Light Breakfast Research Articles

Effects of CurraNZ, a New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract during 1 Hour of Treadmill Running in Female and Male Marathon des Sables Athletes in Hot Conditions: Two Case Studies.

Four weeks before competition in the 2023 Marathon des Sables, a 6-stage, ~250 km running event in the Sahara Desert, we examined the effects of a 7-day intake of New Zealand blackcurrant extract (210 mg anthocyanins per day) on 1 h treadmill running-induced physiological and metabolic responses in the heat (~34 °C, relative humidity: ~30%) in non-acclimatized amateur female and male athletes (age: 23, 38 yrs, BMI: 24.2, 28.4 kg·m-2, body fat%: 29.2, 18.8%, V˙O2max: 50.1, 52.1 mL·kg-1·min-1). During the 1 h run at 50%V˙O2max (speed female: 7.3, male: 7.5 km·h-1), indirect calorimetry was used, and heart rate was recorded at 15 min intervals with core temperature monitoring (0.05 Hz). The 1 h runs took place 3 h after a light breakfast and 2 h after intake of the final dose of New Zealand blackcurrant extract with water allowed ad libitum during the run. The New Zealand blackcurrant extract had no effects on the female athlete. The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) of the female athlete in the non-supplement control condition was 0.77 ± 0.01, indicating an existing ~77% contribution of fat oxidation to the energy requirements. In the male athlete, during 1 h of running, fat oxidation was higher by 21% (p < 0.01), carbohydrate oxidation was 31% lower (p = 0.05), RER was 0.03 units lower (p = 0.04), and core temperature was 0.4 °C lower (p < 0.01) with no differences for heart rate, minute ventilation, oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide production for the New Zealand blackcurrant condition compared to the non-supplement control condition. Seven-day intake of New Zealand blackcurrant extract (210 mg anthocyanins per day) provided beneficial physiological and metabolic responses during exertional heat stress by 1 h of indoor (~34 °C) treadmill running in a male Marathon des Sables athlete 4 weeks before competition. Future work is required to address whether New Zealand blackcurrant provides a nutritional ergogenic effect for Marathon des Sables athletes during long-duration running in the heat combined with personalized nutrition.

0166 Effects of Evening Pre-Sleep Alcohol on Next-Day Psychomotor Vigilance (PVT) Performance

Abstract Introduction Few reports have examined how pre-sleep alcohol affects performance on the next day given adequate sleep opportunity on a preferred schedule. Our goal is to identify whether alcohol intake targeting .08g% 1 hr before sleep of ~8 h will affect PVT performance on subsequent days, with the hypothesis that morning performance will be negatively affected. Methods 25 adults (13F; age range 22-57 y) completed the full study, including at-home sleep on a fixed schedule of 8-9 hr and two 3-night in-lab PSG sessions spaced ≥3 days apart. Sessions were counterbalanced for alcoholic or nonalcoholic control beverage administered in 3 drinks over 45 minutes ending 1 hr before bedtime. Alcohol was targeted to .08g%. The 10-min PVT (Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc.) was given each night (PM-Lab) 1.5 hr before drinking and in the morning after a light breakfast (AM-Lab) 50 min after waking. PVT was performed at home/work twice each day within 1.5-h windows starting 3h after waking (AM-Home) and 7.5h after waking (PM-Home). Two reaction time (RT) variables were assessed: RRT (1/RT), FRT (10% fastest RT). Linear mixed effects models were used to account for nesting of assessments within alcohol/control condition and days. Results RRTs showed slowed RT (meanRT±SE) following alcohol: AM-Lab F=7.234, p=.008, alcohol RT=246±9.6 msec, control RT=234±9.6 msec; AM-Home F=17.936, p&amp;lt;.001, alcohol RT=254±9.5 msec, control RT=242±9.6 msec; but not PM-Home or PM-Lab tests. FRT slowed for AM-Lab F=9.391, p=.003, alcohol FRT=195±4.3 msec, control FRT=201±4.3 msec; AM-Home F=17.251, p=.001, alcohol FRT= 202±4.4 msec, control FRT=194±4.4 msec; PM-Home F=3.379, p=.068 (trend), alcohol FR=200±4.8 msec, control FRT=196±4.8 msec, but not for PM-Lab PVTs. PM-Home FRT also had a significant day order effect: F=3.087, p=.0496, Day 1 FRT=197±5.0 msec, Day 2 FRT=202±5.0 msec, Day 3 FRT=195±5.0 msec. Conclusion We found statistically significant slowing of psychomotor vigilance RT on days after pre-sleep alcohol lasting up to 3-4.5h after waking in the morning (with a trend up to 7.5-9h post waking). PVT lapses (not shown) were similarly affected by alcohol. Thus, even with sufficient sleep opportunity, RT is impaired following 3 consecutive nights of alcohol drinking. Support (if any) R01AA025593

POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF FOOD ON A NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (DDS) TO DELIVER A THERAPEUTIC COMPOUND IN THE COLON

Abstract The clinical remission rate in moderate to severe ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) has plateaued at ~15-20% despite the approval of multiple therapeutics. Research has shown that an inadequate amount of drug at the disease site in the colon may be responsible for limited clinical benefit. The Drug Delivery System (DDS) is an ingestible electronic targeted delivery device containing a localization system to autonomously identify colon entry based on gastrointestinal (GI) anatomy, independent of the variable GI physiological conditions, and deliver a bolus of a liquid drug formulation to the colon mucosa to improve efficacy and reduce systemic toxicity. In this study, we aim to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and functionality of the DDS devices in fasted and fed states in normal healthy volunteers (NHV). NHV were enrolled and administered a single DDS device at each week in either the fasted state or in 1 of 3 possible fed schedules over ~ 4 weeks. Subjects were fasted overnight and were dosed in the morning (fasted schedule) or fasted overnight and consumed a light breakfast with equivalent calories and protein/fat content of egg-beater meal either immediately before administration of DDS device (fed schedule #1), 30 minutes post-dose (fed schedule #2), or 2 hours pre-dose (fed schedule #3). Devices were recovered from the feces, and data were extracted from the capsule to confirm the function of the colon entry call and activation of payload release. A total of twelve NHV (N=12) were enrolled in this study. Eleven subjects completed all four fasted/fed dosing schedules over 4 weeks, while one subject was withdrawn due to non-compliance with device recovery. Overall, the DDS device was well-tolerated in all enrolled subjects with a total of 46 devices dosed in this study. Mild AEs were reported as possibly related to the device in two subjects, including vomiting (N=1) and nausea (N=1) following device administration which was resolved on the same day. No other device-related AEs were reported in this study. Out of 44 devices administered to 11 subjects, 43 were successfully recovered, and device data was successfully recovered from 39 devices for device function evaluation. Thirty-nine devices for which data was recovered (100%) had successfully identified colon entry calls (S4) and activated H2 gas cells for delivery in all fasted/fed schedules (Table 1). Thirty-eight (38) out of 39 recovered devices (97.4%) had successfully activated the payload release function, and one did not (Table 1). The results from this study demonstrated that the DDS device was well-tolerated and functioned as intended in NHV subjects in these four fasted/fed dosing schedules and confirmed that the potential food effect of a light breakfast meal on the device function of the DDS device is minimal.

Serum concentrations of amino acids and tryptophan metabolites are affected by consumption of a light breakfast: a clinical intervention study in adults with overweight or obesity

BackgroundEpidemiological studies often investigate amino acids and their metabolites as biomarkers, but do not always consistently use fasting or non-fasting blood samples, or may lack information on the prandial status of the study participants. Since little information is available on the effects of the prandial status on many biomarkers, and since blood is typically sampled early in the day with participants in a fasting state or after having consumed a light meal in many trials, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of a light breakfast on serum concentrations of amino acids and related metabolites.MethodsBlood was collected from sixty-three healthy adults (36 women) in the fasting state and at set times for 120 min after intake of a light breakfast with low protein content (14 g protein, 2218 kJ). Relative changes in serum biomarker concentrations from fasting to postprandial serum concentrations were tested using T test.ResultsThe serum concentrations of 13 of the 20 measured amino acids were significantly changed 60 min following breakfast intake, with the most marked effects seen as increases in alanine (34%) and proline (45%) concentrations. The response did not reflect the amino acid composition of the breakfast. The concentrations of seven kynurenine metabolites were significantly decreased after breakfast.ConclusionConsumption of a light breakfast affected serum concentrations of several amino acids and related metabolites, underlining the importance of having information regarding the participants’ prandial state at the time of blood sampling in studies including these biomarkers.Trial registrationThis trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02350595 (registered January 2015).

