Blue Light Research Articles

Dication Disulfuranes as Photoactivatable Sources of Radical Organocatalysts.

The recent development of photoredox and energy transfer catalysis has led to a significant expansion of visible light-driven chemical transformations. These methods have demonstrated exceptional efficiency in converting a wide range of substrates into radical intermediates and generating open-shell catalytic species. However, the simplification of catalytic systems and the direct generation of highly reactive radical organocatalysts through direct visible light irradiation from stable precatalysts remains largely an unrealized goal. This challenge is mainly due to the limited availability of precatalysts that are responsive to visible light. Herein, we introduce a new class of bench-stable dicationic disulfuranes, which release highly reactive thiyl radicals upon blue light excitation. Spectroscopic and computational studies reveal that this reactivity arises from a combination of structural features and intermolecular interactions. This family of molecules has been employed to catalyze radical cascades previously incompatible with photoredox conditions, enabling the efficient formation of 1,2-dioxolanes and 1,3-hydroxyketones in excellent yields and short reaction times.

Achieving Luminous Efficiency Enhancement and Near‐Infrared Emission in Moisture‐Stable 0D Zinc‐Based Halides

AbstractZero‐dimensional (0D) metal halides are attractive due to their structure‐dependent and tunable photoluminescence properties. Herein, a new 0D organic–inorganic hybrid Zn‐based halide, (C4H12N2)ZnBr4, featuring a long‐term stable crystal structure and moisture‐stable PL emission under various extreme conditions is reported. A strong electron–phonon coupling effect enables the Zn‐based halide to display highly efficient blue light at 472 nm with a large Stokes shift of 7385 cm−1. Intriguingly, heterovalent substitution of Cu+‐Zn2+ further enhances the photoluminescence quantum efficiency to 60% as the introduction of Cu+ effectively suppresses the nonradiative recombination process. Besides, the formation of twisted [SbBr4]− tetrahedra via Sb3+‐Zn2+ substitution help to achieve a broadband near‐infrared (NIR) emission (760 nm) with full width at half maxima (FWHM) of 203 nm, enabling the potential applications in night‐vision and nondestructive fruit damage inspection. Detailed structural and optical analyses are used to investigate the photophysical processes of different self‐trapped exciton (STE) emission for pristine and Cu+/Sb3+‐doped 0D metal halides. These findings advance the understanding of spectral regulation mechanism via heterovalent substitution and initiate more exploitation of luminescent metal halides for emerging applications.

Sustained Regeneration of Hydrogen Peroxide at the Water-Gas Interface of Electrogenerated Microbubbles on an Electrode Surface.

Microbubbles, inside-out microdroplets, act as extraordinary microreactors to facilitate thermodynamically unfavorable reactions in bulk solutions of water. We explored the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and its sustained regeneration at the interface of water-gas microbubbles. For this purpose, the chemiluminescence of luminol was recorded by a digital camera to map the intensity of blue light emission over the time of about 20 min. The formation and regeneration of hydrogen peroxide were also monitored by fluorescence microscopic imaging of a hydrogen peroxide probe. The microscopic images consistently show a stable glow around the microbubbles over time during which the formed hydrogen peroxide diffuses into the bulk solution. This observation confirms that the concentration of H2O2 at the interface is 30 times higher than that in the water solution bulk after several minutes, which can be attributed to its regeneration at the water-gas interface. These findings increase our understanding of why the chemistries of gas microbubbles in water and water microdroplets surrounded by gas are so distinct from those of bulk-phase water.

Dication Disulfuranes as Photoactivatable Sources of Radical Organocatalysts

The recent development of photoredox and energy transfer catalysis has led to a significant expansion of visible light‐driven chemical transformations. These methods have demonstrated exceptional efficiency in converting a wide range of substrates into radical intermediates and generating open‐shell catalytic species. However, the simplification of catalytic systems and the direct generation of highly reactive radical organocatalysts through direct visible light irradiation from stable precatalysts remains largely an unrealized goal. This challenge is mainly due to the limited availability of precatalysts that are responsive to visible light. Herein, we introduce a new class of bench‐stable dicationic disulfuranes, which release highly reactive thiyl radicals upon blue light excitation. Spectroscopic and computational studies reveal that this reactivity arises from a combination of structural features and intermolecular interactions. This family of molecules has been employed to catalyze radical cascades previously incompatible with photoredox conditions, enabling the efficient formation of 1,2‐dioxolanes and 1,3‐hydroxyketones in excellent yields and short reaction times.

