Ley De Research Articles

Cajal's Interactions with Sherrington and the Croonian Lecture.

Sherrington was a major proponent of the neuron doctrine and he was inspired by Santiago Ramón y Cajal's theory of dynamic polarization of nerve cells (Ley de la polarización dinámica de la célula nerviosa). Sherrington coined the term "synapse" to name the Cajal description of interneuronal contact and he gave the term, for functional nerve endings, as "Boutons terminaux," still used today. These two giants of neuroscience met only once, but they had a life-long friendship. It was Sherrington who wrote Cajal's Obituary for the Royal Society. We review here some of the scientific exchanges between Cajal and Sherrington, with particular attention to 1894, when the two neuroscientist met in London during Cajal's visit to deliver the Croonian Lecture to the Royal Society. We shall examine not only the scientific exchanges but also their friendship, which was immediate and strong. Anat Rec, 303:1181-1188, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.

¿Cómo hacer frente a un conflicto sin usar la violencia? Análisis del Estado Colombiano y la Ley de víctimas, quitando argumentos a los grupos armados ilegales

The Colombian conflict has been one of the longest running disputes in the Western world. Although the signing of the peace treaty in 2016 gave hope back to the territory, this process did not happen overnight, so it was necessary to go through a historical journey to get the results today, where one of its fundamental milestones was the law of victims and the framework for peace. Through a review of the literature, this article seeks to analyze the impact on the Colombian conflict and the dynamics of the actors involved from the perspective of the law of victims. Among the most significant findings is that the Victims’ Law should not be seen as a panacea to solve all the country’s problems. Few recognize that it is a first step in the right direction, and the government’s courage to take it must be stressed. In that sense, the authorities must show good intentions, imagination and political will to allow the military response on the one hand, and generate and implement initiatives and policies with facts on the other hand.

The Mexican teachers' movement in the context of neoliberal education policy and strategies for resistance

Mexican teachers experienced an intensification of neoliberal education policy during the sexenio of President Enrique Peña Nieto of the Institutional Revolutionary Party from 2013 to 2018. Many tenaciously resisted, led by the National Coordination of Education Workers (CNTE), a dissident movement within the National Union of Education Workers, whose official leadership aligned itself with the government. This article situates the Mexican teachers' movement within the global context of neoliberal policy which despite setbacks has gradually transformed significant aspects of teachers' work and education. Despite undermining the standardized teacher exam mandated by the Ley de Servicio Profesional Docente of 2013, in other areas the neoliberalization of education advances, particularly the undermining of teachers' professional training, the “datafication” of their work and increasingly hierarchical workplace relations. These policies have the potential to undermine teachers' professional autonomy, and facilitate the degradation of their work, with consequences for their ability to meet the diverse needs of their students. Meanwhile, the movement has struggled to consolidate beyond its stronghold in southern Mexico. The survival and limited victories of the CNTE owe much to drawing on the socially embedded nature of teachers' work, and its capacity to build alliances with communities and popular movements.