Evaluation of Gastric Contents and Volume After Ingestion of Apple Juice versus Pure Complex Carbohydrate Using Gastric Ultrasonography: A Randomised Clinical Study

Introduction: Gastric ultrasound is a non-invasive tool for assessing gastric content and volume. Aspiration of gastric contents is a serious perioperative complication that contributes to mortality and morbidity following general anaesthesia. The Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol and Indian Society of Anaesthesiology (ISA) fasting guidelines recommend consuming a carbohydrate drink two hours before surgery in adults. However, evidence supporting this recommendation, particularly regarding volume, is still limited and variable. Aim: To examine Gastric Residual Volume (GRV) using Ultrasonography (USG) six hours after a light breakfast and compare it with GRV two hours after consuming clear liquids. Materials and Methods: A randomised clinical study was conducted involving 100 patients who were assigned randomly to two groups: Group-C (Oral Carbohydrate, CHO) and Group-A (Apple juice), with 50 patients in each group; each patient underwent gastric USG twice: once within the first six hours after a light breakfast and again two hours after consuming 400 mL of clear liquid. USG was performed with the patient in a supine position and a Right Lateral Decubitus (RLD) position, and GRV was estimated by measuring the Antral Cross-sectional Area (ACSA) using a mathematical model. The final reading was taken from the RLD position, and qualitative analysis of the antrum was conducted using the Perlas grading system. A GRV of &lt;1.5 mL/kg is considered low risk for aspiration. Statistical tests such as Chi-square, paired t-test, and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were applied. Results: A total of 100 patients were analysed in the present study. The mean age was 41.04 years and 39.94 years in Group-A and Group-C, respectively. There was no significant difference in GRV between six hours after a light breakfast and two hours after clear liquid intake in either group (p&gt;0.05). The mean GRV was 7.75 (7.23) mL and 8.01 (7.58) mL six hours after a light breakfast, and 7.71 (8.92) mL and 8.49 (9.47) mL two hours after clear liquid intake in Group-A and Group-C, respectively, among non-CKD patients. GRV was higher in CKD patients and those with an increased Body Mass Index (BMI). Conclusion: The GRV remains within safe limits after consuming 400 mL of clear liquid two hours before surgery. This finding supports the recommended volume of preoperative clear liquid intake in the ERAS protocol and ISA fasting guidelines. However, careful consideration is necessary for patients with CKD and an increased BMI.

Effects of Differences of Breakfast Styles, Such as Japanese and Western Breakfasts, on Eating Habits.

A balanced diet and protein source intake are reportedly good for health. However, many people skip breakfast or have a light breakfast. Thus, this study aimed to examine the influence of breakfast styles on eating habits among Japanese workers, including traditional Japanese-style breakfast (JB), a pattern in which Japanese foods are eaten; Japanese-Western-style breakfast (J-W B), a pattern in which Japanese and Western foods are eaten alternately; Western-style breakfast (WB), a pattern in which Western foods are eaten; and cereal-style breakfast (CB), a pattern in which cereal is eaten. We hypothesized that breakfast style may be related to good eating habits. Data from 4274 respondents (67.97% male, 33.03% female, age 48.12 ± 0.19 years), excluding night shift workers and breakfast absentees out of a total of 5535 respondents, were analyzed. The results suggest that Japanese food is linked to the intake of protein sources such as fish, eggs, and soy. Furthermore, it was suggested that Japanese food breakfast is effective for good eating habits, such as not eating irregular amounts of food, not eating snacks, not drinking sweet juices, and having a balanced diet.

Consumption of a light meal affects serum concentrations of one-carbon metabolites and B-vitamins. A clinical intervention study.