Optical and retinal changes influenced by different lighting conditions

Retinal morphology, specifically in its curvature, and ocular aberrations change when the eye adapts to different lighting conditions, including photopic, scotopic, mesopic, blue light, and red light. Sixty healthy young subjects with refractive error less than ±4.00D of sphere and 3.00D of cylinder, not suffering from accommodative problems, ocular or systemic pathology, and not having used electronic devices half an hour before or having taken substances that alter the retina during the 2 hours prior to the study were included. The subjects adapted to five lighting conditions, each for 5 minutes, in a controlled environment. Ocular aberrometry and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) were taken to capture images of the central and peripheral retina before (baseline measurement) and after adaptation to each lighting condition. The OCT images were exported and processed to analyze retinal curvature, obtaining parameters such as eccentricity, asphericity and shape factor. The results showed that the shape of the retina is hyperbolic prolate, becoming flatter in scotopic and blue light conditions, and more curved in mesopic conditions. Retinal curvature was closest to baseline under red light and photopic conditions. Aberrometric differences, particularly in the C(2,0) polynomial for defocus, showed higher values in mesopic, baseline, and scotopic conditions, and lower values in photopic, blue light, and red light. Significant differences were also observed in spherical aberrations C(4,0) and C(6,0), vertical coma C(3,-1), and trefoil C(3,-3). The spherical equivalent indicated more myopic values in mesopic, baseline, and scotopic conditions, and more hyperopic values in blue, photopic, and red light, suggesting a link between myopia and lower luminosity. The study concludes that illumination affects retinal curvature and ocular refraction, influencing myopia.

Determination of Photosensitizing Potential of Lapachol for Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria.

Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) offers a promising alternative to combat drug-resistant bacteria. This study explores the potential of lapachol, a natural naphthoquinone derived from Tabebuia avellanedae, as a photosensitizer (PS) for aPDI. Lapachol's photosensitizing properties were evaluated using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains under blue LED light (450 nm). UV-vis spectroscopy confirmed lapachol's absorption peak at 482 nm, aligning with effective excitation wavelengths for phototherapy. Photoinactivation assays demonstrated significant bacterial growth inhibition, achieving complete eradication of S. aureus at 25 µg·mL-1 under light exposure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed morphological damage in irradiated bacterial cells, confirming lapachol's bactericidal effect. This research underscores lapachol's potential as a novel photosensitizer in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, addressing a critical need in combating antibiotic resistance.

A parallel-group randomized controlled trial of blue light versus red light for improving sleep, fatigue, and cognition following stroke: Pilot results and recommendations for further study

BackgroundDisordered sleep and fatigue are common in the acute phase of stroke and can impede recovery. ObjectiveA randomized parallel group placebo-controlled pilot study compared daily morning exposure to blue light or red light (placebo) for improving daytime sleepiness, fatigue, nocturnal sleep, and cognition in patients receiving inpatient rehabilitation for acute stroke. Methods43 patients with disordered sleep secondary to first episode stroke (n = 34 ischemic, n = 9 hemorrhagic; aged 66.2 ± 14.1 years) were randomized to receive 25 min of blue or red light for 5 or more days depending on inpatient rehabilitation length of stay (blue-light n = 21, red-light n = 22). At baseline and study discharge, daytime sleepiness was measured with the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and Wits Pictorial Sleepiness Scale, fatigue with a visual analogue scale, and cognitive function with the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Trail Making Test (TMT). Wrist actigraphs measured nocturnal sleep parameters. Effect sizes were used to estimate sample sizes for larger studies. ResultsBlue light exposure led to significant improvements in daytime sleepiness, fatigue, auditory verbal learning, and time to sleep onset (all p < .05) relative to red light exposure (effect size range 0.75 to 1.83). Change in TMT, minutes of nocturnal sleep, and number of awakenings after sleep onset were not statistically significant (effect sizes range 0.38 to 0.57). ConclusionMorning blue light exposure for 5 or more days after acute stroke led to greater improvements than red light exposure. Effect sizes suggest a larger study is warranted to confirm generalizability of pilot findings.Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.govNCT03125967 (Registered 01/01/2017).

