Lifespan Of People Research Articles

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN OLD AGE AND AYURVEDA

According to modern concept aging is a physical, physiological, psychological phenomenon which is result because of inherent evolutionary changes occurring in the mind and body system. Hypertension, Ischemic Heart Disease, Diabetes, Senile Dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinsonism, Degenerative Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Opportunistic Infections, Prostatic enlargement, degenerative eye diseases like Cataract which causes major morbidity in old age. In old age most commonly Psychological disorders are observed like senile dementia, Alzheimer disease, depression. Ayurveda describe aging is Swabhava of human body i.e. ''Shirayate Tata Shariram''. Ayurveda Samhita described that after sixty age function of brain decrease so psychological disorders are occur in this age. Aim of this subject is to enlighten the basic concept of mental disorder both in Ayurveda and Modern books and discussion on different views. In recent era we see technology increases in health science but life span of people decreases from 100 years to 60- 70 years. Ayurveda is science of life and longevity. Ayurveda give basic knowledge about age related problems. Conclusion made by comparing between Ayurveda and modern concepts of Psychological disorders.
 Demographically India is the second largest country in the world with the largest number of aged persons (60+ years). Psychological disorders are big problem in old age, so for confirm diagnosis and treatment we need to enhance our knowledge.

Investigating the interaction between human immunodeficiency virus, nutrition, and disability: A cross-sectional observational study.

BackgroundThe average lifespan of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has increased because of the enhanced access to anti-retroviral treatment. This increased longevity has led to a heightened focus on the comorbidities which may arise, allowing a clearer understanding of the contextual, personal, psychological and functional problems and their interrelations. Disability (functional limitations) and insufficient nutritional intake may interact cyclically with HIV and/or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); however, no research to date has investigated this interaction.AimsThe objective of this article was to report on the nutritional outcomes using albumin and body mass index outcomes as a subset of a larger study among adults living with HIV and/or AIDS.SettingThis study was conducted at a large HIV clinic based in an urban area in Johannesburg, South Africa, which provides HIV treatment and support to over 6000 persons with HIV and TB. This clinic is part of a large public health regional hospital where extensive HIV research is undertaken.MethodsThis study was a cross-sectional observational study. The sample composed of 278 participants between 18 and 65 years of age and had been on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for more than six months. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.ResultsThe results indicated that albumin level had significant inverse associations with functional limitations and physical health symptoms. Women were significantly more likely to have lower nutritional levels. A logistic regression analysis suggested that gender and physical health symptoms were the primary predictors of albumin levels.ConclusionThe findings presented in this article can be applied to HIV and/or AIDS treatment programmes, such as HAART. It re-emphasises the importance of providing individuals on anti-retroviral therapy with affordable and adequate nutrition, education on the importance of nutritional intake and the benefits of potentially adopting supplement programmes. As females seem to be more adversely affected by low nutritional levels, with the findings showing an increased likelihood of developing physical health symptoms, focus also needs to be given to cultural or social factors that impact nutritional intake in women.

Antibody levels to Influenza A are greater in adults with Trisomy 21 but are less functional compared to disomic adults.

Abstract Adults with Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome; DS) are particularly susceptible to respiratory infections which is a primary cause of death in adults with DS. Due to medical advances there has been a rapid increase in the lifespan of people with DS, creating a critical gap in our understanding of immunity in these adults. Although no studies to date have identified the pathogens responsible for the majority of respiratory infections observed in adults with DS, data from previous influenza epidemics suggest that adults with DS have significantly higher rates of morbidity and mortality as a result of influenza infection. Their high rates of pneumonia and subsequent death may result from an impaired ability of B cells to generate antibodies of sufficient quantity and function to control infections. Data evaluating the effectiveness of immunizations in adult individuals with DS is inconclusive, although it has been established that those with DS have decreased B cell counts. Herein, we hypothesized that adults with DS will have an attenuated antibody response following immunization compared to typical adults. Antibody concentrations to influenza A were evaluated using a standard ELISA, and antibody titer was measured using a hemagglutination inhibition assay. Our results show adults with DS have significantly increased IgG antibody concentration to Influenza A compared to age matched controls (p=0.005). However, when evaluated by a hemagglutination inhibition assay (to A/HongKong) adults with DS had lower levels of inhibition compared to typical adults (p=0.02). These data indicate that although adults with DS can develop an antibody response to influenza, this response may not be as protective against disease as in typical, disomic individuals.

Improved Survival of HIV-Positive Persons Starting ART Between 1996 and 2013

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has multiple benefits, of which increased lifespan of people living with HIV (PLWH) is perhaps the most profound. Using

Trends in Malignancies among Korean Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era.

Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the life span of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or AIDS (PWHA) has been extended significantly. Therefore, the importance of non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs), as well as AIDS-defining cancers (ADCs) has increased. There is little information concerning the epidemiology of malignancies in PWHA in Korea. A descriptive epidemiologic study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Korea. PWHA who visited Pusan National University Hospital from January 2000 to October 2014 were included. Demographics and clinical data were obtained from the medical records and analyzed. A total of 950 PWHA were observed for 4,439.71 person-years. Forty-eight episodes (5.05%) of cancers were diagnosed in 47 patients. Mean age of the enrolled patients was 40.66 ± 12.15 years and 88% were male. Among the 48 cancer episodes, 20 (42%) were ADCs and 28 were NADCs. The most common ADCs was non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (53.6%), followed by Kaposi's sarcoma (17.9%). The most common NADCs were lung cancer (25%) and hepatocellular carcinoma (25%). The overall incidence of total cancers, ADCs, and NADCs was 10.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.0–14.3), 4.5 (95% CI, 2.8–7.0), and 6.3 (95% CI, 4.2–9.1)/1,000 person-years, respectively. NADCs accounted for 12/15 (80%) of cancers among PWHA with good adherence to care. The 5-year survival rate of PWHA and NADC was 26.3%. NADCs have become the main type of malignancy among Korean PWHA with good adherence to care. Effective strategies to improve screening of NADCs among PWHA are required in Korea.

A Model worth Sharing: A Community Mental Health Clinic with an Award Winning Integrated Physical Health Program

AbstractThe lifespan of people with severe mental illness (SMI) is shorter compared to the general population. This excess mortality is mainly due to physical illness. (De Hert et al 2011). Mental health services should be able to provide at least a standard routine assessment of their patients, in order to identify or suspect the presence of physical health problems. (Maj, M 2009)The first step in addressing the gap between psychiatric and health management is to integrate physical health into mental health planning. (Miller, H 2008)The paper provides an overview of the innovative nurse led Physical Health Program which has successfully integrated into the core business of a community mental health clinic within Melbourne’s public health service and created working partnerships with primary care and community health.The Program received recognition as Gold Winner in the Excellence in Person Centred Care category at the Victorian Public Health Awards in 2014 and has been in place for three years, providing physical health screening, signposting and individual evidence based interventions to consumers with severe mental illness.Dedicated nursing roles and the development of a unique approach provides a barrier free long term care model which has returned high rates of engagement with consumers in addressing their physical health needs and goals.The model, which has been promoted for replication across the service, showcases best practice, the value of collaborative working with our community health and primary care partners, and the substantial progress and effective outcomes that can be achieved when a mental health nurses takes the lead in innovation and change.

Service use and family-centred care in young people with severe cerebral palsy: a population-based, cross-sectional clinical survey

Purpose: To assess healthcare use and family perception of family-centred care in children and young adults with severe cerebral palsy (CP) within a geographical region of the UK. Method: Young people (4–27years) with severe forms of CP; Gross Motor Function Classification System levels IV and V, were recruited via an established case register. Data were collected in the participant’s home using a standardised background proforma and validated questionnaires. The Measure of Processes of Care was used to assess the family’s perception of family-centred care. Results: One-hundred and twenty-three children, young people and their families/guardians participated. Results showed high accessing of specialist services in childhood with a considerable decrease in young adults. Use of generalist services remained relatively constant. The reported use of formal respite services and support groups/youth clubs was relatively poor. Family-centred care was poor in the area of “providing general information” (2.8 ± 1.73) but more moderate in the areas of “providing specific information about the young person” (4.2 ± 1.94), “enabling and partnership” (4.2 ± 1.9), “co-ordinated and comprehensive care” (4.3 ± 1.95) and “respectful and supportive care” (4.7 ± 1.75). Conclusions: The accessing of specialist services and respite care notably decreases amongst adolescents with severe forms of CP and the perception of family-centred care amongst families was fair at best. In particular, the results highlight the need for families to be provided with more general information and advice.Implications for RehabilitationIn a quest to enhance the rehabilitation process in young people with severe forms of cerebral palsy:Commissioners and service providers need to a adopt a more rationalised, needs led approach to service provision across the lifespan of people with severe forms of cerebral palsy, to include an effective and efficient transitional period.Habilitation specialists working with young adults need to continue to recognise the importance of family-centred care in managing this complex and chronic condition.Professionals working within the healthcare system must provide better communication and improve their dissemination of information to the families of children and young people with complex needs.

Neurocognitive correlates of the use of combined Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV-infected adults attending care and treatment center at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: An analytical crosssectional study

Background: The discovery of the highly active antiretroviral therapy has improved the life span of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) to almost that of the general population. This, however, has been coupled with increased incidences of HIVassociated dementia, especially mild cognitive impairment. Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been observed to improve neurocognitive functions but the ART regimen that is best suited for improvement of neurocognitive functions is still largely unknown. This study was aimed at determining how neurocognitive deficits in patients on cART were related to ART regimen. Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical study. A sample of 351 adult patients attending care and treatment center (CTC) at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) in Dar es salaam, Tanzania were screened for HIV-associated neurocognitive deficits (HAND) against the ART regimens the patients were using. The study that was conducted from July to August 2012 and employed a standardized tool known as International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS). Analysis was done using SPSS version 18. Frequency distribution, Chi-square, Fisher’s exact test and multivariate regression analysis were calculated to determine the levels of risk which was set at 5% significance level (p < 0.05). Results: Two hundred and forty of the 351 (68.4%) patients screened positive for neurocognitive deficits. Under descriptive statistics, factors such as age, years of formal education, central nervous system penetration effectiveness (CPE) score and the use of efavirenz containing regimens showed statistically significant association with HAND at p=0.03, p=0.038, p<0.001 and p=0.039, respectively, while on multivariate analysis only ART combination with CPE based on 2010 scoring system showed significant association system (p=0.02, AOR=0.449 and C.I=0.27-0.748) with HAND. Conclusion: These findings support the hypothesis that specific ART factors such as CPE may be protective against neurocognitive deficits. The study also highlights the need to choose appropriate ART regimen with special consideration to their potential neurotoxic side effect. Individual assessment for best therapeutic response is crucial for the patients’ cognitive wellbeing. Keywords: HIV-associated neurocognitive deficits (HAND), Antiretroviral, Central nervous system penetration, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Aging in Adults With Intellectual Disabilities

The literature recognizes the important role of the Speech and Language Pathologist (SLP) in the treatment of communication and swallowing disorders in children with Intellectual Disabilities (ID). However there is also a need to emphasize the importance of specialist SLP input across the lifespan of people with ID, and to recognize the specific, ongoing and changing communication and swallowing needs of adults with ID as they get older.

Why do some patients with type 1 diabetes live so long?

While the lifespan of people with type 1 diabetes has increased progressively since the advent of insulin therapy, these patients still experience premature mortality, primarily from cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, a subgroup of those with type 1 diabetes survives well into old age without significant morbidity. It is the purpose of this review to explore the factors which may help in identifying these patients. It might be expected that hyperglycaemia plays a major role in explaining the increased incidence of CVD and mortality of these individuals. However, while a number of publications have associated poor long term glycaemic control with an increase in both all-cause mortality and CVD in those with type 1 diabetes, it is apparent that good glycaemic control alone cannot explain why some patients with type 1 diabetes avoid fatal CVD events. Lipid disorders may occur in those with type 1 diabetes, but the occurrence of elevated high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol is positively associated with longevity in this population. Non-renal hypertension, by itself is a significant risk factor for CVD but if adequately treated does not appear to mitigate against longevity. However, the presence of nephropathy is a major risk factor and its absence after 15-20 years of diabetes appears to be a marker of long-term survival. One of the major factors linked with long-term survival is the absence of features of the metabolic syndrome and more specifically the presence of insulin sensitivity. Genetic factors also play a role, with a family history of longevity and an absence of type 2 diabetes and hypertension in the family being important considerations. There is thus a complex interaction between multiple risk factors in determining which patients with type 1 diabetes are likely to live into older age. However, these patients can often be identified clinically based on a combination of factors as outlined above.

Dekstrokardide Miyokard Perfüzyon Spect Görüntüleme: Olgu Sunumu

The myocardial perfusion scintigraphy acquisition and analysis present some technical differences in the rare dextrocardia cases. Here we report a case of a 38 year-old woman with dextrocardia who had been applied myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Presented case showed that the thoracic and abdominal organs had a mirror image with situs inversus totalis type dextrocardia. The incidence of coronary heart disease and life span of people with situs inversus totalis are the same as the normal population. So we may apply myocardial perfusion scintigraphy to this patient group. The current case is presented in order to remind the special applications of myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging in patients with dextrocardia. Conflict of interest:None declared.

Schooling Transitions Within the Lifespan of People With an Intellectual Disability: Perceptions and Recommendations of Ageing Mothers

In this paper the authors examine the perceptions of mothers about the schooling transitions, including transitions to postschool options, made by their adult child with an intellectual disability (ID). Twenty mothers of an adult child with an ID living in New South Wales, Australia, and the Czech Republic, aged 48 years or older, were recruited to participate in this study. Mothers were interviewed following a semistructured protocol. The audiotaped interviews were transcribed verbatim, and analysed using a constant comparison analytic approach.The experiences and issues faced by mothers at differing transitions of their adult child with an ID will be discussed, including issues of school selection, lifelong planning, and engaging with professionals. Common and unique themes within and between each country will be drawn, along with a comparison of findings from recent research reporting on transition experiences of mothers with young children with ID. The concluding discussion will focus on lessons learned about lifelong transition experiences, and pose future directions for enhancing the quality of transitions for persons with special needs and their families.

Plasma Biomarkers for Detecting Hodgkin's Lymphoma in HIV Patients

The lifespan of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has increased as a result of effective antiretroviral therapy, and the incidences of the AIDS-defining cancers, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma, have declined. Even so, HIV-infected individuals are now at greater risk of other cancers, including Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). To identify candidate biomarkers for the early detection of HL, we undertook an accurate mass and elution time tag proteomics analysis of individual plasma samples from either HIV-infected patients without HL (controls; n = 14) and from HIV-infected patient samples with HL (n = 22). This analysis identified 60 proteins that were statistically (p<0.05) altered and at least 1.5-fold different between the two groups. At least three of these proteins have previously been reported to be altered in the blood of HL patients that were not known to be HIV positive, suggesting that these markers may be broadly useful for detecting HL. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software identified “inflammatory response” and “cancer” as the top two biological functions associated with these proteins. Overall, this study validated three plasma proteins as candidate biomarkers for detecting HL, and identified 57 novel candidate biomarkers that remain to be validated. The relationship of these novel candidate biomarkers with cancer and inflammation suggests that they are truly associated with HL and therefore may be useful for the early detection of this cancer in susceptible populations.

Hospitalized mental health patients and oral health

The purpose of this review of the literature is to present a contemporary perspective related to the nursing care of hospitalized mental health patients who have risk of developing oral health issues. Mental illness is a major health concern worldwide. Compounding this health issue, mental health patients/clients demonstrate avoidant behaviours related to oral health, and the symptoms of mental illness can be a compounding factor. Oral health and oral inflammatory disease are the result of lifestyle and behaviour and mental disorders affect both lifestyle and behaviour. The search used the search terms oral health AND nursing AND mental illness AND Published Date 2005 to 2010. For those who experience mental illness oral health assessment is not routinely practised by clinicians. The importance of special attention to dental problems for people with mental disorders has also been stressed by researchers since the lifespan of people with serious mental disorders is shortened compared to the general population. Oral health care is an important part of treatment. Routine oral care for hospitalized patients is imperative, and this is usually the responsibility of nurses without sufficient knowledge in oral care or comprehensive protocols to follow.

Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care.

The lifespan of people with severe mental illness (SMI) is shorter compared to the general population. This excess mortality is mainly due to physical illness. We report prevalence rates of different physical illnesses as well as important individual lifestyle choices, side effects of psychotropic treatment and disparities in health care access, utilization and provision that contribute to these poor physical health outcomes. We searched MEDLINE (1966 - August 2010) combining the MeSH terms of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder with the different MeSH terms of general physical disease categories to select pertinent reviews and additional relevant studies through cross-referencing to identify prevalence figures and factors contributing to the excess morbidity and mortality rates. Nutritional and metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, viral diseases, respiratory tract diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, sexual dysfunction, pregnancy complications, stomatognathic diseases, and possibly obesity-related cancers are, compared to the general population, more prevalent among people with SMI. It seems that lifestyle as well as treatment specific factors account for much of the increased risk for most of these physical diseases. Moreover, there is sufficient evidence that people with SMI are less likely to receive standard levels of care for most of these diseases. Lifestyle factors, relatively easy to measure, are barely considered for screening; baseline testing of numerous important physical parameters is insufficiently performed. Besides modifiable lifestyle factors and side effects of psychotropic medications, access to and quality of health care remains to be improved for individuals with SMI.

Age-related practice effects across longitudinal neuropsychological assessments in older people with schizophrenia.

The relationship between aging and practice effects on longitudinal neuropsychological assessments was investigated in middle-aged and older people with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Older people with schizophrenia (n = 107; M age = 56.1) and age-comparable nonpsychiatric controls (n = 107; M age = 57.7) were scheduled to receive annual assessments on a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests for an average of 2.5 years (range 11 months to 4 years). Mixed-model analyses were used to separately examine the effects of practice and age on test performance. Number of prior assessments (practice) was associated with significant performance improvement across assessments, whereas older age was associated with significant decline in performance. The groups did not differ significantly in extent of age-related cognitive decline, but a three-way interaction among group, age, and practice was found, such that greater age-related decline in practice effects were found for older people with schizophrenia relative to nonpsychiatric participants. This study did not find any evidence of neurodegenerative age-related decline in neuropsychological abilities in middle-aged and older people with schizophrenia, but older age was associated with diminished ability to benefit from repeated exposure to cognitive tasks in people with schizophrenia. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia may combine with cognitive decline associated with normal aging to reduce practice effects in older patients. These findings have important implications for the design of studies examining the longitudinal trajectory of cognitive functioning across the life span of people with schizophrenia, as well as clinical trials that attempt to demonstrate cognitive enhancement in these individuals.

Affordability of Family Care for an Individual With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Affordability of Family Care for an Individual With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Traumatic experiences and life events in people with intellectual disability

The aim of this article is to present and critically evaluate recent research on life events and traumatic experiences as predictors of psychopathology in people with intellectual disability. The area has not developed significantly in the last years. Although life events have been associated with a range of mental health problems, only few studies have tried to clarify their role in psychopathology. It is often the case that differences between life events and traumatic experiences have been overlooked, mainly because establishing a clear cut-off point between the two types of events is not always possible. In addition, traumatic experiences per se, and as potential predictors of psychopathology, have been scarcely investigated in people with intellectual disability. The role of recent life events and traumatic experiences across the life-span of people with intellectual disability deserves more research. An outstanding question is whether these events are risk factors or triggering factors, as well as how to differentiate between traumatic and life events. Identifying possible protective factors for mental health seems to be a very promising line for future research with important clinical implications.

Cancer information needs of people with intellectual disability: A review of the literature

The lifespan of people with an intellectual disability has increased significantly in recent years; however, this has resulted in a rising incidence of age-related illnesses including cancer. The World Health Organisation has expressed concern as evidence suggests prevalence rates for cancer are increasing for this group. The needs of people with a cancer diagnosis and an intellectual disability are beginning to be highlighted; however, there appears to be a substantial dearth of services including appropriate cancer information. This presents alarming obstacles and barriers to high-quality cancer care impacting on treatment, management and overall survival rates for this client group. Furthermore, a number of policy and research reports directed at the health needs of people with an intellectual disability have continually highlighted the need for accessible information and effective communication. Having access to cancer information should be considered a crucial part of providing optimum holistic care for this client group. Cancer professionals should assess the unique information needs of people with an intellectual disability as mainstream information does not meet their requirements. Furthermore, health professionals working in intellectual disability settings must also address their knowledge and information deficits in this regard. This paper presents a review of the literature with a specific focus on the cancer information needs of people with an intellectual disability.

Physical illness and schizophrenia: a review of the literature

The lifespan of people with schizophrenia is shortened compared to the general population. We reviewed the literature on comorbid physical diseases in schizophrenia to provide a basis for initiatives to fight this unacceptable situation. We searched MEDLINE (1966 - May 2006) combining the MeSH term of schizophrenia with the 23 MeSH terms of general physical disease categories to identify relevant epidemiological studies. A total of 44 202 abstracts were screened. People with schizophrenia have higher prevalences of HIV infection and hepatitis, osteoporosis, altered pain sensitivity, sexual dysfunction, obstetric complications, cardiovascular diseases, overweight, diabetes, dental problems, and polydipsia than the general population. Rheumatoid arthritis and cancer may occur less frequently than in the general population. Eighty-six per cent of the studies came from industrialized countries limiting the generalizability of the findings. The increased frequency of physical diseases in schizophrenia might be on account of factors related to schizophrenia and its treatment, but undoubtedly also results from the unsatisfactory organization of health services, from the attitudes of medical doctors, and the social stigma ascribed to the schizophrenic patients.