The transfer of one-carbon units between molecules in metabolic pathways is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis, but little is known about whether the circulating concentrations of metabolites involved in the one-carbon metabolism are affected by the prandial status. Epidemiological studies do not always consistently use fasting or non-fasting blood samples or may lack information on the prandial status of the study participants. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a light breakfast on serum concentrations of selected metabolites and B-vitamins related to the one-carbon metabolism; i.e. the methionine-homocysteine cycle, the folate cycle, the choline oxidation pathway and the transsulfuration pathway. Sixty-three healthy adults (thirty-six women) with BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 were included in the study. Blood was collected in the fasting state and 60 and 120 min after intake of a standardised breakfast consisting of white bread, margarine, white cheese, strawberry jam and orange juice (2218 kJ). The meal contained low amounts of choline, betaine, serine and vitamins B2, B3, B6, B9 and B12. Serum concentrations of total homocysteine, total cysteine, flavin mononucleotide, nicotinamide and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate were significantly decreased, and concentrations of choline, betaine, dimethylglycine, sarcosine, cystathionine and folate were significantly increased following breakfast intake (P < 0·05). Our findings demonstrate that the intake of a light breakfast with low nutrient content affected serum concentrations of several metabolites and B-vitamins related to the one-carbon metabolism.

Pre-operative fasting in children: A guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care.

Current paediatric anaesthetic fasting guidelines have recommended conservative fasting regimes for many years and have not altered much in the last decades. Recent publications have employed more liberal fasting regimes with no evidence of increased aspiration or regurgitation rates. In this first solely paediatric European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (ESAIC) pre-operative fasting guideline, we aim to present aggregated and evidence-based summary recommendations to assist clinicians, healthcare providers, patients and parents. We identified six main topics for the literature search: studies comparing liberal with conservative regimens; impact of food composition; impact of comorbidity; the use of gastric ultrasound as a clinical tool; validation of gastric ultrasound for gastric content and gastric emptying studies; and early postoperative feeding. The literature search was performed by a professional librarian in collaboration with the ESAIC task force. Recommendations for reducing clear fluid fasting to 1 h, reducing breast milk fasting to 3 h, and allowing early postoperative feeding were the main results, with GRADE 1C or 1B evidence. The available evidence suggests that gastric ultrasound may be useful for clinical decision-making, and that allowing a 'light breakfast' may be well tolerated if the intake is well controlled. More research is needed in these areas as well as evaluation of how specific patient or treatment-related factors influence gastric emptying.

Chronic Uptake of A Probiotic Nutritional Supplement (AB001) Inhibits Absorption of Ethylalcohol in the Intestine Tract - Results from a Randomized Double-blind Crossover Study.

Background:Regular alcohol consumption, e.g. by social drinking, is a potential source of consecutive health problems in many countries worldwide. A probiotic nutritional supplement (AB001) has been developed to reduce alcohol absorption from the intestine tract and to mitigate potential health care risks.Methods:This randomized placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study was conducted with 24 healthy subjects (13 male, 11 female, age: 25.4 ± 7.7 years, BMI: 23.6 ± 2.5 kg/m²). The subjects were randomized to take 2 capsules/day of AB001 or placebo for 1 week prior to an alcohol exposure experiment. On the experimental day, they ingested a light breakfast and drank a moderate glass of spirit (0.3 g/kg body weight). Breath alcohol tests and blood draws for determination of blood alcohol levels were performed for up to 6 hours. After crossover, the experiment was repeated in the following week. Areas under the curves were calculated to determine alcohol absorption rates.Results:A significant reduction of blood alcohol levels by 70.3% (P < 0.005 vs. placebo) was seen with AB001, (breath test: −30.7%; P < 0.005 vs. placebo). No difference was seen in a cognitive function test performed 60 minutes after alcohol ingestion (22.4 ± 7.7 seconds vs. 22.7 ± 5.6 seconds, n.s.). There were no adverse events or serious adverse events reported in this studyConclusions:One week of supplementation with AB001 resulted in a substantially reduced absorption of alcohol into the body. Regular uptake of AB001 may help to prevent liver and other organ damage, and may reduce the negative medical and economical impact of social drinking on the individual and the society.