Exploring Porphyridium purpureum and Porphyridium aerugineum as alternative resources for phycobiliprotein production

Microalgae not only fix carbon dioxide, but also represent a promising alternative resource for the production of proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides. This study employed two Porphyridium strains to compare their responses under different light qualities. P. purpureum up-regulated the content (up to 69.37 ± 0.92 mg/g DW) and proportion of phycoerythrin to enhance light absorption, which led to the accumulation of total soluble proteins, neutral lipids and exopolysaccharides under blue light. In contrast, P. aerugineum primarily improved the light energy utilization by increasing phycocyanin levels (up to 81.10 ± 0.60 mg/g DW), resulting in the degradation of neutral lipids and the accumulation of exopolysaccharides. Given the biomass, the highest yields of phycoerythrin (169.61 ± 2.90 mg/L) and phycocyanin (216.92 ± 1.90 mg/L) were achieved by P. purpureum and P. aerugineum cultured under white light, respectively. These findings indicate that Porphyridium can serve as a valuable resource for phycobiliprotein production, with biomolecules synthesis being tightly regulated by light quality.

Rapid and multiple visual detection of Fasciola hepatica in feces via recombinase polymerase amplification integrated with CRISPR/Cas12a technology

Fasciola hepatica is a foodborne zoonotic parasite causing significant economic losses and impacting human and livestock health in resource-limited regions. We developed a rapid, reliable, and sensitive detection method combining recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) with CRISPR/Cas12a, allowing visualization with the naked eye or a fluorescence reader. Multiple visual methods were used to analyze the assay results. Fluorescence signals were collected using a fluorescence reader or observed under UV or blue light. Lateral flow strips (LFS) were used for visual detection. Among seven primer pairs and three CRISPR RNA (crRNA) screened, F1/R1 and crRNA3 were optimal. The Cas12a reaction buffer was optimized with 50 mM Tris-HCl and 80 mM NaCl, with an RPA reaction time of 20 min. The assay showed high specificity and excellent sensitivity for F. hepatica, detecting 0.122 copies/μL with fluorescence and 8.6 copies/μL with LFS. Testing of 143 sheep and 43 human fecal samples showed 98.39 % consistency with qPCR and nested PCR, with prevalence rates of 52.45 % and 18.6 % in sheep and humans, respectively. Our assay offers substantial potential for point-of-care testing in resource-limited areas, addressing the need for rapid and accurate diagnosis of F. hepatica.

Blue light-driven cell cycle arrest in thyroid cancer via Retinal-OPN3 complex

BackgroundPapillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid malignancy, with a rising incidence. Traditional treatments, such as thyroidectomy and radiotherapy, often lead to significant side effects, including impaired thyroid function. Therefore, there is an urgent need for non-invasive therapeutic approaches. This study aims to explore the potential of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), a non-invasive treatment using specific wavelengths of light, in the management of PTC.MethodsWe investigated the effects of blue light PBMT on PTC cells, focusing on the Retinal-OPSIN 3 (OPN3) complex’s role in mediating cellular responses. Blue light exposure was applied to PTC cells, and subsequent changes in cellular proliferation, cell cycle progression, and protein expression were analyzed. Statistical tests, including one-way ANOVA and t-tests, were used to evaluate the significance of the findings.ResultsBlue light exposure led to the dissociation of 11-cis-retinal from OPN3, resulting in the accumulation of all-trans retinal. This accumulation disrupted cellular proliferation pathways and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in PTC cells. The Retinal-OPN3 complex was found to be a key mediator in these processes, demonstrating that thyroid cells can respond to specific light wavelengths and utilize their photoreceptive potential for therapeutic purposes.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that PBMT, through the modulation of the Retinal-OPN3 complex, offers a promising non-invasive approach for treating PTC. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of light signal transduction in non-ocular tissues and opens new avenues for non-invasive cancer therapies.

