Polygraph Research Articles

Supplemental Material for Adaptive Lie Detection and Perceived Prevalence of False Reports in Evaluation of Sexual Offense Allegations

Supplemental Material for Adaptive Lie Detection and Perceived Prevalence of False Reports in Evaluation of Sexual Offense Allegations

Getting the better understanding of truth: Diving into the polygraph test

The field of forensic psychology has been growing in prominence in the past couple of decades. Psychology is used to detect the deception of the persons are involved in many areas that relate to crime, both solving crime and absolving people wrongly accused of committing crimes. The goal of lie detection is the discovery of a truth that is known to one person and concealed from others. Psychophysiological lie detection, or polygraphy, is based on the theory that lying produces particular emotions, which produce corresponding measurable physiological responses. Modern polygraphy measures blood pressure, breathing, and skin conductance. Alternative metrics such as voice stress analysis and functional magnetic resonance imaging are as yet unproven. The control question test uses relevant, control, and irrelevant questions. A larger response to the relevant questions is considered evidence of deception. The guilty knowledge test uses concealed information questions and irrelevant questions.Through this article authors have tried to report that how the polygraph examination of real cases is important and helpful to the investigating officer, using our three cases study, results are demonstrated.

Reliability of the Polygraphic Home Sleep Test for OSA Determined by the Severity and Pattern Changes of Two Consecutive Examinations

Diagnosis and effective treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) in adults is an important health priority. Home respiratory polygraphy is a cost-effective alternative to polysomnography in OSA. The aim of this study was to investigate the variability of two consecutive home respiratory polygraphic examinations by comparing the severity characteristics and pattern (supine dominant, continuous, etc.) variability. We examined 100 patients with clinically suspected OSA on two consecutive nights by home respiratory polygraphy. The correlation of time in bed (TIB), apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), oxygen desaturation index (ODI), and T90 of the two examinations were compared by the Pearson test. The severity ranks and nocturnal apnea patterns of the two periods were compared using Spearman and Wilcoxon tests. Pearson’s correlations represented a strong correlation of the AHI, ODI, and T90, but only moderate for TIB. The severity-specific correlation was the highest for AHI in the severe group. Out of 100 pairs of polygraphic examinations, 25 cases showed change in the severity ranking (decreased in 11, increased in 14); 15 cases showed a change in the polygraphic pattern (supine, non-supine, etc.), with severity change in 6 cases. Therapy change based on the second examination was initiated in 6 cases. Our results revealed a good intra-individual correlation between the severity grades of the two nights, with the highest value in the severe cases. In some cases, the nightly variation in the polygraphic pattern may explain the change in the severity. From a therapeutic point of view, the low number of severity changes between moderate and severe groups revealed good reliability.

Застосування поліграфа в умовах воєнного стану в Україні

B a c k g r o u n d . Choosing the most effective polygraph methods to meet the needs of military and law enforcement forces in Ukraine, in the conditions of martial law, determined the relevance of our subject. The adaptation of the best international standards of research using the polygraph and the development of a great national school, taking into account the psychological features of the polygraph practice, is an up-to-date requirement on the way to European integration, successful struggle with the Russian occupation forces and countering internal threats. At the same time, in psychological science, the use of the polygraph in accordance with the modern challenges of war has not been researched enough. M e t h o d s . A complex of research methods was applied, including: theoretical (analysis, comparison, synthesis of theoretical and methodological approaches to research results), empirical (observation, survey, testing, experiment), methods of statistical processing of research data (actual analysis and comparison of samples). To assess the reliability of the statements of the interviewees, the survey used the method of pretest interview according to the Federal system, the method of the test of test questions – "Federal Zone Comparison Test" (Federal ZCT) for constructing test questions and "Empirical Scoring System – Multinominal" (ESS-M) for evaluating the received results. R e s u l t s . A ranking of effectiveness was carried out, according to the importance of each of the psychophysiological channels in polygraph examinations. The data obtained by us were compared with a meta- analytic study of the American Polygraph Association (APA). The obtained results made it possible to identify the criteria and indicators of the effectiveness of the polygraph in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, taking into account certain psychological indicators of military personnel. C o n c l u s i o n s . In accordance with the results of the study, based on the identified psychological indicators, the conditions for the effectiveness of the polygraph in official checks and investigations conducted in the military units of Ukraine under martial law were established and confirmed. The effectiveness of the application of polygraph methods was confirmed by comparison with the APA meta-analysis. The results of the obtained data provided an opportunity to refute the version regarding the incompatibility of the American methods of polygraph examinations with the mentality of the citizens of Ukraine.

