Struggle For Life Research Articles

Imperfect Humans and Perfect Beasts: Changing Perceptions of German and Jewish Persecutors in Holocaust Ghetto Diaries

Imperfect Humans and Perfect Beasts:Changing Perceptions of German and Jewish Persecutors in Holocaust Ghetto Diaries Amy Simon (bio) Daily existence for ghetto inhabitants during the Holocaust consisted of a continual struggle for life against hunger, disease, trauma, hard labor, and, not insignificantly, other people. Jewish diarists writing in the Warsaw and Vilna ghettos during World War II regularly described a life that consisted of a constant barrage of harmful decrees to which they had to either adapt or die. Along with these decrees came those people whose job—or sometimes choice—it was to enforce the decrees. Each day, as diarists described the painful regulations, they also depicted and presented evaluations of the people involved in making those regulations law, and others who took advantage of the ghetto situation for their own benefit. The overall image the reader gets of life in the ghettos from these diaries is one of perpetration from all sides. Until recently, Holocaust scholars have primarily viewed perpetration through a hierarchical lens of power and ethnicity, placing Germans only in the role of perpetrators. In his seminal work on this topic, Raul Hilberg categorized Germans as perpetrators, Jews as victims, and all others as bystanders. He suggested that individuals in the victim and bystander categories could take part in perpetration, thereby becoming collaborators but never perpetrators. Hilberg was first and foremost interested in German perpetrators, their actions and motivations. In the past twenty-five years, Hilberg's triptych has been complicated by the addition of a category of "collaborators," as well as a discussion of the "gray zone" whereby Jewish behavior in the ghettos and camps has come under scrutiny. Some of this scholarship has focused on interpretations of historians and thinkers who did not experience ghetto/concentration camp life, while some has relied on wartime sources and postwar witness testimony.1 Much attention has been given to the role of the Jewish councils and Jewish police as collaborators, or at least complicit actors, in the Nazi program of annihilation. Some scholars interpret the Jewish leadership's behavior during the Holocaust as reprehensible, while others fall on the other side of the debate, preferring to think of Jews' decisions during the Holocaust as "choiceless choices."2 [End Page 85] The discussions surrounding the involvement of Jewish actors in the Holocaust have primarily been situated in a postwar historiography that still tries to describe the behavior of the persecutors (here Jewish) rather than their victims. Scholars examine the actions of Jewish policemen and council members (the "privileged") in the ghettos to determine their motivations, the results of their activities, and the moral dilemmas they faced.3 Even studies that use Holocaust diaries and other wartime sources to illuminate these issues focus primarily on the persecutors.4 A few books have even examined Jewish policemen's explanations for their own actions, both positive and negative, providing important perspectives on how Jews made impossible moral decisions and the repercussions of those choices.5 Contrary to that dominant trend, this study examines references to perpetrators in contemporaneous sources (diaries) to investigate the world of the non-privileged victims themselves. Instead of focusing on how diarists explained perpetrator motivations, this study interprets shifts in their perceptions of these perpetrators to understand changing notions of self and community. It asks what an analysis of the ways in which victims wrote about their persecutors can elucidate about their experiences in the ghettos. I argue that the relatively rigid victim, perpetrator, bystander, and collaborator categories currently used do not allow us to see the way people grappled with a constantly changing world and identity within the ghettos. This paradigm erases the sense of chaos and uncertainty Jews faced as they tried to understand the behaviors of people acting in the radically new circumstance of the Holocaust. People did not adhere to static categories in the midst of ever-evolving Nazi policy, fluctuating treatment of different groups of Jews, and daily rumors and new information. In the ghettos, Jews had both enough restriction and enough freedom to begin to understand the seriousness of their situation and to contemplate and analyze it. Unlike later life in the concentration camps (for many of these Jews), Jews...