Thermally stable Al4B2O9:Ce3+ nanofibers with intense blue emission and Al4B2O9:Ce3+/Dy3+ nanofibers with color-tunable luminescence and white-light emission via energy transfer

Dy3+ can achieve white-light emission at the appropriate intensity ratio of yellow to blue light in specific hosts due to its wide yellow and blue emitting bands. However, luminescence intensity of singly doped Dy3+ in the matrix is low, which limits its application in PC-WLEDs. Al4B2O9 has become a promising rare earth ion-doped matrix owing to its ease of doping, low price, excellent chemical and thermal stability. In this work, to improve the Dy3+ emission intensity and to achieve color-tunable luminescence and white-light emission, with the help of energy level matching engineering, Ce3+ ions with a strong and broad absorption band and suitable energy levels matching with Dy3+ are selected as high-efficient sensitizers. Ce3+ doped and Ce3+/Dy3+ co-doped one-dimensional (1D) Al4B2O9 nanofibers are designed and successfully synthesized using a simple electrospinning coupled with an oxidative calcination. Under the excitation of 286-nm UV light, Al4B2O9:Ce3+ nanofibers emit intense blue light and can be used as blue-emitting phosphor, and the emission peak of Al4B2O9:Ce3+/Dy3+ nanofibers at 374 nm is attributed to the 5d→2F5/2 energy level transition of Ce3+, and emission peaks at 483 and 575 nm are ascribed to the 4F9/2→6H15/2, 13/2 energy level transitions of Dy3+, respectively. By modulating the doping concentration of Dy3+ and Ce3+→Dy3+ energy transfer (ET) process, color-tunable luminescence and white-light emission are resoundingly realized to address the weak luminescence intensity of Dy3+. In addition, Al4B2O9:Ce3+/Dy3+ nanofibers have excellent thermal stability. The formation mechanism and luminescence mechanism of Al4B2O9:Ce3+/Dy3+ nanofibers are presented, and the Ce3+→Dy3+ ET mechanism in Al4B2O9:Ce3+/Dy3+ nanofibers is elucidated. The designing concept and the technology in this work are instructive for preparing new phosphors with 1D morphology and super fluorescence.

Injection of Ortho-Functionalized Tetrafluorinated Azobenzene-Containing siRNAs into Japanese Medaka Embryos for Photocontrolled Gene Silencing.

This article describes the detailed methodology of how to inject photoswitchable ortho-functionalized tetrafluorinated short interfering RNAs (F-siRNAs) into a single cell of stage-two Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos and how to control gene silencing with different wavelengths of light. Many of the prior papers describing Japanese medaka embryo injections omit key information. As such, this article aims to give an in-depth explanation as to how the NanoJect III microinjector can be used for this purpose. To obtain the embryos for microinjection, adult medaka are housed under a 14-hr light, 10-hr dark cycle to mimic their natural breeding period. This induces mating at approximately the same time each day, when the lights turn on, so recently fertilized eggs can be obtained. Synthetic F-siRNAs are injected into transgenic stage-two single-cell Japanese medaka embryos expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). Our data demonstrate that our F-siRNAs can silence gene activity in Japanese medaka embryos expressing eGFP. Moreover, gene expression can be activated by exposing F-siRNA-injected embryos to blue light and deactivated a few days after exposure to green light. To the best of our knowledge, this marks the first reversible control of a gene-silencing oligonucleotide within an in vivo system. © 2024 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Medaka maintenance and embryo collection Basic Protocol 2: Injection of stage-two one-cell medaka embryos Basic Protocol 3: Evaluation of the F-siRNA gene-silencing ability through light activation and inactivation using blue and green light by measuring enhanced green fluorescent protein fluorescence.

The ROS/AKT/S6K axis induces corneal epithelial dysfunctions under LED blue light exposure