Some Features of Conducting a Screening Examination Using a Polygraph

In their work, the authors consider issues related to the peculiarities of conducting special psychophysiological studies using polygraph devices during the personnel selection for work and service of persons in respect of whom polygraph specialists use complex technologies of screening checks, allowing, based on its results, to obtain an objective picture of the presence or absence of circumstances preventing entry into service and employment in law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation. The current approaches of specialists to conducting polygraph testing according to the tasks of the initiators are studied, the most important practical developments in this area are considered, allowing to effectively organize the work of personnel departments when hiring candidates for service. In the study conducted, the authors consider important components of complex procedures for professional personnel selection of candidates for work. The methods of screening have been studied, the requirements imposed by employers to specialists of personnel apparatuses and services aimed at preventing the employment of persons with restrictions or actual circumstances have been analyzed, which prevent entry into the service, including the law enforcement agencies of the state. Attention is paid to the methodological and tactical and technical requirements of the organization and conduct of the polygraph examination procedure, taking into account the competent and professional compilation of thematic questionnaires, tests, which in turn allow to identify fraud attempts with maximum accuracy during the procedure of passing special polygraph examinations.

Combining four screening tools for cost effective screening of OSA in train drivers: A UK experience.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in drivers/workers has been implicated in railway and road traffic safety incidents; however, there are insufficient data on its prevalence and cost-effective screening methods. This pragmatic study examines four OSA screening tools: the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), the STOP-Bang (SB), the adjusted neck circumference (ANC) and the body mass index (BMI), exploring their suitability and effectiveness separately and in combination. Using all four tools, 292 train drivers were opportunistically screened between 2016 and 2017. A polygraph (PG) test was carried out when OSA was suspected. Patients with an apnoea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥5 were referred to a clinical specialist and reviewed annually. Those who had continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment were evaluated for compliance and control. Of the 40 patients who had PG testing, 3 and 23 participants met the ESS >10 and SB >4, criteria, respectively, whereas 25 participants each had an ANC >48 and a BMI >35 with a risk factor or ≥40 with none. OSA was detected in 3, 18 and 16 of them who met the ESS, SB and ANC criteria, respectively, and was positive for OSA in addition to 16 others who met the BMI criteria. A total of 28 (72%) were diagnosed with OSA. Although when used individually, these screening methods are less effective/inadequate, combining them is easy, feasible and offers the maximum chance of OSA detection in train drivers.

Notes: The Deception of Polygraph Testing — As a Test for Deception

Notes: The Deception of Polygraph Testing — As a Test for Deception

On Learning Mechanical Laws of Motion From Video Using Neural Networks

In computer vision, physics plays an important role in several applications. In this work, we teach a machine to detect the mechanical laws of motion of physical objects using video, and show how the results can be useful for computer vision tasks. We assume no prior knowledge of physics, beyond a temporal stream of bounding boxes. The problem is very difficult because a machine must learn not only a governing equation (e.g. projectile motion) but also the existence of governing parameters (e.g. velocities). We evaluate our ability to represent the physical laws of motion in video, such as the movement of a projectile or circular motion, in both real and constructed videos. These elementary tasks have textbook governing equations and enable ground truth verification of our approach. To establish the importance of the proposed method, we show a real-world use case in the domain of object tracking in confounding scenes, where existing state-of-the-art algorithms fail. Incorporating physics into computer vision not only serves the purpose of curiosity-driven research, but also provides an inductive bias for computer vision applications like object tracking.

A New Approach for Lie Detection Using Non-Linear and Dynamic Analysis of Video-Based Eye Movement

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate a lie-detection system by non-linear analysis of video-based eye movement.
 Materials and Methods: The physiological signals, as well as video-based eye movement in horizontal and vertical channels, were recorded based on a Control Question Test (CQT). The dynamics of eye movement signals were then analyzed by Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA). Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and Linear Discriminate Analysis (LDA).
 Results: In this study, 40 subjects participated. The statistical analysis results of vertical eye movement indicated that ENT measures increased significantly for relevant questions in comparison to other questions. Moreover, a significant increase was observed in all RQA parameters except Lmax and DET for horizontal eye movement. The results of LDA using psychophysiology features. The accuracy percentage of 78.4% and 81.86% were obtained for lie detection using physiological signals and optimal RQA parameters of video-based eye movements, respectively.
 Conclusion: The accuracy of lie detection by significant RQA parameters was more than the accuracy of physiological signals. So, the results of this study illustrate that the dynamic technique is well suited to analyze eye movement signals under stress and it could be recommended as a useful method in lie detection.

경찰 폴리그래프 검사의 실무상 문제점과 개선방안 : 검사관 전문화 및 절차 표준화 중심으로

폴리그래프 검사는 수사 현장에서 지문, 유전자와 같은 객관적인 증거 확보가 어려운 사건이 증가함에 따라 사건관계자들의 진술 진위여부를 확인하기 위해 주로 활용된다. 경찰청 통계에 따르면, 현재 경찰에서는 연간 1만 건이 넘는 사건을 의뢰받아 검사를 실시하고 있으며, 그 수는 매년 증가 추세에 있다. 이러한 증가 현상은 폴리그래프 검사가 수사과정에서 중요한 수사기법의 하나로 활용되고 있음을 의미한다. 그러나 폴리그래프 검사의 높은 활용도만큼이나 실무상 다양한 문제점이 존재하며, 이는 검사 신뢰성을 낮추는 요인으로 작용한다. 본 연구는 경찰 폴리그래프 검사의 문제점을 살펴보고 이에 대한 개선방안을 제안함으로써 궁극적으로는 검사의 신뢰성을 향상시키고 나아가 수사과정에서 무고한 피해자를 줄이는데 도움을 주고자 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 먼저 폴리그래프 검사의 개념, 절차를 소개하고 검사 결과에 영향을 주는 다양한 요인에 대해 살펴보았다. 또한 검사 결과에 영향을 주는 요인과 관련된 경찰 폴리그래프 검사의 실무상 문제점을 바탕으로 이를 보완할 수 있는 개선방안을 제시하였다. 이를 통해 폴리그래프 검사에 영향을 주는 실무상 문제점을 명확히 할 수 있으며 이를 극복할 수 있는 개선방안을 제시함으로써 경찰 폴리그래프 검사의 발전에 기여할뿐만 아니라 나아가 무고한 피해자를 줄여 인권친화적 수사환경 마련에 일조할 것이다.

Lie Detection: Truth Identification from EEG Signal Using Frequency and Time Features with SVM Classifier

This study investigated the approach of extracting features from single EEG channels when the minimum number of features in Electroencephalogram (EEG) channels, hence the visibility of using sets of features extracted from a single channel. The feature sets considered in previous studies are utilized to establish a combined set of features extracted from one channel. The feature is the set of statistical moments. Publicly available EEG datasets like the Dryad dataset, obtained from 15 participants, are tested into a support vector machine classifier. The 12 channels were trained separately, where each channel was divided into a different number of blocks, and the results indicated that some channels were bad. Some were very encouraging, reaching 100% in the number of blocks 16 in channels 8 and 12. In this article, the comparison of ANN algorithm test results published in a previous article with SVM algorithm test results for the same tested features and channels will be presented.

Purpose, method, drugs used and health risks of the Narco test

Even in print and electronic media, the murder of a girl in Mehroli, Delhi that took place in May 2022 is being covered as leading news. These days, everyone seems to be talking about the incident. Now that the accused person is in police custody, the judge has granted authorization for the police to conduct a Narco test on him in order to uncover the truth and gather evidence. There are now three contemporary methods for discovering the truth. These include the polygraph test, brain mapping and Narco test. The first two don't need any kind of medication, but the third one does, and they have to inject it into the suspect's body. In the Narco test, psychoactive medications such sodium pentothal, scopolamine, and sodium amytal are injected into the subject in order to cause them to experience hypnosis or become sleepy. Under these circumstances, it is highly assumed that the subject will only speak the truth and nothing else throughout the interrogation. Because of this, the test is also referred to as the truth serum test. Although this test is highly helpful in questioning to solve criminal cases, we cannot ignore the bad consequences of the drugs employed and the negative features of the test on both physical and mental health. The court acknowledged that it was illegal and a violation of the right to privacy. In this article, we discuss the necessity of conducting a Narcoanalysis test, as well as its requirements, the procedure to follow in order to carry it out, the potentially harmful effects of the drugs that are used, as well as the potentially harmful effects of the test itself on one's health and some popular Indian criminal cases that are related to Narco testing.

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea in Children with Down Syndrome: A Multidisciplinary Approach.

A comprehensive evaluation of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) may allow for the development of more efficient management of Down syndrome (DS). We aimed to evaluate the effect of a multidisciplinary approach to DS with OSA. A total of 48 DS children aged 4−12 years were prospectively investigated with nasal endoscopy, orthodontic examination, and overnight polygraphy (PG); the Italian Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ-IT) was filled out by the mothers. The total CSHQ-IT score was 63 (96% of children reporting sleep problems). The major ear, nose, and throat characteristics were enlarged palatine tonsils (62%), adenoid tonsils (85%), and chronic rhinosinusitis (85%). DS children showed orthognathic profile in 68% of cases, class I relationship in 63%, and cross-bite in 51%. PG revealed OSA in 67% of cases (37% mild, 63% moderate−severe). The oxygen desaturation index (ODI) was higher in the group with OSA (5.2) than with non-OSA (1.3; p < 0.001). The ODI was higher (p = 0.001) and SpO2 lower (p = 0.03) in children with moderate−severe OSA than with mild OSA. The apnoea−hypopnea index (AHI) and percentage time with SpO2 < 90% were higher in DS children with grade III than with grade I or II adenoids (5 vs. 1, p = 0.04, and 1.2 vs. 0.1, p = 0.01, respectively). No significant correlations were found between PG and the total CSHQ-IT score or orthodontic data. However, children showing associated cross-bite, grade III adenoids and size 3 or 4 palatine tonsils showed higher AHI and ODI than those without (p = 0.01 and p = 0.04, respectively). A coordinated multidisciplinary approach with overnight PG is a valuable tool when developing diagnostic protocols for OSA in DS.

Adherence to CPAP Three Months after Starting Therapy in 1078 Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Nocturnal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is considered the gold standard treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). The CPAP therapy is a long-term treatment but does come with few possible side effects. The adherence to the therapy is frequently suboptimal. In this paper, adherence to therapy was assessed and typical problems were classified. 1078 OSA patients received CPAP therapy after a diagnostic polygraphy (PG) or polysomnography (PSG). Adherence to therapy was followed up three months after treatment induction. The following therapy adherence groups were defined: 1. correctly calibrated CPAP and good adherence, 2. CPAP non-acceptance, after initial use, 3. CPAP intolerance use due to side effects, 4. discontinuation due to lack of motivation/low rates of symptoms. 5. mask intolerance, 6. CPAP failure due to a lack of perceived treatment effect, 7. Change to another non-invasive ventilation method, 8. No control carried out. Out of 1078 OSA patients a therapy control was performed in 830 patients (77%). Of these, 450 patients (54.2%) were placed in group 1, 216 patients (26 %) in group 2, 71 patients (8.5 %) in group 3, 35 patients (4.2 %) in group 4, 14 patients (1.7 %) in group 5, 3 patients (0.4 %) in group 6 and 41 patients (4.9%) in group 7. A mild obstructive index, low CPAP pressure and, as a trend, a low Epworth-Sleepiness score were predictors of CPAP failure. No significant predictors could be shown for adherence to therapy. An effective treatment use of 54% after 3 months is a suboptimal result. Predictors of CPAP failure were parameters that indicated that the patient was less symptomatic prior to therapy. Despite a large patient cohort, neither anthropometric nor PSG-data provided any significant CPAP adherence predictors. Rather, experiences in the first nights of use could be decisive. CPAP devices offer comfort settings that have to be personalised to patients' needs and wants. A large selection of different mask shapes requires experience and training in patient-centred mask fitting. A three-month follow-up appointment seems too long to discuss therapy problems with the patient in a timely manner. Telemedical options or short-term telephone appointments should be considered.

What Are We Teaching Future Australian Criminal Justice Practitioners About Lie Detection? A Review of Criminology Textbooks

The use of fallible lie detection methods by criminal justice practitioners contributes to inaccurate convictions. Research suggests that most people believe liars will avert their gaze and display nervous-type behaviors; however, psychological research illustrates that these beliefs are incorrect. Myths about liars’ behavior should be debunked for those seeking careers in the Australian criminal justice system to ensure future law enforcers do not use fallible lie detection methods. However, research regarding what Australian criminal justice students are taught about lie detection is lacking. This study reviewed required textbooks for criminal justice-focused degrees in Queensland, Australia. Ninety-five textbooks were examined, seven discussed deception detection, and only four highlighted issues pertaining to the fallibility of nonverbal lie detection. This study’s findings suggest lie detection is not adequately addressed in criminal justice and criminology degrees. Recommendations are made for inclusion of empirically supported information about lie detection for criminology and criminal justice students.

A Metascientific Empirical Review of Cognitive Load Lie Detection

This article examines the cognitive load lie detection hypothesis. The idea that lying is more challenging than telling the truth—thus, imposing cognitive load can exacerbate the challenge liars face and expose lies. I reviewed 24 publications to flag derivation chains authors employ to justify the hypothesis. The findings indicate that authors recycle the same set of justifications but not systematically. That state of the literature shields cognitive load lie detection from severe testing in two ways. There is no clear justification to focus on when wanting to nominate or design severe tests. And the justifications contain ambiguities that make it challenging to determine what would count as a severe test of the hypothesis. I illustrate those limitations and discuss the need to make cognitive load lie detection amenable to severe testing.

Polygraph examinations in Russia

Artykuł przedstawia historię i aktualny stan badań poligraficznych w Rosji przeprowadzanych zarówno przez służby w ramach rekrutacji kandydatów bądź w okresie późniejszym, jak i w sektorze prywatnym. W artykule zaprezentowano w zarysie sylwetki osób najbardziej wpływowych w środowisku rosyjskich poligraferów oraz ich powiązania ze służbami specjalnymi Związku Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich, a następnie Federacji Rosyjskiej. Polygraph examinations in Russia The article presents the history and current status of polygraph examinations in Russia carried out both by the services as part of the recruitment of candidates or thereafter, and in the private sector. The article outlines profiles of the most influential people in the Russian polygraph community and their ties to the special services of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and then the Russian Federation.

Attempt at Detection of Deception Based on Records of Physiological Reactions Remotely Captured with FaceReader Software. Part 1

Abstract Strong emotions are among others manifested in the expressive movements (facial expression). Facial expressions are natural and universal by nature. They do not depend on ethnicity, culture, social status, age, etc. Nonetheless, humans are sometimes capable of controlling their facial expressions and hiding their emotions. Simulating emotions is a fundamental acting skill. However, controlling facial impressions takes time. The onset of such a control is delayed by anything from 0.25 to even 0.1 second – the period when the authentic facial expression, adequate to the emotion is demonstrated – and therefore remains imperceptible to an external observer. This short-lived facial expression observed in that short meantime is known as microexpression. FaceReader, designed by Dutch company Noldus (established and directed by Professor Lucas Noldus), is a software package for automatic recognition and analysis of facial expression. As its diagnostic value for validity as well as reliability, that is the level of correct indications, remains unknown, we decided to determine it experimentally and have chosen to run an experiment comparing its diagnostic value with that of a traditional polygraph examination.

Verbal Lie Detection: Its Past, Present and Future.

This article provides an overview of verbal lie detection research. This type of research began in the 1970s with examining the relationship between deception and specific words. We briefly review this initial research. In the late 1980s, Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) emerged, a veracity assessment tool containing a list of verbal criteria. This was followed by Reality Monitoring (RM) and Scientific Content Analysis (SCAN), two other veracity assessment tools that contain lists of verbal criteria. We discuss their contents, theoretical rationales, and ability to identify truths and lies. We also discuss similarities and differences between CBCA, RM, and SCAN. In the mid 2000s, 'Interviewing to deception' emerged, with the goal of developing specific interview protocols aimed at enhancing or eliciting verbal veracity cues. We outline the four most widely researched interview protocols to date: the Strategic Use of Evidence (SUE), Verifiability Approach (VA), Cognitive Credibility Assessment (CCA), and Reality Interviewing (RI). We briefly discuss the working of these protocols, their theoretical rationales and empirical support, as well as the similarities and differences between them. We conclude this article with elaborating on how neuroscientists can inform and improve verbal lie detection.

The association between biomarkerangiopoietin-like protein fiveand obstructive sleep apnea in patients undergoing bariatric surgery.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is prevalent in the bariatric population. OSA should be recognized in patients undergoing bariatric surgery preoperatively to prevent peri- and post-operative complications. Lipid metabolism-related biomarkers are associated with OSA. Triglyceride metabolism is, among others, regulated by angiopoietin-like protein five (ANGPTL5). We aimed to evaluate the level of ANGPTL5 in patients with OSA of different severity levels before and after bariatric surgery. We performed a single-center prospective cohort study including a consecutive series of patients who underwent bariatric surgery. We collected the clinical data, polysomnography (PSG) or polygraphy (PG) parameters, and plasma derived via venipuncture before and 6 to 12months after surgery. Lipid profile, glucose levels, and ANGPTL5 levels were assessed. ANGPTL5 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The study included 88 patients for analysis. The patients were divided into two subgroups: no or mild OSA (apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) < 15 events/hour, n = 57) and moderate-to-severe OSA (AHI ≥ 15 events/hour, n = 31). The ANGPTL5 level was higher in the moderate-to-severe OSA group (20.5 [15.6, 26.5] ng/mL) compared to the no or mild OSA group (16.3 [12.5, 19.4] ng/mL) (p = 0.008). A significant positive correlation was observed between ANGPTL5 and AHI (ρ = 0.256, p = 0.017), apnea index (AI) (ρ = 0.318, p = 0.003), and triglyceride levels (ρ = 0.240, p = 0.025). ANGPTL5 levels were reduced significantly after bariatric surgery in both moderate-to-severe OSA (15.6 [10.3, 18.7] ng/mL) and no or mild OSA (13.4 [9.2, 15.8] ng/mL) groups, though to a lower level in the group without or mild OSA. Post-surgery, the significant positive correlation between ANGPTL5 and AHI (ρ = 0.210, p = 0.047), AI (ρ = 0.230, p = 0.034), and triglyceride (ρ = 0.397, p < 0.001) remained. The data showed increased levels of ANGPTL5 in patients with moderate-to-severe OSA. Both AHI and ANGPTL5 levels decreased significantly after bariatric surgery. We alsoreport an association between ANGPTL5 levels and OSA severity.