The Italian American Studies Association at Fifty-Five: 1966–2021

The Italian American Studies Association at Fifty-Five: 1966–2021

AN EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF PUPILS’ EATING HABITS ON THEIR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN THE CONTEMPORARY SCHOOL SYSTEM

The nexus between academic performance, nutrition and eating habit is globally recognized to the extent that it has inspired various strategies such as ‘school feeding programmes’ in many nations including Nigeria. This correlational study was aimed to evaluate the relationship between the eating habits of primary school pupils and their academic performance, using a survey design. Fifty pupils in two intact classes from two schools in rural areas, formed the sample. Data was collected using interviewer-questionnaire, coupled with naturalistic observation, for the eating habits and their results from the term’s examination done within the same periodin the schools. The data was analyzed using SPSS – 23 to determine the correlation coefficients. The results suggest that there is strong relationship between pupils’ eating habits, in terms of frequency of feeding, quality of feeding pattern, and quality of breakfast and their academic performance. In addition, the pupils perceived that eating light breakfast enhances their attention span to learn unlike, skipping of breakfast and eating heavy breakfast. The results of this study provide empirical evidence which can be used to encourage parents in rural areas to provide adequate nutrition for their wards/children to enhance their performance in school as recommended in this paper.

På munkenes bord

På munkenes bord

Comparision of photo pulse plethysmography module with Mobil-O-graph for measurement of pulse wave velocity

IntroductionPulse wave velocity (PWV) is an indicator of arterial stiffness and one of the prognostic tools in clinical practice. We compared the finger photo pulse plethysmography (PPG) module with the Mobil-O-Graph for assessment of PWV. Material and methods80 healthy subjects and patients have participated in this study, among them, 42 were males, and 38 were females. Recording for the subjects was executed between 9, and 11 a.m., after a light breakfast. Lead – II ECG along with PPG were recorded in dual channel AD converter and Mobil-O-Graph simultaneously. The analogue signals of both the devices of the AD converter were digitized by using the sound card of the computer for the measurement of Pulse Transit Time [PTT]. ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 41.5 ± 5.48 and BMI-26.42 ± 5.80. PWV values measured by the devices were similar (P > 0.05). There is a significant positive correlation of PWV between PPG and Mobil O graph, r-0.92 (p = 0.001). Bland-Altman analysis indicated that a mean difference for PWV is .0.3 m/s, which is limits of agreement (1.4–2.4) between PPG and Mobil-O-Graph. Intra-class correlation (ICC) for PWV was 0.89, and the coefficient of variation (CV) was 9.2%. ConclusionBased on the findings of the present study, we suggest that the measurement of PWV obtained from the PPG is probably a reliable one. It offers the advantages of lower cost and greater practicality about application and usage.

Gastric content assessed with gastric ultrasound in paediatric patients prescribed a light breakfast prior to general anaesthesia: A prospective observational study.

A light breakfast has been found to empty from the stomach within 4hours in healthy volunteers. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a light breakfast of yoghurt or gruel empties from the stomach within 4hours, in children scheduled for general anaesthesia. In this observational cohort study, children aged 1-6years scheduled for elective general anaesthesia were prescribed free intake of yoghurt or gruel 4hours prior to induction. They were subsequently examined with gastric ultrasound within 4hours of ingestion. In case of gastric contents, the gastric antral area was measured, and gastric content volume (GCV) was calculated. Twenty children were included in the study and the ingested amount of gruel or yoghurt ranged 2.5-25mLkg-1 . In 15 cases, the stomach was empty with juxtaposed walls and no further measurements were made. In four cases, there was fluid present in the stomach, but the calculated gastric contents were <0.5mLkg-1 . One patient had solids in the stomach, and GCV in this patient was calculated to 2.1mLkg-1 . The patient with solids present had ingested 25mLkg-1 of gruel 4hours prior to assessment. The planned procedure was therefore delayed 1hour. There were no cases of pulmonary aspiration or vomiting. A light breakfast 4hours prior to induction may be considered, but there is need for further studies on safe limits for the volume ingested.