In recent years, concerns have escalated regarding eye health problems arising from Light-emitting diode (LED), which emits high-energy blue light (BL), potentially causing corneal epithelial dysfunctions (CEpD). Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying this damage remain poorly comprehended. This study endeavors to explore the specific mechanisms through which BL exposure induces CEpD. The study carried out diverse assays and treatments to investigate the toxicological effects of BL exposure. 48hours (h) of 440nm of BL exposure decreased the migration of human corneal epithelial cells (hCEpCs) while augmenting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis. RNA-Sequencing and bioinformatic analysis indicated that cellular oxidation and reduction equilibrium, wound healing, the positive regulation of the apoptotic process, and the Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway were significantly influenced by BL exposure. Treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, restored cell viability and AKT/S6 kinase (S6K) activation, suggesting the involvement of ROS in BL-induced damage. NAC also reversed BL-induced apoptosis and migration. Blocking AKT/S6K replicated detrimental effects, while pre-treatment with SC79 (SC), an AKT activator, alleviated the changes caused by BL exposure in hCEpCs. Furthermore, in mice, the combination of AKT inhibition and BL exposure led to CEpD. However, treatment with SC and NAC restored CEpD caused by BL exposure. These results imply that the regulation of the ROS/PI3K/AKT/S6K axis is implicated in BL-induced CEpD. Collectively, this study offers insights into the molecular mechanisms of BL-induced CEpD and proposes targeting the ROS/PI3K/AKT/S6K cascade as a potential therapeutic approach. The findings contribute to ocular health knowledge and establish the basis for developing interventions to safeguard the cornea from the detrimental effects of excessive BL exposure.

Enhancing strawberry resilience to saline, alkaline, and combined stresses with light spectra: impacts on growth, enzymatic activity, nutrient uptake, and osmotic regulation

BackgroundThis study examines the effects of various complementary light spectra on the growth, development, antioxidant activity, and nutrient absorption in strawberry plants under stress conditions. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were used to provide specific wavelengths, including monochromatic blue (460 nm), monochromatic red (660 nm), a dichromatic mix of blue and red (1:3 ratio), full-spectrum white light (400–700 nm), and ambient light as a control (no LED treatment). The stress treatments applied were: control (no stress), salinity (80 mM NaCl), alkalinity (40 mM NaHCO₃), and a combined salinity/alkalinity condition.ResultsOur results indicated that complementary light spectra, especially red and blue/red, helped mitigate the adverse effects of stress on plant growth and development. These spectra improved plant tolerance by enhancing the activity of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzymes and increasing starch accumulation in the leaves. Furthermore, under stress conditions, red and blue-red light significantly boosted fruit anthocyanin levels. Although stress elevated antioxidant activity, supplementary light reduced this activity by alleviating stress compared to ambient light. While stress led to increased Na and Cl ion concentrations in leaves, treatments with blue, red, and blue-red light minimized these harmful effects and promoted the absorption of beneficial ions such as K, Mg, Fe, and Cu.ConclusionsAdjusting light quality significantly influences the morphology and physiology of strawberry plants, underscoring the role of specific light spectra in promoting optimal growth under stress conditions.Clinical trial numberNot applicable

A novel red-emitting InScW3O12:Eu3+ phosphor with anti-thermal-quenching performance for high-power WLED applications

A series of red-emitting InScW3O12:Eu3+ (ISWO:Eu3+) phosphors with anti-thermal-quenching performance were successfully synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction. The phase structure and luminescent properties of ISWO:Eu3+ were systematically studied. The photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectrum showed that ISWO:Eu3+ phosphor can be effectively matched with commercial ultraviolet (UV), violet and blue light chips. The main emission peak of the phosphor was located at 613 nm, which was attributed to the electric dipole transition 5D0 → 7F2. Under the optimal excitation, the prepared ISWO:0.08Eu3+ phosphor showed excellent anti-thermal-quenching performance, its photoluminescence (PL) intensity at 180 °C reached 157.4 % of initial intensity at room temperature. At 465 nm excitation, it also exhibited the anti-thermal-quenching property and the PL intensity remained 115.1 % at 150 °C of that at room temperature. In situ XRD analysis revealed that the lattice contraction resulting in an increase in structural rigidity as the temperature rising, which caused the change of Eu3+ local environment and improved the PL intensity. Finally, a series of warm white LED devices under varying power density conditions with stable output were prepared using the red ISWO:0.08Eu3+ phosphor, indicating that the ISWO:Eu3+ phosphor with excellent anti-thermal-quenching performance has potential application prospects in high-power white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs).

