Life Cycle Cost Research Articles

A meta-analysis of the schematic design process of deep retrofit projects

Deep retrofits of the existing building stock will be necessary to meet global emissions reductions targets. One building archetype, low-rise MURBs have been neglected in terms of research and funding for deep retrofits. A meta-analysis was conducted that compares and contrasts the schematic design approach taken for six such buildings in British Columbia which are scheduled to undergo deep retrofits with the goal of reducing GHG emissions by 80%. The analysis showed that design teams had converged toward common solutions for each building while achieving the GHG reduction target. The recommended measures include electrification of space and domestic hot water heating, adding insulation through overcladding, air sealing, ventilators for each unit, and double pane windows. A life cycle cost analysis showed that the economic viability of deep retrofits were dependent on energy price forecasts, capital cost reductions through market forces and transformation, or incentives cover the non-monetizable co-benefits of deep retrofits such as improved resiliency to climate-change or reducing overheating and air quality risks. The meta-analysis can help to streamline the early-stage and schematic design process for such buildings, which is critical to increasing the retrofit rate. This process could be replicated for other building types and construction archetypes.

Experimental study and techno-economic evaluation of an active fault detection kit in the prospect of future zero energy building installations

This article presents an active fault detection kit, applicable to low voltage single-phase electrical installations, in the prospect of the Zero Energy Building concept, integrating on-site renewable energy generation and energy storage. This simple, flexible, self-powered and compact kit is capable of detecting faults, such as power theft (meter tampering), unintentional islanding and neutral conductor loss. Its operation is based on harmonic voltage injection, in series with the electrical installation, through a low-power H-bridge inverter and a current transformer, along with the corresponding harmonic current measurement, to estimate the impedance and effectively detect faulty conditions; the fast and robust Goertzel algorithm is utilized. Moreover, it features IoT communication capabilities, employing the ESP32 microcontroller, to exchange data and information with the installation meters. The functionality and effective fault detection of the proposed device are validated, through experimental tests on a custom-developed hardware prototype; IoT connectivity and data uploading are experimentally tested and verified, too. Finally, a sustainability assessment study is performed, using the Life Cycle Cost Analysis tool.

Assessing the impacts of air-sealing on the sizing, operation, and economic feasibility of ground-source heat pumps for electrifying single-family houses in the US

According to recent studies and reports, in single-family houses (SFHs), air-sealing can significantly lower the thermal loads for space heating and cooling. Thus, air-sealing in SFHs could reduce the required size and cost of ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems for electrifying SFHs. This study investigated the costs and benefits of integrating air-sealing with GSHPs for retrofitting existing SFHs when compared with air-source heat pumps. A whole building energy simulation tool integrated with an advanced design tool for modeling ground heat exchangers was used to calculate changes in required GSHP capacity, total borehole length, and building energy consumption with and without air-sealing in SFHs in 16 US climatic regions. The results from this study showed that reducing outdoor air infiltration from 0.8 air changes per hour (ACH) to the minimum ventilation requirement (0.35 ACH) can significantly reduce borehole length (up to 55%), GSHP capacity (up to 48%), and total heating electricity reduction, especially in cold climates (up to 44%). The results also showed that for airtight homes (0.03 ACH infiltration) with a direct outdoor air system, the minimum required borehole length, GSHP capacity, and total heating electricity consumption can be reduced up to 70%, 68%, and 67%, respectively, when compared with SFHs with 0.8 ACH infiltration. Moreover, the life cycle cost analysis showed that air-sealing in conjunction with a GSHP is more profitable than replacing the existing system with an air-source heat pump, even without any incentives for most climatic regions in the US (except for some hot regions).

Effects of wire rope isolators on seismic life-cycle cost of UHV bypass switch

The seismic isolation devices reduce the seismic vulnerability of the electrical equipment. Accurately assessing the seismic life-cycle cost (SLCC) of the electrical equipment is beneficial in guiding the design and enhancing the seismic resilience of electrical substations and converter stations. To evaluate the effects of the isolator devices on the seismic life-cycle cost of electrical equipment, a SLCC evaluation model was proposed in this study, and the evaluation was conducted on an ultra-high voltage (UHV) bypass switch (BPS) with wire rope isolators (WRI). The model takes into account equipment purchase, maintenance, transportation and installation costs and indirect losses caused by power outages. Afterward, the SLCC and break-even time of the UHV BPS with and without WRIs in different regions were analyzed. The results indicate that beyond the break-even time, the BPS with WRIs becomes more economically viable. Moreover, its economic viability increases as the service life extends. Therefore, in high seismic cost risk areas, it is recommended to adopt seismic isolation devices to ensure the secure and economically efficient operation of electrical equipment.