Diffident Jest: A Look2 Essay on Stevie Smith

Diffident Jest:A Look2 Essay on Stevie Smith James Jiang (bio) In November 1962, Stevie Smith received a letter from "an addict…a desperate Smith-addict." The importunate admirer inquired as to how she might get hold of Smith's elusive first novel (having just completed her own) and hoped to arrange a meeting "over tea or coffee" in London, where she was planning to move in the new year. Smith's reply is gracious though distant; after acknowledging the difficulty of obtaining the now out-of-print novel, she gently pours cold water on the prospect of a rendezvous: I do hope your novel goes well & I do hope the move in the New Year goes well too—if only as you suggest, so that we can meet some time. I feel awfully lazy most of the time, even the idea of writing a novel makes me feel rather faint! And as for poetry, I am a real humbug, just write it (?) sometimes but practically never read a word. That makes me feel pretty mean spirited when poets like you write such nice letters. The poet in this case was Sylvia Plath—the newly separated Plath who had, over the course of the previous month, composed the Ariel poems; the Plath who would, little over a month into the new year, kill herself in her freezing London flat. A meeting with Smith, Plath thought, would "cheer [her] on a bit." ________ Smith was not exactly a cheering poet. Among the many things that she shared with Plath (including: a love of horse-riding, early exposure to the world of publishing, a deft hand at prose) was an abiding awareness of the destructiveness of intimacy, as well as the ability to conjure a sense of despair all the more companionable for its tenacity. Both poets toyed with death in life and art. In the summer of 1953, Smith's severe [End Page 195] depression culminated in an attempted suicide. It was in this same period that she produced the single poem on which her posthumous reputation almost entirely stands: Nobody heard him, the dead man,But still he lay moaning:I was much further out than you thoughtAnd not waving but drowning. Poor chap, he always loved larkingAnd now he's deadIt must have been too cold for him his heart gave way,They said. Oh, no no no, it was too cold always(Still the dead one lay moaning)I was much too far out all my lifeAnd not waving but drowning. "Not Waving But Drowning" shows Smith at her most tragi-comically adept. It is a poem in which the difficulty of distinguishing between depths and shallows is posed by characteristically underpunctuated lines that prove so equivocal to both eye and ear. How are we to read the "no no no" at the beginning of the third stanza? Does the absence of commas make us linger on each "no" longer or does it allow us to skip over them more spryly? Are these the lugubriously self-pitying "no"s of an admonishing spirit (keeping in mind that the collection to which this poem gives its name also includes a poem about "King Hamlet's Ghost")? Or is this the courteous stutter of someone trying to smooth over the simplest of misunderstandings? These delicate ambiguities point to the fallibility of our senses of sight and sound when it comes to detecting the undertow of sorrow. It takes a peculiar kind of imagination to appreciate the superficial resemblance between waving and drowning—an imagination capable of abstracting itself sufficiently from the drama of a struggle for life to take up an aesthetic interest in gesture and performance. This is not, of course, the same kind of abstraction evinced by the second [End Page 196] stanza's anonymous spectators, whose measured diagnosis ("It must have been too cold for him his heart gave way") breaks the measure of the poem, adding an extra beat before the rhythm completely flatlines in the unaccented attribution "They said." The lopsidedness of the lineation and the patness of the "dead" / "said" rhyme create the air of a complacent finality—the dead...

Sex and the City: Intercourse in Holy Week

The last days before Easter are called Holy Week or Passion Week in most Christian calendars. The early history of these pre-paschal days is, however, obscure, and their historiography leaves much to be desired. This is particularly true of Holy Week observance in late ancient Constantinople. Was there even something that could be called a Holy Week in the imperial capital? The relative silence of liturgical handbooks regarding these days have led some liturgical scholars to give a negative answer to that question. This article revisits the problem, but approaches it from a different angle: What do hymns written for the week before the celebration of the resurrection tell us? Focusing on Monday to Wednesday, the present study demonstrates that singers and congregations intoned remarkable and dramatic songs between Palm Sunday and Maundy Thursday. Yet, rather than bewailing the imminent crucifixion or praising the resurrection, the hymnographers labored to read existential struggles of life and death in the sexual bodies of the congregated late ancient city dwellers.