Blue Light–Induced Pigmentation

Blue Light–Induced Pigmentation

Sustainable synthesis of PVA@ZnO:Ga3+ nanocomposite films for UV shielding, food preservation, shape memory and anti-counterfeiting applications

Herein, we successfully fabricated transparent and highly flexible polyvinyl alcohol@ZnO:Ga3+ (PVA@ZnO:Ga3+) nanocomposites (NCs) films by simple solution casting method. Upon excitation at 266 nm, both the ZnO:Ga3+ nanoparticles (NPs) and the PVA@ZnO:Ga3+ NCs exhibit a prominent peak at 385 nm and a broad peak around 550 nm. The optimized PVA@ZnO:Ga3+ NCs demonstrated the most effective ultra violet (UV) blockage across the UV-A (99.99 %), UV-B (100 %) and UV-C (100 %) and high energy blue light HEBL (94.63 %). However, PVA alone absorbed <25 % of the light in all UV regions. Packaging of fresh cherry fruit with PVA@ZnO:Ga3+ (0.1 wt%) NCs enhanced the shelf-life up-to 15 days of storage under room temperature. These innovative NCs packaging films could provide a green, environment-friendly and antimicrobial system to combat the shorter shelf life of cherry fruit. The optimized NCs exhibited excellent shape recovery under pH conditions of 1, 7 and 13 and at a temperature of 70 °C, returning to its original shape within 120, 150, 160 and 6 sec, respectively. This emphasizes the NCs remarkable water-induced shape memory ability. Further, PVA@ZnO:Ga3+ NCs security ink offers strong anti-counterfeiting (AC) properties with UV luminescence and stability against UV exposure, aging and temperature effect. It adheres well to various substrates, ensuring long-term durability and resistance to replication. Overall, the results clearly show that ZnO:Ga3+ NPs hold great promise for applications in AC technology, UV blocking and the food packaging industry, thanks to their low cost, biocompatibility, flexibility and transparency.

Tm3+ doped CaF2 based oxyfluroborosilicate glasses and glass ceramics for visible and NIR lasers

The structural and luminescence properties of Tm3+ doped CaF2 based oxyfluoroborosilicate glasses and glass ceramics were discussed. The critical glass ceramic (BSTm1.0GC2) nature was obtained through different heat treatment processes as 450 oC for 1 h and the concentration of Tm3+ ions was optimized as 1.0 mol% for efficient emission. The spectroscopic and laser characteristic parameters were evaluated applying the standard Judd-Ofelt theory. The emission of blue light through 1D2 → 3F4 transition was studied by exciting at 360 nm UV wavelength. Upon 808 nm laser excitation, the glasses and glass ceramics produce 1.46 μm emission through 3H4 → 3F4 transition. The effective bandwidth (114.99 nm), stimulated emission cross-section (14.30×10–21 cm2), gain bandwidth (1644.74×10–28 cm3), figure of merit (10.21×10–24 cm2s) and the quantum yield (76%) of 3H4 → 3F4 transition made the BSTm1.0GC2 suitable as gain medium for 1.46 μm NIR fiber laser applications.

Transient Photocurrent Responses of Sr1-xCexTiO3 Perovskites Under Visible Light Illumination for Photovoltaic Applications.

The objective of this study was to synthesize strontium titanate (Sr1-xCexTiO3) doped with Ce3+ by solid state method.Its crystalline structure is Sr1-xCexTiO3, and its bandgap ranges from ~3.3 to ~2.7 eV. In the photoluminescence of samples excited at 288 nm, the maximum emission of blue light was observed at 380 and 390 nm. Photocatalytic results show that dye molecules have a high absorbance, whereas their surface area is large. According to a line sweep voltammetric plot (LSV), illumination increases the current density by 0.4 μA cm-2 compared with dark conditions. It was demonstrated that the material changed from n-type to p-type under doping. Chronoamperometry spectra were obtained for sample Sr1-xCexTiO3 (x = 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05) when an electrical voltage of 0.8 V was applied versus NHE. The plots indicate an increase in the current density under "light ON" conditions and a decrease under "light OFF" conditions. As Ce3+ concentration increases, the photocurrent increases until about 3 mol%, after which it decreases abruptly.

Ultra-high irradiance (UHI) blue light treatment: A promising method for inactivation of the wine spoilage yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis

Ultra-high irradiance (UHI) blue light treatment: A promising method for inactivation of the wine spoilage yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis