High Luminosity LHC Upgrade Research Articles

Electronics for CMS Endcap Muon Level-1 Trigger System Phase-1 and HL LHC upgrades

To accommodate high-luminosity LHC operation at a 13 TeV collision energy, the CMS Endcap Muon Level-1 Trigger system had to be significantly modified. To provide robust track reconstruction, the trigger system must now import all available trigger primitives generated by the Cathode Strip Chambers and by certain other subsystems, such as Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC). In addition to massive input bandwidth, this also required significant increase in logic and memory resources. To satisfy these requirements, a new Sector Processor unit has been designed. It consists of three modules. The Core Logic module houses the large FPGA that contains the track-finding logic and multi-gigabit serial links for data exchange. The Optical module contains optical receivers and transmitters; it communicates with the Core Logic module via a custom backplane section. The Pt Lookup table (PTLUT) module contains 1 GB of low-latency memory that is used to assign the final Pt to reconstructed muon tracks. The μ TCA architecture (adopted by CMS) was used for this design. The talk presents the details of the hardware and firmware design of the production system based on Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA family. The next round of LHC and CMS upgrades starts in 2019, followed by a major High-Luminosity (HL) LHC upgrade starting in 2024. In the course of these upgrades, new Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors and more RPC chambers will be added to the Endcap Muon system. In order to keep up with all these changes, a new Advanced Processor unit is being designed. This device will be based on Xilinx UltraScale+ FPGAs. It will be able to accommodate up to 100 serial links with bit rates of up to 25 Gb/s, and provide up to 2.5 times more logic resources than the device used currently. The amount of PTLUT memory will be significantly increased to provide more flexibility for the Pt assignment algorithm. The talk presents preliminary details of the hardware design program.

The radiation field in the Gamma Irradiation Facility GIF++ at CERN

The high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade is setting now a new challenge for particle detector technologies. The increase in luminosity will produce a particle background in the gas-based muon detectors that is ten times higher than under conditions at the LHC. The detailed knowledge of the detector performance in the presence of such a high background is crucial for an optimized design and efficient operation after the HL-LHC upgrade. A precise understanding of possible aging effects of detector materials and gases is of extreme importance. To cope with these challenging requirements, a new Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++) was designed and built at the CERN SPS North Area as successor of the Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF) during the Long Shutdown 1 (LS1) period. It features an intense source of 662 keV photons with adjustable intensity, to simulate continuous background over large areas, and, combined with a high energy muon beam, to measure detector performance in the presence of the background. The new GIF++ facility has been operational since spring 2015. In addition to describing the facility and its infrastructure, the goal of this work is to provide an extensive characterization of the GIF++ photon field with different configurations of the absorption filters in both the upstream and downstream irradiation areas. Moreover, the measured results are benchmarked with Geant4 simulations to enhance the knowledge of the radiation field. The absorbed dose in air in the facility may reach up to 2.2 Gy/h directly in front of the irradiator. Of special interest is the low-energy photon component that develops due to the multiple scattering of photons within the irradiator and from the concrete walls of the bunker.

Progress on the Development of the Nb3Sn 11T Dipole for the High Luminosity Upgrade of LHC

The high-luminosity large hadron collider (LHC) project at CERN entered into the production phase in October 2015 after the completion of the design study phase. In the meantime, the development of the 11 T dipole needed for the upgrade of the collimation system of the machine made significant progress with very good performance of the first two-in-one magnet model of 2-m length made at CERN. The 11 T dipole, which is more powerful than the current main dipoles of LHC, can be made shorter with an equivalent integrated field. This will allow creating space for the installation of additional collimators in specific locations of the dispersion suppressor regions. Following tests carried out during heavy ions runs of LHC in the end of 2015, and a more recent review of the project budget, the installation plan for the 11 T dipole was revised. Consequently, one 11 T dipole full assembly containing two 11 T dipoles of 5.5-m length will be installed on either side of interaction point 7. These two units shall be installed during the long shutdown 2 in years 2019-2020. After a brief reminder on the design features of the magnet, this paper describes the current status of the development activities, in particular the short model programme and the construction of the first full scale prototype at CERN. Critical operations such as the reaction treatment and the coil impregnation are discussed, the quench performance tests results of the two-in-one model are reviewed and finally, the plan toward the production for the long shut down 2 is described.

Performance of the First Short Model 150-mm-Aperture Nb3Sn Quadrupole MQXFS for the High-Luminosity LHC Upgrade

The U.S. LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP) and CERN combined their efforts in developing Nb3Sn magnets for the high-luminosity LHC upgrade. The ultimate goal of this collaboration is to fabricate large aperture Nb 3Sn quadrupoles for the LHC interaction regions. These magnets will replace the present 70-mm-aperture NbTi quadrupole triplets for expected increase of the LHC peak luminosity up to 5 × 1034 cm –2s–1 or more. Over the past decade, LARP successfully fabricated and tested short and long models of 90 and 120-mm-aperture Nb3Sn quadrupoles. Recently, the first short model of 150-mm-diameter quadrupole MQXFS was built with coils fabricated both by LARP and CERN. The magnet performance was tested at Fermilab's vertical magnet test facility. This paper reports the test results, including the quench training at 1.9 K, ramp rate and temperature dependence, as well as protection heater studies.

Using MaxCompiler for the high level synthesis of trigger algorithms

Firmware for FPGA trigger applications at the CMS experiment is conventionally written using hardware description languages such as Verilog and VHDL. MaxCompiler is an alternative, Java based, tool for developing FPGA applications which uses a higher level of abstraction from the hardware than a hardware description language. An implementation of the jet and energy sum algorithms for the CMS Level-1 calorimeter trigger has been written using MaxCompiler to benchmark against the VHDL implementation in terms of accuracy, latency, resource usage, and code size. A Kalman Filter track fitting algorithm has been developed using MaxCompiler for a proposed CMS Level-1 track trigger for the High-Luminosity LHC upgrade. The design achieves a low resource usage, and has a latency of 187.5 ns per iteration.

Design and testing of a four rod crab cavity for High Luminosity LHC

A 4-rod deflecting structure is proposed as a possible crab cavity design for the LHC high luminosity upgrade. Crab cavities are required for the LHC luminosity upgrade to provide a greater bunch overlap in the presence of a crossing angle, but must fit in the existing limited space. The structure has two parallel sections consisting of two longitudinally opposing quarter-wave rods, where each rod has the opposite charge from each of its nearest neighbors. The structure is transversely compact because the frequency is dependent on the rod lengths rather than the cavity radius. Simulations were undertaken to investigate the effect of rod shape on surface fields, higher order multipole terms and induced wakefields in order to obtain the optimal rod shape. The simulation results presented show that the addition of focus electrodes or by shaping the rods the sextupole contribution of the cavity voltage can be negated; the sextupole contribution is 321.57 mTm/m2, Epeak=27.7 MV/m and Bpeak=63.9 mT at the design voltage of 3 MV. The damping requirements for the LHC are critical and suitable couplers to damp all modes but the operating mode are presented. The results of various testing cycles of the first SRF 4 rod prototype cavity are presented and show that the cavity has reached the required transverse voltage of 3 MV.

Development of a modular test system for the silicon sensor R&D of the ATLAS Upgrade

High Voltage CMOS sensors are a promising technology for tracking detectors in collider experiments. Extensive R&D studies are being carried out by the ATLAS Collaboration for a possible use of HV-CMOS in the High Luminosity LHC upgrade of the Inner Tracker detector. CaRIBOu (Control and Readout Itk BOard) is a modular test system developed to test Silicon based detectors. It currently includes five custom designed boards, a Xilinx ZC706 development board, FELIX (Front-End LInk eXchange) PCIe card and a host computer. A software program has been developed in Python to control the CaRIBOu hardware. CaRIBOu has been used in the testbeam of the HV-CMOS sensor AMS180v4 at CERN. Preliminary results have shown that the test system is very versatile. Further development is ongoing to adapt to different sensors, and to make it available to various lab test stands.

LHC 高輝度化アップグレード計画

LHC 高輝度化アップグレード計画

Detector control system and efficiency performance for CMS RPC at GIF++

In the framework of the High Luminosity LHC upgrade program, the CMS muon group built several different RPC prototypes that are now under test at the new CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++). A dedicated Detector Control System (DCS) has been developed using the WinCC-OA tool to control and monitor these prototype detectors and to store the measured parameters data. Preliminary efficiency studies that set the base performance measurements of CMS RPC for starting aging studies are also presented.

The Design of Superconducting Separation Dipoles D2 for the High Luminosity Upgrade of LHC

The luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider involves large modifications of the magnets close to the interaction regions. In particular, the double-aperture separation/recombination dipoles D2 shall deliver a field integral of 35 T · m. Given the physical and geometrical constraints limiting the length to less than 10 m, these magnets must be superconducting and shall generate a magnetic field higher than 3.5 T. Since the magnetic field direction is identical in both apertures (105 mm each one), the magnetic field between the two apertures sums up to high values, locally saturating the shielding iron yoke surrounding both coils. In order to decouple the magnetic field in the two apertures, a strategy has been developed based on three pillars: 1) no iron is placed in between the coils (thus limiting saturation effects); 2) each coil is asymmetric in a way to cancel the magnetic crosstalk to each other; 3) the yoke is suitably profiled for minimizing the variation in the harmonic components due to iron saturation. Based on these concepts, a 2-D magnetic optimization was carried out, leading to an acceptable field quality with a limited variation of the multipoles as the magnet field is raised from the injection value to the maximum value (4.5 T). A 2-D mechanical design was also performed with the aim at simplifying the construction issues and keeping under control the parameters relevant to beam optics (beam separation and magnetic multipoles). Finally, the coil ends were designed, too, and a complete model 1.5 m long drafted. This paper discusses in detail all these aspects, with some considerations about the future developments preliminary to the mass production.

Development of a 200-mm Short Model of Beam Separation Dipole for HL-LHC Upgrade

The High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) has been developing the beam separation dipole magnet for the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) upgrade. The magnet has a coil aperture of 150 mm, using Nb-Ti superconducting cable, and a dipole magnetic field of 5.6 T will be generated at 12 kA, at 1.9 K, to provide the field integral of 35 T·m. To verify the mechanical behavior of the magnet and to optimize the fabrication processes, we develop a 200-mm short model, which is the cross-sectional cutout of the magnet. The development includes validation of a series of fabrication processes. Coil stress in pole was monitored by strain gauges during collaring, yoking, and cooldown test.

Radiation hardness of two CMOS prototypes for the ATLAS HL-LHC upgrade project.

The LHC luminosity upgrade, known as the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), will require the replacement of the existing silicon strip tracker and the transistion radiation tracker. Although a baseline design for this tracker exists the ATLAS collaboration and other non-ATLAS groups are exploring the feasibility of using CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) which would be arranged in a strip-like fashion and would take advantage of the service and support structure already being developed for the upgrade. Two test devices made with the AMS H35 process (a High voltage or HV CMOS process) have been subjected to various radiation environments and have performed well. The results of these tests are presented in this paper.

Summary of the Persistent Current Effect Measurements in Nb3Sn and NbTi Accelerator Magnets at Fermilab

In the past 10 years, Fermilab has been executing an intensive R&D program on accelerator magnets based on Nb3Sn superconductor technology. This R&D effort includes dipole and quadrupole models for different programs, such as LARP and 11 T dipoles for the LHC high-luminosity upgrade. Before the Nb3Sn R&D program, Fermilab was involved in the production of the low-beta quadrupole magnets for LHC based on the NbTi superconductor. Additionally, during the 2003-2005 campaign to optimize the operation of the Tevatron, a large number of Tevatron magnets were re-measured. As a result of this field analysis, a systematic study of the persistent current decay and snapback effect in these magnets was performed. This paper summarizes the result of this study and presents a comparison between Nb3Sn and NbTi dipoles and quadrupoles.

Development Status of 2 m Model Magnet of Beam Separation Dipole for the HL-LHC Upgrade

The high-luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) upgrade project aims to increase the LHC peak luminosity up to 5×10 34 cm -2 s -1 and the integrated luminosity up to3000 fb -1 . To achieve this goal, the quadrupole and dipole magnets around the two interaction points, i.e., the ATLAS and the CMS, will be upgraded. The High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) is in charge of the development of beam separation dipole (D1). In new D1, the coil aperture is enlarged to be 150 mm, and an integrated field of 35 T · m is required at 1.9 K and 12.0 kA. This paper reports the current status of the development of a 2-m model magnet.

Evaluation of Young’s modulus of MgB2 filaments in composite wires for the superconducting links for the high-luminosity LHC upgrade

MgB2 wire is a promising superconductor for the superconducting links for the high-luminosity upgrade of the large Hadron collider at CERN. The mechanical properties of MgB2 must be fully quantified for the cable design, and in this study, we evaluate the Young’s modulus of MgB2 filaments in wires with a practical level of critical current. The Young’s moduli of MgB2 filaments by two different processes, in situ and ex situ, were compared. Two different evaluation methods were applied to an in situ MgB2 wire, a single-fiber tensile test and a tensile test after removing Monel. In addition, the Young’s modulus of the few-micron-thick Nb–Ni reaction layer in an ex situ processed wire was evaluated using a nanoindentation testing technique to improve the accuracy of analysis based on the rule of mixtures. The Young’s moduli of the in situ and ex situ MgB2 wires were in the range of 76–97 GPa and no distinct difference depending on the fabrication process was found.

Characterization of the first double-sided 3D radiation sensors fabricated at FBK on 6-inch silicon wafers

Following 3D pixel sensor production for the ATLAS Insertable B-Layer, Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) fabrication facility has recently been upgraded to process 6-inch wafers. In 2014, a test batch was fabricated to check for possible issues relevant to this upgrade. While maintaining a double-sided fabrication technology, some process modifications have been investigated. We report here on the technology and the design of this batch, and present selected results from the electrical characterization of sensors and test structures. Notably, the breakdown voltage is shown to exceed 200 V before irradiation, much higher than in earlier productions, demonstrating robustness in terms of radiation hardness for forthcoming productions aimed at High Luminosity LHC upgrades.

Development of a new generation of 3D pixel sensors for HL-LHC

This paper covers the main technological and design aspects relevant to the development of a new generation of thin 3D pixel sensors with small pixel size aimed at the High-Luminosity LHC upgrades.

Laboratory and testbeam results for thin and epitaxial planar sensors for HL-LHC

The High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade of the CMS pixel detector will require the development of novel pixel sensors which can withstand the increase in instantaneous luminosity to L=5×1034 cm−2s−1 and collect ∼ 3000 fb−1 of data. The innermost layer of the pixel detector will be exposed to doses of about 1016 neq/ cm2. Hence, new pixel sensors with improved radiation hardness need to be investigated. A variety of silicon materials (Float-zone, Magnetic Czochralski and Epitaxially grown silicon), with thicknesses from 50 μm to 320 μm in p-type and n-type substrates have been fabricated using single-sided processing. The effect of reducing the sensor active thickness to improve radiation hardness by using various techniques (deep diffusion, wafer thinning, or growing epitaxial silicon on a handle wafer) has been studied. The results for electrical characterization, charge collection efficiency, and position resolution of various n-on-p pixel sensors with different substrates and different pixel geometries (different bias dot gaps and pixel implant sizes) will be presented.

Protecting a Full-Scale <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">$\hbox{Nb}_{3}\hbox{Sn}$</tex-math></inline-formula> Magnet With CLIQ, the New Coupling-Loss-Induced Quench System

A new protection system for superconducting magnets called coupling-loss induced quench system (CLIQ) has been recently developed at CERN. Recent tests on Nb-Ti coils have shown that CLIQ is a valid, efficient, and promising method for the protection of high-magnetic-field superconducting magnets. However, the protection of new-generation Nb3Sn accelerator magnets is even more challenging due to the much higher stored energy per unit volume and to the significantly larger enthalpy needed to initiate and propagate a normal zone in such coils. Now, the CLIQ system is tested for the first time on a Nb3Sn magnet in the CERN magnet test facility in order to investigate its performance in practice, thereby validating the method for this type of superconducting magnets as well. Furthermore, we successfully reproduced the electrothermal transients during a CLIQ discharge. Finally, the implementation of various CLIQ-based protection schemes for the full-scale Nb3Sn quadrupole magnet for the LHC high luminosity upgrade is discussed. The impact of key system parameters on CLIQ performance and the advantages and drawbacks of using multiple CLIQ units on a single magnet are discussed.

Model Magnet Development of D1 Beam Separation Dipole for the HL-LHC Upgrade

KEK has been conducting the design study of the beam separation dipole magnet, D1, for the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade within a framework of the CERN-KEK collaboration. The D1 magnet has a coil aperture of 150 mm using Nb-Ti superconducting cable and the nominal dipole field of 5.6 T can be generated at 12 kA and 1.9 K. A field integral of 35 T·m is required. The development of the 2-m-long model magnet has been started since May 2013. This paper describes the development status of the short model magnet as well as advancement of the fundamental design studies. © 2002-2011 IEEE.