Crossings in <em>Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits</em>, by Laila Lalami

Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits conveys a sensitive contemporary message about human life experience within a society that underwent several forms of social and economic hardships. The plot is focused in depicting life struggles of young men and women who have to fight constantly for their survival. These people, in a bid to escape their misery, would attempt to cross Moroccan borders through the Strait of Gibraltar into Spain: that is spatial crossing. Beyond the theme of migration that seems to dominate the entire novel, Laila Lalami discusses other aspects of Moroccan social life. This categorization includes the abuse of power, corruption, and some practices considered contrary to Muslim cultural decency in a country that is fundamentally Islamic: that is societal crossing. This paper investigates how spatial and societal crossings coincide to perfectly balance Lalami's voice through the stories of the four protagonists, Faten, Aziz, Halima, and Murad, all "candidates" for clandestine migration.

We Are Family

We Are Family Cruz Medina (bio) The House of Broken Angels Luis Alberto Urrea Little, Brown and Company www.littlebrown.com/titles/luis-alberto-urrea/the-house-of-broken-angels/9780316516259/ 368 Pages; Print, $11.99 The House of Broken Angels by Luis Alberto Urrea brings to life the story of a family gathering for the funeral of the de la Cruz family's oldest living member, Mamá América, in what the author describes as "a Mexican Finnegan's Wake." On the day after the funeral, the family celebrates the last birthday of Big Angel, who is deteriorating from cancer and concerned with who will take his place as the family's patriarch. Full of humor, tender moments, and feelings of loss, this story of a multigenerational family reuniting presents a complicated, at times heartwarming, glimpse of an individual Mexican American family at a time of grief and joy, providing a necessary slice of humanity. The pages drip with the inside jokes by family members deathly afraid of the silence that hangs thick with tension from the passage of time that collapses amongst loved ones, bringing back youthful longing and forgotten heartache. In House of Broken Angels, Urrea follows in the tradition of Latinx storytellers. A family tree at the end of the novel diagrams the de la Cruz family and harkens back to the Buendia family of Gabriel Garcia Marquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967). Instead of a Columbian village learning of the invention of ice, Urrea's House invents a San Diego barrio with true-to-life depictions of the harsh realities that immigrants face crossing into the US, struggles to keep a family together, confrontations with racism, and reconciliation with the myth of the American Dream. For audiences desiring the familial tales from times past, Urrea includes the struggle of life in Mexico that precipitates crossing over into the US. Over the course of the two days when the novel takes place, Urrea takes the reader on a flashback to Big Angel's youth, setting out to earn money as a young man on a boat with an unscrupulous Chentebent. Wanting to make his way in the world and out of the Mexican city of La Paz, Big Angel escapes the boat of Chentebent, where Angel is captive to the whims of the drunken and criminally violent boat captain. Though not as dire as circumstances facing Central Americans in countries ravaged by narco violence, Angel's experience in Mexico helps the audience to understand how motivations to migrate often come from life-threatening factors back at home that are beyond a migrant's control. In the context of Trump-era "build the wall" political rhetoric, Urrea includes complicated histories and generations of crossing the border, with the voices of former crossers and the children of immigrants. Almost torn from headlines circulating in social media, The House of Broken Angels includes the voices of an emboldened woman in Target who tells family members to "go back to their own country" and the everyday racist command to "speak English." The novel does not linger on these moments for too long, although their inclusion undergirds the world in which the characters occupy as one anchored in our own politically turbulent moment. In his good-natured way, Urrea tells a very real story of a Mexican American family with a divorce that forever damaged relationships between characters and mixed backgrounds that include an educated professor, Little Angel, Yndio the Cher impersonator, someone simply called "Pato" (because of his duck laugh), and Lalo the army vet. Lalo grapples with having served and injured in the US army overseas, though he is unable to receive citizenship as the army recruiter promised. The familial tensions are timeless while the individuals caught in the flawed immigration process and the struggle for LGBTQIA rights speak to commonplaces in our current political landscape. Never one to dedicate too much text to description, Urrea captures the feelings and smells of homes with well-placed asides about the merits of instant coffee or facial tattoos indicative of a gang murder. Capturing differing perspectives in the multigenerational family, the dialogue is layered with...

PENINDASAN TERHADAP PEREMPUAN DALAM NOVEL PEREMPUAN DI TITIK NOL DAN MIDAH SI MANIS BERGIGI EMAS: KAJIAN SASTRA BANDINGAN

Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan karya sastra dari dua negara berbeda tentang penindasan terhadap perempuan yang dialami oleh tokoh utama dalam novel. Objek yang diteliti adalah novel Perempuan di Titik Nol oleh Nawal el-Saadawi seorang pengarang Mesir dan novel Midah Si Manis Bergigi Emas oleh Pramoedya Ananta Toer seorang pengarang Indonesia. Penelitian kajian sastra bandingan ini menggunakan teori feminisme. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif yang dilakukan berdasarkan studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang begitu signifikan tentang penindasan wanita yang dialami oleh tokoh utama, meskipun kedua novel sama-sama memiliki tema perjuangan seorang perempuan dalam mendapatkan hak-haknya. Firdaus, tokoh utama novel Perempuan di Titik Nol menganggap perjuangan hidupnya sebagai seorang pelacur lebih terhormat daripada menjadi istri seorang syekh, istri yang mengalami penindasan dan kekerasan fisik, serta dijadikan objek pemuas nafsu laki-laki tanpa harga. Dia memiliki kebebasan atas tubuh miliknya sendiri sebagai seorang pelacur. Sementara itu, tokoh utama novel Midah Si Manis Bergigi Emas, Midah, menganggap perjuangan hidupnya menjadi seorang pelacur merupakan suatu kebebasan dalam hal kesetaraan gender karena dia dapat memilih jalan hidupnya sendiri tanpa harus diatur oleh laki-laki. Midah tidak mengalami banyak penindasan secara fisik seperti yang dialami Firdaus, khususnya menjadi korban kekerasan fisik suami dan banyak lelaki.

Voices of Peace: "They were Just Like Us" by Sarah Kabir

This volume presents a rather unique collection of narratives. The narratives are from a sample of twenty former combatants on either side of the battle in the North-East War in Sri Lanka. The narratives are presented as “voices of peace”, as the ex-combatants from Sri Lankan security forces and LTTE reflect on their struggles in life during and after the war. Now that over one decade has passed since the end of the war, the ex-combatants can have a relatively detached view of how the war devastated their lives, how far they have rebuilt the lives and livelihoods so devastated and what are the remaining challenges they face 10 years after the end of the war. This collection is unique because it brings face to face the narratives of those who fought with each other in the battlefield. In these narratives not only the formerly rival groups talk to each other, but also in the end to the public at large, including policy makers, rebel leaders and commanders who made vital decisions during and after the war about strategies of war, reconciliation and peace.

Darwinus anarchistus explodens: Science and the Legend of the Struggle for Life (Louise Michel)

The reference to Darwin, topic at the end of the 19th century, is at the heart of a verbal sparring match about who will be (or will claim to be), in matters of struggle for life, on the right side of history. Louise Michel articulates the topoi of evolution, and alongside the topoi of evolution-revolution, with an imagination and a practice (of thought, of writing, of militant engagement). Her 1892 article “A propos des explosions” (“On explosions”, treating the assassination attempt of Ravachol) shows in a paradigmatic – but nonetheless sardonic and original-way her use and practice of scientific reference.

Turning a blind eye.