Steel Structures to Withstand the Elements: What Structural Engineers Need to Know about Corrosion

While regimented design processes for load-induced effects in structures are ubiquitous, similar design processes for considering corrosion resistance are lacking. This is a critical gap in the structural engineering profession as material degradation is the most common cause of diminishing structural condition for bridges and other infrastructure exposed to the elements. This results in both safety and financial consequences. This paper addresses this gap by reviewing basic principles governing corrosion, how these corrosion principles translate to real-world environments, commonly available corrosion protection systems, long-term field data assessing corrosion in varied quantified environments and associated conclusions, and practical design and maintenance strategies for improving corrosion resistance. These concepts are connected through a proposed framework for considering corrosion as a limit state that can be applied to all structures. Detailed consideration of uncoated weathering steel (UWS) bridges is provided as a pilot material and structure type for considering corrosion as a limit state. Thoughtful application of these concepts can be used to optimize corrosion resistance, improving life-cycle costs and service lives of civil engineering structures.

A Comparative Study of Precast and Cast-in Place Concrete in Construction Home Project by Life Cycle Cost Analysis

Construction industry plays a significant role in economic growth, and the industry will continue to grow with the economic expansion. However, the industry is known for its labor-intensiveness, In order to shorten construction time and address labor issues, developers have explored new systems of construction such as a precast system. This paper is to present a comparative study of precast and cast-in place concrete system in construction home project by life cycle cost analysis by dividing project period into 3 phase (Preparing phase, Construction phase and O&M phase). In modelling life cycle costs, sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation will be employed to incorporate uncertainty of material and labor costs into the proposed model. The study also found that in 6 home projects, there have risk factors that impact to life cycle cost by using sensitivity analysis are construction cost, major repair and minor repair. The result from this study is life cycle cost from precast and cast -in place systems

Costing of nature-based vs grey solutions for water management: cases from Nairobi

Climate change adaptation in urban Africa is a critical development issue of this century. Informal and low-income neighbourhoods in African cities are particularly vulnerable as they are often located on flood pathways. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) have been put forward as an approach to enhance flood and climate resilience in urban settings. While social and environmental benefits of urban NbS are increasingly well documented, a key gap in the literature is robust data on the cost of implemented NbS, particularly from African cities. In this paper, we compare lifecycle costs of two significant implemented NbS projects against hypothetical equivalent grey solutions, in two different informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. We apply comparative Life Cycle Costing (LCC) for both cases and a Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) for one case study where historical data is available. In one of the two cases NbS was significantly cheaper, while in the other higher costs were attributed to costs required to create understanding of the new approach. We find that the cost of any solution is highly context dependent, although the NbS approach shows competitive lifecycle costs, potential for cost-optimisation as the concept matures, and highly attractive for investment when the documented co-benefits are considered.

Approaches to Modelling Marketing Strategies in E-Commerce

Introduction. Increasing the efficiency of business activities requires developing a marketing strategy using e-commerce to attract a wide range of customers and maximise the company's income. The key marketing metric for most companies is the customer lifetime value indicator, which is why studying approaches to forecasting this indicator in e-commerce requires special attention, considering the changing business operation environment. Aim and tasks. The study aims to develop approaches to modelling the marketing strategy of e-commerce enterprises. The tasks are a comparative characterisation of modern marketing planning tools and an empirical analysis of the possibilities of using the BG/NBD model for marketing planning in e-commerce companies, considering the need to implement scenario marketing planning in unstable conditions. Results. A comparison of the characteristics of the main marketing planning tools was conducted according to features such as content and focus, functional purpose, and planning period, which allows more purposeful use of these tools to solve specific tasks. In order to automatically obtain the required data format for modelling, a Visual Basic program was developed, a forecast of customer behaviour was built, and an indicator of customer transactions was determined for further calculation of customer lifetime value (CLV). During the simulation, four parameters of the BG/NBD model were evaluated, and the maximum value of the logarithmic likelihood function equal to 14460.54 was obtained. The expected number of transactions (forecast time = 26 weeks) was determined for each client from the database. After calculations the information was received, the selected client will make 2.35 transactions during the forecast period of 55-80 weeks. The recommended algorithm for using the BG/NBD model as part of a scenario approach for forecasting the cost of the customer's life cycle allows for more flexible forecasting of digital business revenues and building an optimal marketing strategy. Conclusions. An empirical study of the possibilities of using the BG/NBD model for marketing planning in e-commerce companies showed that, for the simulation of indicators that affect a company's marketing strategy, it is crucial at the initial stage to convert the database of customer purchases into the input format required for modelling. Using a scenario approach allows e-commerce enterprises to carry out variable marketing planning and reduce risks under growing uncertainty. A well-designed marketing strategy that can be adapted to different business development scenarios enables an e-commerce company to increase its sales.