Association of stress with heart rate variability in different phases of the menstrual cycle

Background: The menstrual cycle signifies a fine balance of female sexual hormones and integrity of hypothalamohypophyseal-gonadal axis, during reproductive age. Many women experience unpredictable menstruation when they encounter various kinds of stress situations that often interrupt the normal cycle. Heart rate variability is the quantitative measure of autonomic tone. Aims and Objectives: The present study is aimed to observe the effect of stress and autonomic balance in different menstrual cycle phases of young adolescent female medical students. Materials and Methods: It is a cross-sectional study where 50 young medical female students aged between 18 and 25 years were recruited and their demographic features were measured. All the study procedures except cortisol collection (early morning) were done in between 9 AM and 11 PM after 1–2 h of light breakfast. Results: All parameters were measured in premenstrual phase (25th ± 4 days) and postmenstrual phase (10th ± 5 days). Low frequency (LF) increases from 0.07 ± 0.009Hz to 0.08 ± 0.005 Hz (P – 0.01). However, high frequency decreases from 0.27 ± 0.02Hz to 0.26 ± 0.01Hz (P - 0.01). The time domain parameters SDNN 59.11 ± 24.1 increase to 74.34 ± 52.7 (P – 0.04). STD HR significantly reduced from 69.58 ± 12.1 to 35.36 ± 16.4 (P - 0.01). RMSSD increased from 47.98 ± 5.5 to 75.24 ± 14.6 (P – 0.02). However, NN50 reduced from 64.65 ± 12.8 to 48.52 ± 12.4 statistically significant (P – 0.05). However, there is no significant change in cortisol levels in both phases. Conclusion: The results suggest that there is a significant difference in sympathovagal balance between pre- and post-menstrual phases. LF indicates that vagal discharge is more in premenstrual phase, whereas sympathetic tone increases in postmenstrual phase.

Ultrasound assessment of gastric emptying time after a standardised light breakfast in healthy children: A prospective observational study.

Current guidelines recommend 6 h of fasting for solids before anaesthesia. However, prolonged fasting may lead to discomfort, hunger, thirst, misbehaviour and lipolysis. To prevent this, a more liberal fasting regimen has been empirically implemented in our children's hospital, allowing a shorter fasting time of 4 h for a standardised light breakfast. The aim of this study was to determine the gastric emptying time after a standardised light breakfast in healthy children. A prospective observational noninterventional study. After fasting overnight, the children had a standardised light breakfast. Before and afterwards, ultrasound examinations of the gastric antrum were performed hourly to determine the gastric antral area (GAA), which is a surrogate parameter for gastric volume in children in the right lateral position (RLP). Demographic data and fasting times are presented as mean ± SD (range) and GAA as median (interquartile range). Twenty-two children aged 7.8 (2.5 to 13.6) years volunteered for this study. After fasting overnight [735 ± 120 (467 to 930) min], the initial GAA was 3.06 (2.35 to 4.03) cm in RLP. After the light breakfast, GAA in RLP initially increased and decreased subsequently. After 4 h, GAA in RLP was lower than the initial value (median of differences -0.54, 95% confidence interval -1.00 to -0.07, P < 0.05). Correlation between GAA in RLP and fasting time was significant (r = -0.62, P < 0.0001). Using a linear regression model, the calculated mean gastric emptying time after the standardised light breakfast was 211 min for GAA = 3.06 cm. The study showed a mean gastric emptying time of less than 4 h after a standardised light breakfast in children. These results encourage our current clinical practice and support the efforts towards a more liberal fasting regimen for light meals in paediatric anaesthesia. German Registry of Clinical Studies (DRKS-ID: DRKS 00013893).

LDL-Cholesterol Lowering of Plant Sterols and Stanols-Which Factors Influence Their Efficacy?

The LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering effect of plant sterols/stanols (PSS) is summarized in several meta-analyses showing a dose-response relationship with intakes of 1.5 to 3 g/day lowering LDL-C by 7.5% to 12%. This review summarizes evidence for the impact of various factors potentially influencing the LDL-C-lowering efficacy of PSS. PSS are efficacious in all food formats and in food supplements. Some factors related to food format, e.g., solid vs. liquid foods, seem to impact efficacy, while there is no difference between free PSS and esters. Compared to multiple daily intakes, once-a-day intake of PSS, especially in the morning with light breakfast, leads to a sub-optimal LDL-C lowering. However, intake frequency seems influenced by intake occasion, i.e., with or without a meal, and time of day. Meal intake is a critical factor for an optimal LDL-C lowering efficacy of PSS. While age has no impact, gender is suggested to influence the LDL-C lowering effect of PSS with greater reductions reported for men than women; but overall evidence is inconclusive and larger studies show no gender by treatment interaction. In conclusion, PSS are efficacious in all foods and food supplements; for optimal efficacy they should be consumed with a (main) meal and twice daily.

A Morning at the Museum: Using Art to Find Meaning and Enhance Teaching (P13)

•“See deeply” when examining a piece of art and describe how similar strategies could be used in hospice and palliative care clinical settings.•Gain insight into an aspect of meaning from the participant's clinical work through a work of art.•Describe how to use museum teaching strategies with hospice and palliative care trainees, learners in other disciplines, and practicing clinicians and team members in the participant's home setting. AAHPM is excited to present this unique half-day preconference session at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. The workshop will allow attendees to experience “museum teaching” through a collaboration between the museum's educators and palliative medicine faculty who are pioneering the use of museum teaching in hospice and palliative care at institutions across the country. Museum teaching encompasses a variety of strategies in which medical and museum educators take their learners to museums and use art to impart lessons around observation and reflection. This teaching has been studied with many audiences, including medical students, residents and faculty as well as nurses and interprofessional groups. Well-designed trials show a variety of positive outcomes including improved observation skills, empathy and awareness of multiple perspectives. This preconference workshop has two aims. First, attendees will experience museum teaching in order to improve their own observational skills and connect to meaning in their practice. Second, attendees will learn how they can use these methods to run similar sessions for learners and colleagues in their home setting. Only 50 spots are available and registration includes the price of admission, transportation to the museum, a light breakfast and a snack, as well as time to enjoy the art and share this unique experience with colleagues.

Freeze-dried Lactobacillus plantarum 299v increases iron absorption in young females-Double isotope sequential single-blind studies in menstruating women.

BackgroundThe probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum 299v has earlier been shown to increase iron absorption when added to foods. However, it is not known if the same probiotic strain in a freeze-dried format included in a capsule increases the iron absorption.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to test the hypotheses that non-heme iron absorption from a light meal is promoted by a simultaneous intake of freeze-dried Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (Lp299v, DSM 9843).Study designWith a single blinded placebo controlled sequential design, iron absorption from a light breakfast meal administered with or without capsules containing 1010 cfu freeze-dried Lp299v was studied in healthy female volunteers of fertile age. The methodology used was a double isotope technique (59Fe and 55Fe). Two studies were performed using the same protocol.ResultsIn study 1, the absorption of iron from a meal without Lp299v was found to be 17.4 ± 13.4%, and from an identical meal with Lp299v was found to be 22.4 ± 17.3% (mean ± SD). This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.040, n = 14).In study 2, the absorption of iron from a meal without Lp299v was found to be 20.9 ± 13.1%, and from an identical meal with Lp299v found to be 24.5 ± 12.0% (mean ± SD, n = 28), which again was statistically significant (p = 0.003).ConclusionFreeze-dried Lp299v enhances the absorption of iron when administered together with a meal with a high iron bioavailability.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02131870

Single-Dose Pharmacokinetic Study of Diphenhydramine HCl in Children and Adolescents.

Diphenhydramine pharmacokinetics were characterized following a single oral dose in children aged 2 to 17 years using a weight‐ and age‐based dosing schedule with more tiers than the current age‐based dosing schedule recommended by the nonprescription drug monograph. This study was conducted in 42 subjects, aged 2 to 17 years. Doses were based on a weight‐age dosing schedule, ranging from 6.25 to 50 mg. An oral dose was administered with water about 2 hours after a light breakfast. Plasma samples were obtained up to 48 hours after dosing and analyzed for diphenhydramine. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental methods, and the relationship of oral clearance with age was assessed using linear regression. Over an 8‐fold range of doses, Cmax and AUC increased ∼90 % to ∼140% across age groups, with a similar Tmax (1.5 hours). Oral CL/F increased with age, but after allometric scaling, no maturation‐related change in CL/F was apparent. Mild somnolence was the most commonly reported adverse event (95% of the subjects). A weight‐age dosing schedule using an 8‐fold range of doses achieved Cmax and AUC that increased about 2‐fold across age groups. No effect of maturation on CL/F was observed after allometric scaling.