Abstract
The lifespan of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has increased as a result of effective antiretroviral therapy, and the incidences of the AIDS-defining cancers, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma, have declined. Even so, HIV-infected individuals are now at greater risk of other cancers, including Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). To identify candidate biomarkers for the early detection of HL, we undertook an accurate mass and elution time tag proteomics analysis of individual plasma samples from either HIV-infected patients without HL (controls; n = 14) and from HIV-infected patient samples with HL (n = 22). This analysis identified 60 proteins that were statistically (p<0.05) altered and at least 1.5-fold different between the two groups. At least three of these proteins have previously been reported to be altered in the blood of HL patients that were not known to be HIV positive, suggesting that these markers may be broadly useful for detecting HL. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software identified “inflammatory response” and “cancer” as the top two biological functions associated with these proteins. Overall, this study validated three plasma proteins as candidate biomarkers for detecting HL, and identified 57 novel candidate biomarkers that remain to be validated. The relationship of these novel candidate biomarkers with cancer and inflammation suggests that they are truly associated with HL and therefore may be useful for the early detection of this cancer in susceptible populations.
Highlights
In the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and Kaposi sarcoma (KS) were the first malignancies used to define acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
As people with HIV infection live longer due to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the incidence of these non-AIDS-defining cancers has increased among HIV-infected individuals
One of the most common of these malignancies is Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), and it has been estimated that people with HIV/AIDS have a 5.6to 14.7-fold increased risk of developing HL compared to the general population [1,2,3]
Summary
In the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and Kaposi sarcoma (KS) were the first malignancies used to define acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). As people with HIV infection live longer due to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the incidence of these non-AIDS-defining cancers has increased among HIV-infected individuals. To identify candidate biomarkers for HL detection, we analyzed plasma samples from HIV-infected patients, with or without HL, using accurate mass tag and time (AMT) tag proteomics, and thereby identified a set of 60 proteins.
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