This summer, I killed a bird while on a research trip. The project leader and I were sitting under a tree, protected from the hot sun, while we placed leg bands on birds we had just caught. I hadn't handled a bird in a year, and I was nervous that it would escape. I held the bird tightly as it struggled in my hand. Then, as I readjusted my grip, I saw it was lying limp. “Is he OK?” I asked the project leader in a shaky voice. I handed her the bird and she looked down uncomfortably, setting it on the ground. We both stared at it, wishing the wind blowing its chest feathers was actually its heartbeat returning. ![][1] ILLUSTRATION: ROBERT NEUBECKER > “As researchers, we must be mindful of the ethical dimensions of our work.” I'm not an ornithologist; I'm a Ph.D. student who studies soil biology. But I had worked on birds as an undergraduate student, and I was assisting the project leader, a close friend, with her research. I make the cross-country trip each year to help her and welcome it as a fun change of pace from my usual fieldwork, which involves digging up soil samples from agricultural fields. This year, though, the experience left me in turmoil. It's not uncommon for animals to die when biologists catch them—and some scientists consider this an unavoidable cost of doing research—but the knowledge that I had taken a life nagged at me. I felt ashamed of my mistake and agonized over the bird for days. After I traveled back to my university and reoriented myself to my dissertation research, I realized that I had more on my conscience than the accidental killing of one bird. I regularly capture and preserve huge numbers of soil invertebrates (mites, beetles, and other critters) for my research; this summer alone I killed more than 10,000. I had turned a blind eye to this invertebrate massacre. But as I resumed my normal work, sorting and categorizing hundreds of vials of dead invertebrates, the conflict between my methods and my values increasingly weighed on me. I face similar struggles in my personal life. Before grad school, I was dedicated to walking or biking around town and buying food from local and organic sources. In grad school, where I'm pressed for time and money, I drive more often and have become increasingly relaxed about my consumer choices. Conventionally farmed bananas shipped thousands of kilometers to Vermont are often the easiest and cheapest snack option I can find, even though eating them while I research sustainable agriculture feels enormously hypocritical. Scientific research can make a real difference in the world. But I've come to realize that the life of a scientist comes with ethical trade-offs, including ones that aren't easy to stomach—or avoid. Some scientists, such as myself, may debate the ethics of methods that could harm or kill animals. Others may struggle with whether it's the right choice to fly around the world to meetings about climate change. I entered my Ph.D. program because I care deeply about environmental conservation, and I want to stay grounded and true to those motivations. But I am not perfect. I've made compromises between getting research done and following my personal values. Although these compromises can be necessary and practical, I sometimes look back and wonder whether I cut the wrong corners. The unfortunate reality is that in grad school, moments of reflection are sometimes difficult to come by. Juggling classes and research, jumping through various Ph.D. milestones, and learning technical and professional skills—on top of worrying whether my research is novel, relevant, and impactful—leave me little time and emotional space for much else. Going forward, though, I want to be more deliberate about these ethical considerations. I plan to ask myself whether my methods are truly necessary and to think more carefully about ways to minimize harm or risk. The death of this bird hit me as a wake-up call, forcing me to reflect and recalibrate. In grad school, it's easy to be consumed by pressures and demands. But it's important to have moments where we can step back and reconnect with our values. As researchers, we must be mindful of the ethical dimensions of our work. [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif

Struggles and Oppression in Maya Angelou Poetry Based On Marxism Perspective

This objectives of this research is to know the influences of struggles and oppression in Maya Angelou poetry based on marxism perspective, to know how the poet overcome of struggle and oppression in class community through Marxism perspective and Also to know the moral messages contained in Maya Angelou poetry through Marxism perspective. The data of this research collected from various sources through browsing on internet and listening to the audio of the poetry to support the data analysis. In this research, the writer using descriptive qualitative method as a method of analysis. Theory that the writer used to analyses struggle are from Arindani (2016), and for analyses oppression are from omidvar (2016). The result of this research are: 1). The influences of struggles and oppression make poet become strenght, 2). The poets comes out from life struggles and oppression through leaving behind an oppression and 3). There are many moral messages contained in Maya Angelou Poetry.

Theology of Independence as a Foundation of Developing Catholic Education in Indonesian Context According to Y.B. Mangunwijaya

Education is one of the forms of the Indonesian Church's apostolate. In the context of Indonesia that fought for its independence, Y.B. Mangunwijaya affirmed the importance of theology of independence as an anthropological foundation of developing a liberating education. By using analytical descriptive method, this research focuses on finding the main ideas of YB. Mangunwijaya about theology of independence as a foundation of education and learning process at school. There are three important things found in this research. First, theology of independence is the right formula that unites Christian values and the struggle for national life. It bases on the movement of Jesus Christ that is inclusive and universal for the sake of a more human life. Second, theology of independence becomes the foundation to develop a child-centered learning to develop or liberate themselves exploratively, creatively and integrally. Third, in order to develop liberating education, teachers who love children and dare to explore with the children for optimal child development are needed. Y.B. Mangunwijaya's thoughts provide a foundation for reconstructing the vision, mission and praxis of Catholic education in Indonesia contextually for a more liberating national life.

HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF X-RAY AND LASER RADIATION AT SURGEONS’ WORKPLACES

Introduction. Modern surgery is a complex, multifaceted area of medicine that plays an important role in the struggle for health, working capacity and human life. In recent years, in surgery, much attention has been paid to the improvement and development of new surgical equipment, including that based on ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, its application range being widened, which allows patients being provided with high-tech and less traumatic procedures. However, the use of such equipment resulted in the appearance of new adverse occupational factors of ionizing and non-ionizing nature at the workplaces of surgical team members, which can have a negative effect on the personnel. Material and methods. Data of x-ray and laser radiation level studies at the workplaces of medical personnel in modern operating rooms are reported. Results. Total normalized power of the effective x-ray dose during the use of x-ray surgical unit at the workplaces of surgical teams in most cases was revealed not to exceed allowable dose rate, while in the process of certain procedures, such as vessel embolization, it can exceed allowable levels. The total annual effective radiation exposure dose of x-ray surgery teams depends on the number of performed operations, their type, complexity, and can exceed a basic radiation dose limit for A and B group personnel. The intensity of diffusely reflected laser radiation at workplaces of surgeons can significantly exceed maximum allowable levels, sometimes up to 600 times. Discussion. Considering an ever-gaining use of high-tech equipment generating laser and X-ray radiation and increasing number of exposed medical personnel, hygienic assessment of these radiation levels at workplaces of surgical team members and development of measures to improve working conditions is an important issue for maintaining workers’ health. Conclusion. To assess the occupational risk degree to the health of surgeons it is necessary to conduct in-depth studies of their health status.

Photographic Complementarity, and the Story of Abel Pavon

This article argues for photographic complementarity in anthropological research as a means to avoid singular representations—in other words, to incorporate images into diverse and juxtaposing interpretative, explanatory, methodological and representational practices. Through the story of Abel Pavon, a Paraguayan campesino who suffered a horrible accident which changed his life, this article shows how photographs contribute to different intertextual meanings. The complementarity of different mediums allows for a glimpse into the otherwise inaccessible world of Abel’s identity formation. The intertextuality of text with images allows us to explore the different emerging meanings that open a window of understanding onto Abel’s life struggles and his sense of identity. The article begins with a brief discussion of the need for complementarity and the dangers of single stories in anthropology; later, Abel’s story is presented and then discussed in terms of photographic and intertextual meanings.

Permanent transitoriness and housing policies: Inside São Paulo’s low-income private rental market

In São Paulo, Brazil, housing policies and planning shape and boost highly precarious and exploitative private rental markets. This is the case of a housing public-private partnership (PPP) that is seizing land since 2017 in a very stigmatized central neighborhood known as Cracolândia or Crackland. This paper covers the first two years of the PPP’s implementation. Based on the life trajectories of tenants and squatters of buildings targeted for demolition, looking at both their living conditions and their encounters with governments, we demonstrate how policies and planning not only fail to meet the housing needs of people repeatedly forced to move but also deepen the permanent transitoriness which marks their housing experiences and struggles of everyday life. The paper also provides historical context to the housing PPP by highlighting the sequence of demolitions induced by various urban interventions that targeted the area since the late 1990s. The findings presented here stem from action research embedded in an ongoing process of resistance to government-led displacement –a process in which the authors intervene as advocates for adequate housing, and document and analyze as researchers.

Consumption, Temporality, and Celebration in Contemporary Santiago de Cuba

ABSTRACTIn this article, I argue that the temporal experience of contemporary Cuba must be understood as co‐constituted in both the struggles of daily life and cycles of celebration. As the socialist welfare state has tried to maintain quality of life in post‐Soviet Cuba, the daily work of acquiring basic goods and services has increasingly become a struggle (una lucha). Yet, while everyday life is experienced as a struggle, Cubans are often seen reveling in the joyous experience of celebration at parties or annual festivals. Rather than view these events as spectacular, I argue that they are central to socialist temporality and the lived experiences of the doble moral, a set of shifting values and actions under post‐Soviet Cuban socialism. Analyzing the ways in which Cubans living in Santiago de Cuba experience the celebratory aspect of Carnaval, birthday parties, and La Noche Santiaguera, a weekly street party, I argue that the temporal experiences of anticipation, inversion, and rejuvenation juxtaposed with the quotidian experiences of the struggle (la lucha) are central to the lived experiences of Cubanidad and socialism in Cuba today. [festivals, temporality, consumption, Caribbean, Cuba]

Neoliberalism as terrain of daily life and political struggle

Neoliberalism as terrain of daily life and political struggle

SEBAB DAN AKIBAT STRES, DEPRESI DAN KECEMASAN SERTA PENANGGULANGANNYA

Psychologically, humans often suffer from various disorders and mental illnesses, such as stress, depression, anxiety, envy, jealousy, sorrow unreasonable, arrogant and many others are. Challenges and struggles of life as well as moral and ethical values change, at certain conditions can lead to tension stress. Stress is part of life that cannot be avoided. Therefore, what we have to do is arrange life so that stress does not cause a reaction, such as physical or psychological complaints. This is called distress

Depression and Suicide Message as Seen in Chester Bennington of Linkin Park’s Selected Lyrics From 2000 (Hybrid Theory) Until 2017 (one more light)

Linkin Park consists of six people, namely Chester Bennington as the vocalist, Mike Kenji Shinoda as a rapper (founder of Linkin Park), Brad Philip Delson as a guitarist, David Micheal "Phoenix" Farrel as a bass, Joseph Hanh as a disc jockey (DJ) and Rob Gregory Bourdon as a drummer. The writer only focus on Chester Bennington’s life, how his struggle in roller coaster life and accept himself cannot separate with his suffered on his past. Chester Bennington always interpreted him become part of his songs in Linkin Park’s lyrics. This thesis is entitled "Depression and suicide message as seen in Chester Bennington of Linkin Park’s Selected Lyrics from 2000 (Hybrid Theory) Until 2017 (One More Light)" seen from the perspective of psychological analysis, pragmatics analysis, lyrics of songs analysis. This research is limited on basic ideas that relate to the observation into three questions as follow: (1) what makes Chester Bennington left his message in lyrics of Linkin Park’s songs, 2) what the causes Chester Bennington depression and decides to commit to suicide, and (3) What song proves Chester Bennington was depressed and decided to commit suicide. The objectives of this research were (1) To explain the reason Chester Bennington of Linkin Park had written down his stories into lyrics of Linkin Park’s songs (2) To explain the causes that Chester Bennington depression and decides to commit suicide, and (3) to explain that the songs of Chester Bennington was depressed and decided to commit suicide. The theory used is from a some sourceres by Sigmund Freud about Chester Bennington’s mental health. For searching his message is using by George Yule’s theory. For the method of data analysis, the author uses qualitative research. For searching seven lyrics of songs analysis using Dallin’s theory. This research is qualitative research using the content analysis method. The findings of this research is a song lyric, lyrics give the audience deep understanding about the message contained in the song.

Planting Base Value of Hardworking Character Education through Ulid Novel

Important hard work characters are taught for the younger generation today so that researchers are interested in describing and explaining the values of character education in hard work in Ulid's novel by Mahfud Ikhwan. This novel tells the story of the struggle of poor families to send their eldest children from kindergarten to high school with various struggles and hard work in his life. The actions that the characters to bring out the character values of hard work that are proven through the attitude and every dialogue of the characters. This study included descriptive qualitative with note-taking techniques and literature studies. The results of data analysis of hard work character values are known to 9 frequencies, including unyielding characters, passionate characters, active working characters, earnest characters, the full character of confidence in acting, the full character of the struggle for life, independent practice character, cooperative character, and characters fight together.

Planting Base Value of Hardworking Character Education through Ulid Novel

Important hard work characters are taught for the younger generation today so that researchers are interested in describing and explaining the values of character education in hard work in Ulid's novel by Mahfud Ikhwan. This novel tells the story of the struggle of poor families to send their eldest children from kindergarten to high school with various struggles and hard work in his life. The actions that the characters to bring out the character values of hard work that are proven through the attitude and every dialogue of the characters. This study included descriptive qualitative with note-taking techniques and literature studies. The results of data analysis of hard work character values are known to 9 frequencies, including unyielding characters, passionate characters, active working characters, earnest characters, the full character of confidence in acting, the full character of the struggle for life, independent practice character, cooperative character, and characters fight together.