Simulation-Based Hybrid Energy Storage Composite-Target Planning with Power Quality Improvements for Integrated Energy Systems in Large-Building Microgrids

In this paper, we present an optimization planning method for enhancing power quality in integrated energy systems in large-building microgrids by adjusting the sizing and deployment of hybrid energy storage systems. These integrated energy systems incorporate wind and solar power, natural gas supply, and interactions with electric vehicles and the main power grid. In the optimization planning method developed, the objectives of cost-effective and low-carbon operation, the lifecycle cost of hybrid energy storage, power quality improvements, and renewable energy utilization are targeted and coordinated by using utility fusion theory. Our planning method addresses multiple energy forms—cooling, heating, electricity, natural gas, and renewable energies—which are integrated through a combined cooling, heating, and power system and a natural gas turbine. The hybrid energy storage system incorporates batteries and compressed-air energy storage systems to handle fast and slow variations in power demand, respectively. A sensitivity matrix between the output power of the energy sources and the voltage is modeled by using the power flow method in DistFlow, reflecting the improvements in power quality and the respective constraints. The method proposed is validated by simulating various typical scenarios on the modified IEEE 13-node distribution network topology. The novelty of this paper lies in its focus on the application of integrated energy systems within large buildings and its approach to hybrid energy storage system planning in multiple dimensions, including making co-location and capacity sizing decisions. Other innovative aspects include the coordination of hybrid energy storage combinations, simultaneous siting and sizing decisions, lifecycle cost calculations, and optimization for power quality enhancement. As part of these design considerations, microgrid-related technologies are integrated with cutting-edge nearly zero-energy building designs, representing a pioneering attempt within this field. Our results indicate that this multi-objective, multi-dimensional, utility fusion-based optimization method for hybrid energy storage significantly enhances the economic efficiency and quality of the operation of integrated energy systems in large-building microgrids in building-level energy distribution planning.

Sustainable Cost Management and Green Business: The Role of Managerial Accounting Innovations

This research explores the impact of innovations in managerial accounting on sustainable cost management, focusing on the integration of green business practices. The objectives are to analyze how technological, process, strategic, and organizational innovations contribute to cost savings and sustainability performance, and to provide recommendations for practitioners and policymakers. A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing case studies from various industries. Data collection involved detailed analysis of company reports and sustainability metrics, while statistical techniques were used for data analysis. Key findings reveal that big data analytics and real-time reporting significantly enhance energy efficiency and cost savings, aligning with existing literature on the benefits of data-driven decision-making. Activity-Based Costing (ABC) and Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) improve cost allocation accuracy and environmental cost tracking, resulting in substantial cost reductions. Strategic frameworks like the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) and Life-Cycle Costing (LCC) effectively integrate sustainability goals with business objectives, promoting long-term financial and environmental benefits. Organizational practices, including cross-functional teams and strong top management commitment, are crucial for successful sustainability initiatives. The study concludes that these innovations in managerial accounting are vital for achieving sustainable cost management. Recommendations for practitioners include investing in advanced technologies, adopting strategic costing methodologies, and fostering a collaborative organizational culture. Policymakers are advised to create incentives and regulations that encourage sustainable practices. Future research should focus on the long-term impacts of these practices, industry-specific adaptations, and the socio-economic benefits of sustainable cost management. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable business practices and provides practical guidance for enhancing sustainability through managerial accounting innovations.

Utilization of Multiple Recycled Materials in Asphalt Concrete: Mechanical Characterization and Cost-Benefit Analysis.

This study examines the strategic incorporation of various recycled materials into asphalt concrete, specifically focusing on municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI BA), recycled asphalt shingle (RAS), and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). Due to the high porosity of MSWI BA and RCA, and the significant asphalt binder content (30-40%) found in RAS, there is a need to increase the amount of liquid asphalt used. RAS is posited as an efficient substitute for the asphalt binder, helping to counterbalance the high absorption characteristics of MSWI BA and RCA. The research objective is to quantitatively evaluate the effect of the combined use of RAS, MSWI BA, and RCA in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). This study encompasses several laboratory evaluations (i.e., rutting and tensile strength tests) and a cost-benefit analysis, which is a life cycle cost analysis. The results indicate that the combined use of these materials results in a higher tensile strength and rut resistance when compared with the control (with virgin aggregate). According to the cost-benefit analysis result, when the three recycled materials are used for an HMA overlay over an existing aged pavement, it could be 60-80% more cost-effective compared to a conventional HMA overlay, thereby offering significant economical savings each year in the field of road construction.

Life cycle impact and cost analysis of quarry materials for land-based enhanced weathering in Northern California

Enhanced weathering (EW) is a CO2 removal (CDR) and sequestration strategy that accelerates the natural reactions of minerals that can store carbon from the atmosphere and biotic reactions. One method of EW is to apply finely ground silicate rocks to agricultural lands. EW has been demonstrated in laboratory and field tests, but great uncertainty remains regarding the life-cycle of using locally available rocks on candidate soils. We evaluate the life-cycle impacts, job creation, and cost of scenarios where fines and rocks mined from quarries in Oregon and Northern California are transported by truck and tilled into agricultural soils. Candidate quarry dust samples were classified as dacite, andesite, and olivine-bearing rocks, with EW potentials ranging from 125 to 760 kg CO2/metric tonne rock. We determined the olivine-bearing rock from Southern Oregon could achieve a levelized cost of CDR under the DOE Earthshot target of $100/t CO2, as long as application rates are 25 t/ha or more. Even andesite and dacite materials reach lower costs than commercial direct air capture technologies, with reduction in fines purchase and transport costs critical for achieving the Earthshot target. The results suggest that low-cost EW can be achieved using natural quarry materials, with average removal up to 2.2 t CO2e per hectare per year.

The influence of Multi-Layer Plastic Packaging (MPP) on the high-temperature performance of asphalt binders and mixtures using wet and dry mixing methods

ABSTRACT High temperatures, combined with heavy traffic loads, increase the risk of permanent deformation and reduce the useful lifespan of pavements, leading to a greater need for maintenance and rehabilitation activities throughout the pavement's service life. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of recycled thermoplastic additives, specifically Multi-Layer Plastic Packaging (MPP) materials, in enhancing the high-temperature performance of asphalt mixtures. MPP materials, including types such as Polyester, Polyethylene, Nylon, and Metalized Polyester, were used for binder modification in asphalt mixtures. The modification was conducted using both wet and dry methods. The physical and rheological properties of the modified binders were assessed at high temperatures to determine their impact on stiffness and resistance to permanent deformation. The results indicate that MPP materials significantly improve the high-temperature performance of asphalt mixtures by enhancing binder stiffness and resistance to permanent deformation, with the wet method proving more effective than the dry method. These findings highlight the need for developing practical guidelines for incorporating MPP materials in asphalt production in the future and underscore the importance of comprehensive studies on maintenance, rehabilitation, and overall pavement lifecycle costs.

Multicriteria selection practices in public tender evaluation process: the case of Sri Lanka

PurposeAwarding contracts based solely on the lowest price is unsuitable for every project. Consequently, most procurement systems in developed countries have progressed to the multicriteria selection practices (MSPs) for tender evaluation. MSPs consider a range of quality measures, such as completion time, life cycle cost, functional characteristics, environmental impact and innovation, alongside bid price. This study examines the prevailing MSPs in Sri Lankan public tender evaluations to enhance the effectiveness of the local tender evaluation process.Design/methodology/approachA desk study approach was employed to collect bidding documents, resulting in the identification of 66 documents. A systematic screening process was then applied to identify those bidding documents that incorporated MSPs. Subsequently, content analysis was conducted to determine the common features of the functions used in MSPs.FindingsThe study identified six primary functions related to MSPs incorporated in the bidding documents to procure building and substation projects. Three functions follow the price-to-quality method, while the remaining three follow the quality-to-price method. Among these identified functions, four functions employ objective evaluation criteria, such as thickness, capacity and operational loss. The other two functions utilize subjective evaluation criteria, such as the project’s design and technical specifications. Contract awarding will be based on either the highest score or the lowest bid, depending on the function type.Originality/valueThis study’s originality lies in exploring MSPs in the Sri Lankan public tender evaluation process and in disclosing their characteristics to promote the MSPs in Sri Lanka and developing countries.

Optimal sizing of islanded microgrid using pelican optimization algorithm for Kutubdia Island of Bangladesh

This study proposes an optimal design approach, based on the Pelican Optimization Algorithm (POA), to configure the optimal sizing of design variables on an islanded microgrid: photovoltaic (PV) modules, wind turbines (WT), diesel generators (DG), and batteries in Kutubdia, Bangladesh based on optimal life cycle cost (LCC) and cost of energy (COE). Additionally, the economic analysis of three independent battery technologies, notably lead acid, lithium-ion, and nickel-iron are carried out to find the economically feasible technology, to ensure uninterrupted power supply. Moreover, reliability and sensitivity analyses of the optimized microgrid using POA were conducted for various reliability indices and variable interest rates. Results show that proposed POA method provides the optimal island microgrid configuration with lead acid (LA) batteries (PV/WT/LA/DG) based on a minimum LCC of $8334901, COE of 0.1080$/KWh and greenhouse gas emission amount of 19664 kgs/year. Furthermore, the outcomes generated by the POA are compared with genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, moth flame optimization algorithm, whale optimization algorithm and grey wolf optimization. It is found that POA method achieves more competitive results compared to other optimization techniques due to its ability to adjust parameters, fast convergence speed, and straightforward computations.

Multi-objective optimization of distributed green infrastructure for effective stormwater management in space-constrained highly urbanized areas

Green infrastructure (GI) is essential for stormwater management, but its implementation in highly urbanized areas is challenging due to the limited space available for GI retrofitting. There is a lack of comprehensive evaluations that assess the spatial adaptability, functionality, and cost-benefit of various GI measures, and optimize their placement to achieve the maximum reduction rate of total runoff (RTR) and reduction rate of pollution load (RPL) while minimizing life cycle cost (LCC) in space-constrained highly urbanized areas (SCHUA). To address this issue, a novel concept of infiltration, retention, and storage integrated GI (IRS-GI) for SCHUA was proposed, and a framework coupling the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) with multi-objective optimization algorithms was developed to determine the optimal IRS-GI layout, focusing on the objectives of RTR, RPL, and LCC. The impacts of different GI type, size, and location, rainfall return periods, and algorithms (NSGA-II and NSGA-III) were then examined. The results showed that IRS-GI could achieve satisfactory RTR and RPL results while single-type GI may struggle to meet requirements. Optimization outcomes were significantly influenced by rainfall return periods, with cost-benefit decreasing as return periods increasing. Besides, the optimization results of NSGA-II and NSGA-III showed differences, and the comprehensive Pareto frontier obtained by reapplying non-dominated sorting could achieve more comprehensive results for determining the optimal IRS-GI configuration. Under the urban drainage design standard, the optimal IRS-GI layout, covering 32.97 % of the green spaces, 38.57 % of the rooftop, and 60.98 % of the ordinary roads and squares, respectively, could achieve a RTR of 50.09 %, RPL of 57.00 %, and LCC of 0.79 × 108 CNY/yr. Additionally, the optimal configuration suggested that a higher proportion of GI downstream of drainage system may contribute to better cost-benefit, emphasizing the need for location-specific GI solutions. This research offers valuable insights for optimizing GI in SCHUA, advancing sustainable urban stormwater management.

Diagnosis of gas path health states on a real flight data by convolutional neural network and dual-tree complex wavelet

As the core component of aircraft, the reliability and availability of aero-engines directly affect the entire cruise process of aircraft. Implementing health monitoring in the gas path of an aero-engine can ensure engine reliability and availability to a greater extent. It can also enable the move from traditional time-scheduled maintenance to condition-based maintenance and reduce life cycle costs. The existing models were mainly concentrated on simulation data and traditional machine learning methods. This paper provides a new pathway to classify the states of engine gas path performance by combining the convolutional neural network (CNN) with the dual-tree complex wavelet (DTCW) method. A real flight data accompanied by maintenance records collected from the airline was adopted to construct a data set. The data pre-processing and stable points extraction were carried out, and the combined CNN and DTCW method was developed to diagnose the healthy states of the gas path. The final accuracy can achieve higher than 94%. The diagnosis results indicate that the deep learning methods hold particular promise for aero-engine health monitoring.

Systematic Review of Construction Waste Management Scenarios: Informing Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis

Abstract Purpose Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is increasing due to rapid urbanization. An estimated 35% of CDW is disposed of in landfills worldwide. Thus all available strategies for minimizing the environmental and economic impacts of CDW are explored. This study reviews the use of recycled construction and demolition waste as substitutes for primary materials as well as strategies for the reuse of materials that lead to the circular economy. The aim of this study is to analyse previous literature on CDW that use life cycle analysis and contribute to the circular economy. Methodology A bibliometric analysis and systematic critical review is presented to investigate the contribution of construction materials to life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA). The Scopus database was the main source of data reviewed. The geographical distribution, main research sources, and keywords co-occurrence were analyzed for 69 peer-reviewed articles and conference papers. Findings Most studies compared the life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) of alternative concrete recycling methods or using waste instead of aggregates in concrete. Recycling or reuse of concrete, bricks, wood, gypsum, and steel are the most common materials studied in previous research. A knowledge gap is proposed for future research. Originality The knowledge gaps identified focus on wood waste and concrete. Currently it is not clear which of the options proposed is the most sustainable.

Life-Cycle Cost Assessment of the Base-Isolated-Reinforced Concrete Structure

Seismic isolation structures have excellent seismic mitigation effects, but implementing isolation measures may increase the initial cost of the structure. This paper presents a method to calculate the seismic loss and assess the life-cycle cost of isolated structures, which is convenient for owners to make decisions. The life-cycle cost assessment model is divided into two parts: initial cost assessment and seismic loss assessment over life-cycle period. Among them, the assessment method of the isolation layer is proposed, including the cost assessment of isolation bearings and dampers. The assessment method of seismic loss considers direct loss, indirect loss, casualties and integrating casualties into a unified assessment system. Direct loss includes building loss, indirect loss includes rental loss, relocation loss, income loss, personal property loss and business inventory loss. The seismic loss model is associated with seismic damage probability, which is obtained through seismic vulnerability and seismic probability risk assessment. The 8-story base-isolated-reinforced concrete structure illustrates the feasibility of the life-cycle-cost assessment model. The example shows that the initial cost of the isolated structure exceeds that of the nonisolated structure, however, the rental loss, income loss, personal property loss and casualties are much lower than those of nonisolated structures. The income loss of the isolated structure is the maximum proportion in life-cycle cost, and the casualty loss is the minimum proportion in the seismic loss, due to its excellent seismic mitigation effects.

Optimization of a hybrid renewable energy system for off-grid residential communities using numerical simulation, response surface methodology, and life cycle assessment

This paper presents an optimized hybrid renewable energy system tailored for off-grid residential communities, integrating wind, solar, and hydrogen technologies to meet electricity, cooling, heating, and water needs. The proposed optimization methodology combines numerical simulation, response surface methodology (RSM), and life cycle assessment (LCA), ensuring robust performance across diverse conditions. Key components include fuel cells, reverse osmosis systems, heat pumps, photovoltaic/thermal solar collectors, wind turbines, and hydrogen generation systems. The optimization process targets critical variables such as PVT panel area, the number of wind turbines, and fuel cell power. The optimal configuration was found to include 24 small-scale wind turbines, 159.46 m2 of PVT collectors, and 79.73 kW of fuel cell power. This configuration generated surplus electricity with net electricity usage (NEU) values of −123084.27 kWh/year in New York, −224245.29 kWh/year in Forks, and −215949.30 kWh/year in Santa Barbara. Additionally, the optimized systems achieved a significant reduction in life cycle cost (LCC), with Forks showing the lowest LCC at 304428.97 USD. The environmental impact was also minimized using the novel optimization approach, with the optimized systems achieving negative 100-year global warming potential (GWP100) values, indicating a net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.