undergone. However, we are limited in our understanding by our measurement methods. To address this, we measure the fraction of cluster light that is held in the Brightest Cluster Galaxy and ICL (BCG+ICL fraction) and the ICL alone (ICL fraction) using observational methods (surface brightness threshold-SB, non-parametric measure-NP, composite models-CM, and multi-galaxy fitting-MGF) and new approaches under development (wavelet decomposition-WD) applied to mock images of 61 galaxy clusters (14 &amp;lt;log10M200c/M⊙ &amp;lt; 14.5) from four cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. We compare the BCG+ICL and ICL fractions from observational measures with those using simulated measures (aperture and kinematic separations). The ICL fractions measured by kinematic separation are significantly larger than observed fractions. We find the measurements are related and provide equations to estimate kinematic ICL fractions from observed fractions. The different observational techniques give consistent BCG+ICL and ICL fractions but are biased to underestimating the BCG+ICL and ICL fractions when compared with aperture simulation measures. Comparing the different methods and algorithms, we find that the MGF algorithm is most consistent with the simulations, and CM and SB methods show the smallest projection effects for the BCG+ICL and ICL fractions, respectively. The Ahad (CM), MGF, and WD algorithms are best set up to process larger samples; however, the WD algorithm in its current form is susceptible to projection effects. We recommend that new algorithms using these methods are explored to analyse the massive samples that Rubin Observatory’s Legacy Survey of Space and Time will provide.

Experimental Investigation on the Pyrolysis and Conversion Characteristics of Organic-Rich Shale by Supercritical Water.

Organic-rich shale oil reservoirs with low-medium maturity have attracted increasing attention because of their enormous oil and gas potential. In this work, a series of experiments on pyrolysis of the particle and core samples were carried out in a self-made supercritical water pyrolysis apparatus to evaluate the feasibility and benefits of supercritical water in promoting the transformation efficiency and oil yield of the low-medium maturity organic-rich shale. Core samples had a mass loss of 8.4% under supercritical water pyrolysis, and many microcracks were generated, which increased the pyrolysis efficiency substantially. The oil yield of shale pyrolysis could reach 72.40% under supercritical water conditions at 23 MPa and 400 °C, which was 53.02% higher than that under anhydrous conditions. In supercritical water conditions, oxygen-containing compounds are less abundant than in anhydrous conditions, suggesting that supercritical water can inhibit their formation. Also, supercritical water conditions produced higher yields for light fraction, medium fraction, and heavy fraction shale oil than those under anhydrous conditions. These results indicate that supercritical water pyrolysis is feasible and has excellent advantages for low-medium maturity organic-rich shale.

Investigating the role of aliphatic olefins in fouling of thermally cracked bitumen by testing fouling tendency of model aliphatic olefin compounds in light fractions

Olefins are considered non-desirable compounds that are formed in the thermal cracking step of crude oil. Due to their high reactivity, they are linked to the fouling tendency of thermally cracked petroleum products. In this work, the role of aliphatic olefins in the fouling of thermally cracked petroleum products is studied by investigating the fouling tendency of model aliphatic olefin compounds blended with Western Canadian Select (WCS) crude, a low-fouling material, in an Alcor hot liquid process simulator (HLPS) fouling testing apparatus. The tested model olefin compounds were selected to have different types (mono-olefin, conjugated diolefins, non-conjugated diolefins), structures, and boiling points. The model olefin compounds were tested individually and in mixtures to determine the fouling tendency. Moreover, a light fraction of thermally cracked bitumen, which contains a significant concentration of olefinic species, was blended with the heavy fraction of WCS to simulate a thermal cracking derived olefin sample with a reasonable olefin content. Olefin and olefin mixture blends were tested in the Alcor HLPS unit to determine the temperature drop (ΔT) due to fouling on the heated rod of the Alcor HLPS unit that leads to a reduction in the heat transfer coefficient. All tested samples resulted in low or low-medium fouling when compared to a thermally cracked bitumen. The results indicated that aliphatic olefins, in the low boiling range, were not the sole contributor to fouling and other constituents, such as asphaltenes or high molecular weight olefins in the heavy fractions, and other properties, such as product stability (measured by P-value), might have a synergetic effect with olefins in the fouling mechanism. Therefore, the role of aliphatic olefins in fouling in petroleum products is reduced in the absence of the aforementioned constituents and properties.

ReaxFF Molecular Dynamics Study on the Microscopic Mechanism for Kerogen Pyrolysis.

Kerogen is mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which are the main components of crude oil and gas. The pyrolysis of kerogen is an efficient method to generate clean energy. In the present work, the pyrolysis reaction process of three types of kerogen is simulated using ReaxFF molecular dynamics (MD) methods to study the microscopic mechanism and the distribution of products. The results indicated that the pyrolysis products of the three types of kerogen significantly depend on the molecular structures, temperature, and reaction time. As the temperature increases, the gaseous hydrocarbon and the light and heavy oil fractions decreased, where small molecular fragments polymerized to form new molecular fragments. For an isothermal temperature, with the reaction proceeding, some component polymerization of the pyrolyzed fragments occurred, resulting in the generation of new light oils and heavy oils. Moreover, quantum chemical analysis was employed to reveal the kerogen pyrolysis mechanism. First, the weak bonds such as C-O, C-N, and C-S structures were decomposed to generate large carbon and some heavy shale oil fragments. Second, the cycloalkanes and long-chain alkanes were decomposed to generate a large amount of light shale oil and gaseous hydrocarbons. Finally, the decomposition of C═C in the aromatic ring, the secondary decomposition of light and heavy shale oils, and the further decomposition of short-chain alkanes occurred. In addition, the production of hydrogen (H2) occurred at the late stage of the pyrolysis reaction. Hydrogen radicals were formed by the decomposition of C-H bonds and subsequently collided with each other, resulting in the formation of H2 molecules. The pyrolysis and chemical analysis of kerogen can clearly determine the type and content of hydrocarbon substances, providing scientific data for exploration, development, and utilization of shale gas and shale oil.

Modeling pyrolysis kinetics of extracted biomass components with the bio-chemical percolation devolatilization model

Within the pyrolysis modeling of biomass, the solid is typically interpreted as a mixture of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, where the components react independently before the products are linearly superimposed. This assumption applies to the bio-chemical percolation devolatilization model (Bio-CPD), which, as a network model, represents the physicochemical processes very realistically. A literature review regarding available structural and kinetic parameters for the Bio-CPD model revealed four hits. To investigate and evaluate the model predictivity, experiments from extracted lignocellulosic biomass components pyrolyzed separately in a fluidized bed reactor are used as reference data. Using single-component data simplifies the reaction chemistry by minimizing interactions between the components and best approximates the model assumptions. The comparison between experimentally obtained total volatile release rates and model predictions revealed the parameter set from Vizzini et al. (2008) for cellulose and the one from Sheng and Azevedo (2002) for hemicellulose as best-suitable candidates to predict the pyrolysis behavior for the boundary conditions of the fluidized bed reactor. For lignin, instead, the Genetti correlation (Genetti, Fletcher, and Pugmire, 1999) to estimate structural parameters based on the ultimate and proximate analysis led to better results than all other sets. Further, the analysis of light gas and tar fractions showed a high relevance to model secondary tar cracking reactions in the fluidized bed reactor system.

The Connection between the Intracluster Light and its Host Halo: Formation Time and Contribution from Different Channels

We extend the analysis presented by Contini et al. to higher redshifts, up to z = 2, by focusing on the relation between the intracluster light (ICL) fraction and the halo mass, its dependence on redshift, the role played by the halo concentration, and the formation time, in a large sample of simulated galaxy groups/clusters with . Moreover, a key focus is to isolate the relative contributions provided by the main channels for the ICL formation to the total amount. The ICL fraction at higher redshift is weakly dependent on halo mass and comparable with that at the present time, in agreement with recent observations. Stellar stripping, mergers, and preprocessing are the major channels responsible for the ICL formation, with stellar stripping accounting for ∼90% of the total ICL, regardless of halo mass and redshift. Preprocessing is an important process for clusters to accrete already formed ICL. The diffuse component forms very early, at z ∼ 0.6, and its formation depends on both concentration and formation time of the halo, with more concentrated haloes that formed early assembling their ICL earlier than those that formed later. The efficiency of this process is independent of halo mass but increases with decreasing redshift, which implies that stellar stripping becomes more important with time as the concentration increases. This highlights the link between the ICL and the dynamical state of a halo: groups/clusters that have a higher fraction of diffuse light are more concentrated, relaxed, and in an advanced stage of growth.

Soil fertility in silvopastoral systems integrating tree legumes with signalgrass (Urochloa decumbens Stapf. R. Webster)

Silvopastoral Systems (SPS) can increase overall productivity and generate continuous income in order to stimulate simultaneous growth and development of trees, forage and livestock. Moreover, the SPS with tree legumes would be important for add nutrients to the system, mainly N, and ensure the soil health and quality. Soil properties were assessed in two SPS, implanted in 2011, using tree legumes and Urochloa decumbens Stapf. R. Webster (Signalgrass). Treatments were Signalgrass + Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth (Sabia) and Signalgrass + Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. (Gliricidia), and they were allocated in a randomized complete block design, with three replications. Soil was sampled in 2013, 2017, and 2018, at 0, 4, and 8 m along transects perpendicular to tree double rows, from 0- to 20- and 20- to 40-cm layers. Soil chemical properties included pH, P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, H++Al3+, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and base saturation. In addition, light fraction of soil organic matter (LF-SOM), soil basal respiration (SBR), and natural abundance of 13C of the respired CO2 (δ13C-CO2) were analyzed. Soil pH (5.3, 5.2, 5.1), P (11.3, 7.2, 3.6 mg dm-3), and CECeffective (5.8, 5.1, 5.0 cmolc dm-3) decreased (P &lt; 0.05) along the years 2013, 2017, and 2018, respectively. In 2018, the LF-SOM and δ13C-CO2 was greater in Sabia (1.1 g kg-1 and -16.4‰) compared to Gliricidia (0.7 g kg-1 and -18.2‰). Silvopastoral systems reduced soil fertility regardless of the tree legume species used as result of biomass nutrient stock, without maintenance fertilization. Sabia had greater deposition of LF-SOM, without increasing SBR, providing potential for microbial C use efficiency. Enriched C-CO2 isotope composition shows an efficient SOM oxidize in SPS with Gliricidia or Sabia. This information can contribute to the assessments related to CO2 balance and C retention. Both SPS contribute to C sequestration.

Interaction mechanism and cohesion strength of colloid structure of reclaimed asphalt modified by rubberized binder on aggregate surface

Asphalt mixture performance is attributed to morphological interlocking and physiochemical interaction between binder and aggregate. Many studies fostered the adhesion and bonding characteristics of many binders without conferring the interfacial interaction. To realistically understand the binder cohesion strength, this study investigates the impact of interfacial interaction on the binder colloid structure. An innovative experimental method was developed using the pull-off and gel permeation chromatography tests to investigate the binder/aggregate interface interaction from molecular and mechanical standpoints. The results showed success for the developed method to pursue the mechanism of the binder/aggregate interface interaction and evaluate the resulting molecular diffusion. Two mechanisms were distinguished for molecular diffusion, depending on the percentage of light components. The abundant light components can mobilize the heavy fractions, whereas binder colloids with limited light components have a molecular diffusion for light fractions only. The binder film portion near the aggregate surface has higher cohesion strength than the upper portion, where a strong correlation was proven between the decrease in the cohesion strength and the molecular diffusion due to the interfacial interaction. A robust prediction model with R2 of 0.90 was developed for the binder cohesion strength, where both the molecular composition and the molecular mobility due to interfacial interaction have significant impacts. As the accretion of heavy fractions strengthens the cohesion strength, the molecular diffusion mechanism, which mobilizes the heavy fractions toward the interface, further improves the cohesion strength of the binder film portion near the interface.

Valorization of Agricultural Polyolefin Plastic Waste in the Kingdom of Morocco through Thermal Pyrolysis: Influence of Thermal Parameters on Pyrolytic Oil Yields

This article focuses on exploring the recycling of agricultural plastic waste mixtures through the route of thermal cracking. In an experimental setting within a pilot-scale batch reactor, the impact of temperatures and heating rates on the yields obtained in the pyrolysis process have been meticulously examined. The temperatures of the pyrolysis process were varied between 360°C and 480°C, while the heating rates underwent changes, including 10, 15, and 30°C/min. The response parameters were the liquid, solid, and gas fractions. This research indicates that moderate temperatures and slower heating rates, resulting in extended reaction times, promote the generation of liquid fuel from pyrolysis. We achieved an optimal liquid fuel yield of 79% at 380°C, employing a temperature ramp of 10°C/min. Characterization of pyrolysis fuel resulting from the pyrolysis process revealed an extensive variety of hydrocarbons, requiring prior fractionation for optimal use in internal combustion engines. This step led to the separation into three distinct fractions: a light fraction (analogous to gasoline), accounting for 22.62% of the total weight, a middle fraction (similar to diesel), weighing 53.67% of the weight, and a heavy fraction (comparable to heavy diesel), totaling 23.71% of the weight. The light fraction presents an octane rating in line with conventional gasoline values, while the middle fraction meets the required cetane criteria for diesel.

Translation Inhibition through eIF4A1 Targeting in Multiple Myeloma Is a Promising Therapeutic Strategy

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell (PC) disorder without definitive treatment and associated with multiple relapses. There is therefore an urgent need to develop innovative therapeutic strategies to overcome drug resistance. mRNA translation deregulation in involved in cancer progression by promoting aberrant proliferation or cell survival, and several translation factors such as eIF4A1 are deregulated in cancer, pointing to an addiction to high protein synthesis. In this context, inhibitors of eIF4A1-mediated translation have been developed and have shown anti-tumor effects in several models of hematological malignancies. Targeting translation in MM with eIF4A1 inhibition thus represent a potential treatment strategy in MM. To evaluate the therapeutic interest of targeting eIF4A1 in MM, we analyzed its expression in Bone Marrow Plasma Cells (BMPC, n = 22), Monoclonal Gammopathy of Unknown Significance cells (MGUS, n = 44), Smoldering MM Cells (SMMC, n = 12), MM cells (MMC, n = 345), and Human Myeloma Cell Lines (HMCLs, n = 42). We found that eIF4A1 expression increased throughout the evolution of the disease with a highest expression in HMCLs, and was significantly upregulated in the molecular subgroups Proliferation and Hyperdiploid (UAMS, TT2 cohort). Importantly, eIF4A1 high expression was associated with a poor prognosis in two independent cohorts of MM, a cohort of newly diagnosed patients treated by high dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (UAMS, TT2 cohort, n = 345) and a cohort of patients at relapse treated with Proteasome Inhibitors (Mulligan, n = 188). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of genes expressed in eIF4A1 high patients compared to eIF4A1 low patients revealed an enrichment in pathways related to RNA metabolism, DNA repair, epigenetic regulation and plasmablastic signature. We investigated the impact of eIF4A1 inhibition using Rocaglamide (Roca) in HMCLs. Roca was highly cytotoxic for 13 HMCLs with an IC50 &amp;lt; 20nM, led to cell cycle deregulation and to the downregulation of MMSET, MYC, IKAROS and EZH2 expression. Importantly, using a co-culture of primary MM cells with normal cells from the bone marrow micro-environment, we found that Roca was cytotoxic for malignant PCs but not bone marrow cells (n = 5). To deeper characterize eIF4A1 targets in MM cells, we performed Polysome Profiling to measure translational efficiency depending on the level of ribosomes associated with individual mRNAs. Roca induced a strong increase in mRNAs with one ribosome (monosome) and a decrease in mRNAs with polysomes. Sequencing of mRNAs from the light fraction (monosomes and disomes) and mRNAs from the heavy fraction (&amp;gt; 2 ribosomes) identified 567 genes significantly enriched in the light fraction of Roca-treated cells compared to control cells (Fold change &amp;gt; 1.5; p value &amp;lt; 0.05). GSEA unveiled an enrichment for pathways such as MYC targets, cell cycle, DNA damage and of high interest, EZH2 targets and TP53 transcriptional regulation. More precisely, translation efficiency of genes frequently associated with genomic abnormalities in MM such as MYC, TP53, or CTNNB1 was significantly decreased. We also identified several genes related to MM pathophysiology, including RECQL involved in replication stress survival and resistance to chemotherapy in MM (Viziteu et al, 2017), and EED, which interacts with EZH2, whose targeting could overcome the resistance to IMIDs and increase anti-CD38 efficacy in MM (Herviou et al, 2018; Chemlal et al, in press). We investigated the link between Roca sensitivity and the response of HMCLs to MM drugs, and found that higher resistance to Bortezomib was associated with higher sensitivity to Roca (n = 10, r = -0.6, p value &amp;lt; 0.05). Interestingly, we found a synergy between Roca and Bortezomib, suggesting that Roca could be used to overcome Bortezomib resistance. Moreover, since Roca affects IKAROS expression, a target of Immunomodulatory Drugs (IMIDs), we investigated the therapeutic interest to combine Roca with the IMID Lenalidomide. A synergy between Roca and Lenalidomide was identified in HMCLs, suggesting that the downregulation of MM oncoproteins with Roca could be used to increase the efficacy of IMIDs. In conclusion, Rocaglamide combination with IMIDs or other targeted therapies, such as EZH2 inhibitors, could be of clinical interest and represents a promising strategy to improve the outcome of MM patients.

U-Pb Geochronology, Geochemistry and Geological Significance of the Yongfeng Composite Granitic Pluton in Southern Jiangxi Province

The Yongfeng composite granitic pluton, located in the southern section of the Nanling area, is composed of the Yongfeng and Longshi biotite monzonitic granites. In order to reveal the genesis of this composite granitic pluton and its relationship with mineralization, this study conducted zircon U-Pb dating, whole-rock major and trace element analysis, and biotite electron probe analysis. The results show that the Yongfeng composite granitic pluton is rich in silicon and alkali, weakly peraluminous, and poor in calcium and iron. It shows the enrichment of light rare earth elements and a significant fractionation of light and heavy rare earth elements. It also shows the enrichment of large ion lithophile elements and depletion of Ba, K, P, Eu, and Ti relative to the primitive mantle. The contents of TFe2O3, MgO, CaO, TiO2, and P2O5 are low and decrease with increasing SiO2 content. The Yongfeng composite granitic pluton does not contain alkaline dark minerals. Its average zircon saturation temperature is 776 °C, average TFe2O3/MgO is 4.81, and average Zr + Nb + Ce + Y is 280.6 ppm, which correspond to a highly fractionated I-type granite. The Yongfeng and Longshi granites were respectively formed at 152.0 ± 1.0 Ma–151.3 ± 1.1 Ma and 148.9 ± 1.2 Ma. They were formed in the extensional tectonic setting during the post-orogenic stage, under the control of the breakup or retreat of the backplate after the subduction of the Pacific Plate into the Nanling hinterland. The magmatic system of the Yongfeng composite granitic pluton is characterized by high fractionation, high content of F, high temperature, and low oxygen fugacity, which is conducive to mineralization of Sn, Mo, and fluorite.

Contrasting impacts of plastic film mulching and nitrogen fertilization on soil organic matter turnover

Plastic film mulching and nitrogen (N) fertilization are two important field management practices used to increase crop yields in rain-fed agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas. These two practices, however, can have opposing effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and turnover. To clarify and analyze the combined effects of these practices, we conducted a 7-year continuous maize cultivation experiment with four treatments: (1) no plastic film mulching without N fertilization (Control), (2) plastic film mulching without N fertilization (PFM), (3) N fertilization without plastic film mulching (N), and (4) plastic film mulching with N fertilization (PFM + N). The 13C natural abundance of in the light and heavy fractions of organic carbon (LFOC and HFOC) was used to differentiate “old” (>7 years) and “new” (<7 years) C in the soil after C3 to C4 vegetation change. PFM increased soil temperature and moisture content over 7 years and led to a 150 % and 108 % increase in the above-ground and root biomass of maize, respectively. Hot and wet conditions under PFM accelerated the decomposition of both labile C (i.e., LFOC) and persistent C (i.e., HFOC), as measured by CO2 efflux from the soil. PFM decreased the LFOC and HFOC pools due to the fast decomposition of “old” C and inadequate stabilization of “new” C. Furthermore, PFM accelerated HFOC decomposition to a greater extent than that of LFOC. The Q10 values of SOC decomposition remained similar both in the presence and absence of PFM. Nitrogen fertilization increased the aboveground and root biomass of maize by 54 % and 40 %, respectively. In the control soil, microorganisms decomposed organic N owing to limited availability of mineral N and in the absence of any from replenishment by fertilizer N. Thus, the increase in LFOC content under N fertilization, was primarily attributed to the reduced decomposition of “old” C. The use of N fertilization produced a similar HFOC content as that of the control soil, while also accelerating the decomposition of “old” C and promoting the stabilization of “new” C, resulting in a faster turnover rate. Consequently, the impact of N fertilization on SOC turnover was negligible owing to the contrasting effects on LFOC and HFOC. The application of N fertilization resulted in a reduction of the Q10 value as compared to control. The combination of PFM and N fertilization accelerated the decomposition of HFOC and SOC, while having absent effect on SOC, labile C and persistent C contents. This indicates that 7 years weren’t long enough to trigger a response to the combination of PFM and N fertilization from SOC and HFOC contents. In summary, PFM led to a decline in the SOC content by accelerating the decomposition of both LFOC and HFOC. Conversely, N fertilization maintained SOC content by inhibiting LFOC decomposition and enhancing HFOC decomposition.