Memory and Spatiality in Post-Millennial Spanish Narrative by Lorraine Ryan

Reviewed by: Memory and Spatiality in Post-Millennial Spanish Narrative by Lorraine Ryan Victoria L. Ketz Ryan, Lorraine. Memory and Spatiality in Post-Millennial Spanish Narrative. Routledge, 2016. 240 pp. ISBN: 978-1-138-25322-3. Since the passing of the Ley de memoria histórica (2007) in Spain, there has been a reevaluation of Civil War events in social and political contexts as well as in cultural productions. The memories transmitted to subsequent generations have facilitated most of this. While much of the scholarship in this field has focused on the interplay between temporality and memory, the novel aspect of this tome lies in its exploration of the connection between memory and space. Both are vital to the formation of social relationships, the construction of identity and the perpetuation of culture, since objects, places, and landmarks recreate history. This book has carefully selected works that demonstrate how the Francoist memory construct perpetuated the trauma of the Civil War, destroying the opposition's identity and important elements of their memory. The chapters study how hegemonic discourse marked the survivors and their descendants, by altering and affecting their memories and allowing the trauma to invade every space. The texts not only explore the interrelationship between memory and space, but also the effects of class, gender, age and level of urbanity. The authors engage with memory as a way to understand childhood incongruities or to criticize the politicized memory of Spain. These novels cover the historical period between 1935 and 2005 and are chronologically ordered. Divided into seven chapters, each examines a [End Page 158] different narrative and is framed by an introduction and a conclusion. The introduction first addresses the motivation for the reclamation of the Republican voice by each author. Next, it gives a concise theoretical framework of memory studies and spatiality as discussed in the work of Halbwachs, Nora, de Certeau, Hall, and Miller, among others. Then, Ryan explores how Francoists used public spaces in urban and rural contexts to influence and control memory during the regime. Chapter 1 deals with Dulce Chacón's novel Cielos de barro (2000), where spatial control serves to reinforce the rigid class denominations. Through an analysis of the manor home and its land, Ryan finds that the space becomes a locus of loss with the accumulated references to sickness, injustice, and class conflict. The characters' experience of space demonstrates the damaging effects of class distinctions and ideological shifts. Chapter 2 concentrates on the work Martina, la rosa número trece (2006) by Ángeles López, in which gendered space is influenced by the upheaval of the war experience. In this chapter, Ryan explores the relationship that exists between the protagonist's body and Madrid, where space functions as an enforcer of the Francoist desire for homogeneity. Chapter 3 focuses on the short story "Los girasoles ciegos" (2004) by Alberto Méndez, in which attempts to overcome trauma by constructing home as an idyllic space are squelched by repressive forces. Ryan discusses the antithetical relationship established between private and public spaces in the postwar period through the young protagonist's perception as well as the resulting breakdown of the strict division between spaces. Thus, the memories of the adult protagonist allow him to decode and interpret years later the "institutionalized processes of terror and spatial control" (102) which operated during his childhood. Chapter 4 deals with Pan negro (2004), the novel written by Emili Teixidor, which explores how a child conceptualizes space as he alters his personality to survive the post-war period. This chapter has two foci; the first to review the historical and theoretical position of children during this time, and the second to systematically reveal the protagonist's progress toward calculated affiliation with the victors. The adoption of Francoist ideology demonstrates how the young child understands the interconnectivity of his identity with public spatiality and social acceptability. Chapter 5 centers on La sombra del viento (2001) by Carlos Ruiz Zafón, in which the protagonist's anamnesis coincides with the national impetus to recuperate historical memory. Ryan theorizes that the setting of Barcelona assumes a primary role as a space of resistance allowing the characters to maintain their Republican identities...

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The Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil N.° 1/2000 introduce the understanding of the presumption (articles 385 and following of the act), in which its omnipresence opens up unsuspected possibilities to the justified judicial practice in its unequivocal transit through the indiciary evidence, indirect or circumstantial.

Titularización de flujos futuros como financiamiento de los gobiernos autónomos descentralizados

El presente trabajo investigativo demuestra que la titularización de flujos futuros es una herramienta financiera idónea que se encuentra vinculada de manera directa con el mercado valores en su segmento bursátil, regulada por el segundo libro del Código Orgánico Monetario y Financiero, Ley de Mercado de Valores; la cual puede ser utilizada por los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados como fuente de financiamiento para la obtención de recursos al tiempo presente, y de esta manera cumplir con la realización de sus competencias exclusivas, mismas que se encuentran determinadas por la Constitución de la República del Ecuador y el Código Orgánico de Organización Territorial. No obstante, la titularización a pesar de ser una herramienta que ofrece ventajas tanto para el originador como el inversionista, se puede denotar que la aplicación es escasa por parte de los Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados, lo que conlleva a determinar que existe falta de conocimiento sobre la utilidad que ofrece esta herramienta; para lo cual se propone que exista una mayor promoción y estudio por par parte de los Gadí¢€â„¢s sobre esta alternativa de financiamiento.

La evidencia de las políticas de idiomas en una escuela pública: I.E Diego echavarría Misas

Durante las últimas décadas, Colombia ha estado influenciada por la globalización. Por lo tanto, ha puesto diversas políticas de la lengua en ejecución para la mejora de la educación. Realidad social ha sido un obstáculo para las partes interesadas a la hora de lidiar con el inglés. Diversos programas han sido formulados por el Gobierno Nacional en Colombia. Algunos de ellos son PNB 2004-2018 (Plan Nacional de Bilingüismo), The National law of Bilingualism in 2013 (Ley de Bilingüismo), PNI 2015-2025 (Programa Nacional de inglés), y el más reciente Colombia Bilingüe 2014-2018. Todos intentaron ofrecer diferentes estrategias con el fin de mejorar el nivel de inglés en Colombia; sin embargo, muchos estudios han criticado estos programas porque no tienen los resultados esperados. A pesar de las críticas, los últimos resultados ICFES publicados en 2015-2016 han demostrado que ciertas instituciones han logrado buenos resultados en inglés. De hecho, este estudio quiere explorar cómo la Institución Educativa Diego Echavarría Misas está implementando las políticas lingüísticas con el fin obtener buenos resultados en el examen nacional de inglés. Para realizar esto, las técnicas de la colección de datos serán aplicadas a diversos participantes que trabajen en la institución.

Aportaciones de los servicios sociales comunitarios a la gestión descentralizada de los cuidados de larga duración. El caso andaluz (España)

El presente artículo pretende poner de manifiesto las ventajas e inconvenientes, de una gestión descentralizada de la Ley de Promoción de la Autonomía Personal y Atención a la Personas en Situación de Dependencia (LAPAD), en las diferentes regiones españolas por medio de los servicios sociales comunitarios de los entes locales. Para ello, se revisan los trabajos que se han elaborado al respecto para validar, posteriormente y a través de una encuesta semiestructurada dirigida a los trabajadores sociales que gestionan la dependencia, estas aportaciones para el caso de la región andaluza, concretamente para los servicios sociales comunitarios de la provincia de Huelva.

A participação de cooperativas nas políticas públicas habitacionais no Brasil e no Uruguai

Resumo A política econômica segregadora e a inexistência ou ineficiência de políticas habitacionais são aspectos que aprofundam as desigualdades sociais entre os diferentes segmentos de renda. O Uruguai, por meio da chamada “Ley de Vivienda”, buscou solucionar a debilidade habitacional positivando o direito à moradia e regulamentando a inserção de cooperativas ao acesso às políticas públicas. A lei, ainda em vigor, possibilita que o bem imóvel seja tratado como direito, não apenas como propriedade, e permite que as cooperativas atuem no processo de planejamento, execução e administração dos projetos habitacionais, princípio compreendido como autogestão. No Brasil, os primeiros programas que atendiam à demanda habitacional eram fragmentários, atendendo a uma pequena parcela dos demandantes. Com o surgimento do Banco Nacional da Habitação (BNH) ampliou-se o acesso ao crédito para obtenção de moradia. As cooperativas habitacionais estavam incluídas nesse programa, compreendendo o atendimento do mercado de renda média. Com o fim do BNH e a insatisfação decorrente da crise econômica, surgiram movimentos sociais em torno da questão da moradia urbana, buscando articulações práticas e políticas para transformar a moradia em direito. No fim da década de 1980, o intercâmbio de experiências com o Uruguai iniciou a abordagem do ingresso das cooperativas na habitação de interesse social; um aspecto, até então, não experimentado no Brasil. Utilizando o método histórico-descritivo, este estudo resulta de análise dos ordenamentos normativos e de produções acadêmicas sobre o tema. Busca-se compreender a participação das cooperativas na habitação popular e suas dificuldades de acesso às políticas públicas habitacionais.

GENDERED ACTIVISM: THE ANTI FRANCOIST STUDENT MOVEMENT IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA IN THE 1960S AND 1970S

This article focuses on the repression of the student movement in the University of Granada during the state of exception of 1970. It relates the experiences of two students, Socorro and Jesus, a couple who joined the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and suffered persecution and imprisonment. The Francoist university was governed by the University Regulatory Law (URL, University Regulatory Law) issued in 1943, which was replaced with the promulgation of the General Law of Education in 1970. As I explained in my previous work, the Catholic national rhetoric of the Franco regime forged an ideal "True Catholic Woman" based on the resurgence of the values ​​of purity and subordination of the 16th century counter reform as proposed by Luis Vives in The Instruction of the Christian Woman (1523) and Fray Luis de León in The Perfect Wife (1583). This ideal of a woman came to contradict the ideal of an intellectual built on the letter of the Ley de Ordenación Universitaria (1943). The transition to the consumer economy in the 1950s with the military and economic aid of the United States, as well as the social Catholicism of the Second Vatican Council in the sixties along with the arrival of tourism and emigration to Europe changed the social fabric and opened the doors of the classrooms to an increasing number of women, especially in the humanities careers of Philosophy and Letters. Through the analysis of interviews conducted in the late 1980s with two people who participated in the clandestine student movement, this article explores how young people transgressed the official discourse on the Catholic ideal of women, claimed the university environment for the working class and created a neutral space in terms of gender in which they could achieve their commitment to study, democratic freedom and feminism.

Providencia: entre la urbanización del Oriente y la ordenanza nacional (1897-1932)

Este artículo estudia el desarrollo de la comuna de Providencia en sus primeras tres décadas, en el marco de las atribuciones que debieron asumir las municipalidades de Chile, luego de la promulgación de la Ley de la Comuna Autónoma en 1891. El estudio inicia en 1897 con la creación de la municipalidad y culmina en 1932, con la aprobación de su primer plan de transformación, momento en que la administración local se vio respaldada por el compromiso que el gobierno central tomaba con el urbanismo. La revisión de las Actas de Sesión Municipal, principal fuente de este estudio, dan cuenta que la urbanización inicial de Providencia residió en acciones aisladas de construcción de calles, de barrios y de provisión de servicios por parte de los vecinos, las que a su vez estuvieron cruzadas por debates acerca de disposiciones más generales, tal como sucedió con la primera propuesta de un plan de transformación de la comuna, en 1911. Aunque las iniciativas no lograron concretarse hasta la tercera década del siglo XX, este trabajo propone que dichos esfuerzos constituyen un importante antecedente para la posterior incorporación del urbanismo central comandado por el Estado, enmarcado en cambios institucionales, y cristalizado en la Ley y Ordenanza General de Construcciones y Urbanización, y en el Plan de Transformación Definitivo de la comuna de 1932.

Conflictos por nombramientos eclesiastiásticos: Un estudio comparativo entre Colombia y Ecuador

Los conflictos entre iglesia y Estado por los nombramientos eclesiásticos en el siglo XIX, se iniciaron con la ley de patronato de 1824, aprobada por los nuevos gobiernos de Colombia y Ecuador. La aplicación de dicha ley en ambos estados generó disputas y tensiones con la iglesia, por el control del poder en la jurisdicción de los nombramientos.

Las raíces españolas del Derecho filipino

A principios del siglo XVI un barco español capitaneado por Magallanes desembarca en lo que hoy en día se conoce como las Islas de Filipinas. Desde el año 1565 al 1898 España mantuvo su soberanía en el territorio. Hasta entonces, las islas eran administradas desde la Ciudad de México y controladas a través del puerto de Acapulco. Durante este periodo, las Islas de Filipinas se regían por la normativa española: las Partidas, la Novísima Recopilación y la recopilación de las Leyes de Indias. El órgano supremo era la Royal Audiencia, que más tarde se dividió en dos salas: Sala de lo Civil y Sala de lo Penal. Antes de la lograr la independencia, se implantarón en las Islas el Código Penal en 1887 y el Código de Comercio y el Código Civil en 1889. Estos tres códigos han influido enormemente el Derecho vigente actualmente en Filipinas.Recibido: 12 abril 2018Aceptado: 25 junio 2018Publicación en línea: 03 agosto 2018

Uruguay 2017: reactivación económica y nuevos conflictos políticos

El ano 2017 se anticipaba como un posible un punto de inflexion para el modelo economico, social y politico que lleva adelante el partido gobernante Frente Amplio desde 2005. El escenario politico y el economico se presentaban particularmente delicados para el gobierno, tanto en el plano domestico como en el internacional. Sin embargo, el ano 2017 se cerro con un crecimiento economico inesperado, mejora de algunos indicadores sociales y el retorno de las mayorias parlamentarias que el Frente Amplio habia perdido durante 2016. Al mismo tiempo nuevos conflictos se abrieron para el gobierno, sobre todo en el frente interno. Entre ellos se destacaron el proceso que condujo a la renuncia del vicepresidente de la Republica Raul Sendic, los procesos de negociacion para la firma de un acuerdo marco de inversion entre el Estado uruguayo y la empresa finlandesa UPM, el intento de reforma de la “caja militar” y la generacion de acuerdos para la llamada ley de “cincuentones“. Por distintas razones, estos conflictos produjeron tensiones al interior del Ejecutivo o del partido de gobierno, que finalmente se saldaron en el correr del ano. Como ha sucedido en otras ocasiones, la interna politica del Frente Amplio se revelo como un ambito especialmente relevante para la negociacion y la toma de decisiones relacionadas con la resolucion de conflictos entre el Ejecutivo y el partido de gobierno.

The Spanish and the European Codification of the Business Judgment Rule

Different Model Acts and national approaches to the Business Judgment Rule, some by means of its codification, others through the requirements to be considered when delimiting the directors’ responsibilities, have tried to give a better orientation to the positions assumed by directors when they have to deal with business affairs on behalf of the company. Even in cases where there is not a specific section in internal law, the Business Judgment Rule is a common reference in many jurisdictions when the circumstances and elements of directors’ decision-making are considered. In Spain, Law 31/2014, of December 3, to improve corporate governance, has codified the “protección de la discrecionalidad empresarial” in Article 226 of Ley de Sociedades de Capital, assuming the developments of the Business Judgment Rule in other jurisdictions. However, international principles and Model Acts, and other European jurisdictions, such as Germany, do not face codification of the Rule in the same way, and even consider differently requirements for its application. This paper discusses, through the approaches in Comparative law, particularly in other areas where the Business Judgment Rule has a greater tradition, the impact that the codification of the “protección de la discrecionalidad empresarial” may have in Spanish corporate governance. To this end, the paper focuses on the scope of this singular protection on directors’ discretion, as well as on the requirements for its application, which shall serve at last to provide judges with a useful tool to decide on business matters where directors’ responsibility is involved. Comparison with Common Law and more recently with other European approaches is a starting point to critically check whether Spanish systematization avails of the dynamics of the Rule in order to improve and properly coordinate the whole system of corporate governance.

Un resumen del tratado jurídico de Al-Tafrī‘: el Manuscrito árabe 1233 del Monasterio de El Escorial y su supuesta relación con Leyes de Moros = A Summary of Al-Tafrī‘’s Legal Treaty: The Arab Manuscript 1233 of the Monastery of El Escorial and its Supposed Relation to Leyes de Moros

El manuscrito árabe 1233, de la Biblioteca del Real Monasterio de El Escorial y el manuscrito 1138 de la Biblioteca de al-Qarawiyyin en Fez contienen una copia completa de al-Sahl al-Badī’ fi Iḫtiṣār al-Tafrī‛ –que se traduciría por «El sencillo resumen adornado de al-Tafri’»-, una obra escrita por el alfaquí Ibn Ğamīl, del siglo XIV. El libro es un resumen del tratado jurídico de al-Tafrī‛ de Ibn al-Ğallāb, conocido y muy difundido desde al-Andalus omeya hasta el final de la época morisca en el siglo XVII. La hipótesis de trabajo consistía en ver la relación entre este resumen árabe y Leyes de Moros que es también un resumen de al-Tafrī‛ en romance castellano, sobre el que he publicado numerosos estudios.The Arabic manuscript 1233 from the Library of the Royal Monastery of El Escorial and manuscript 1138 from the al-Qarawiyyin Library in Fez contain a complete copy of al-Sahl al-Badī‛ fi ikhtiṣār al-Tafrī‛ -which would be translated as «The simple ornate summary of al-Tafrī‛ «, a work written by Ibn Ğamīl in the fourteenth century. The book is a summary of the legal treatise of al-Tafrī‛ of Ibn al-Ğallāb, well-known and widespread in al-Andalus from the Umayyad period until the end of the Morisco era in the seventeenth century. The working hypothesis consists in studying the relationship between this Arabic summary and the Leyes de Moros (The laws of the Moors) which is also a summary of al-Tafrī‛ in Castilian romance on which I have published numerous studies.

Analysis and diagnosis of risk-prevention training actions in the Spanish construction sector

The aim of this research paper is to analyze occupational risk-prevention training in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Spanish Construction Sector. To do so, an in-depth study is completed on compliance with the entrepreneurial obligation to inform and to train workers in occupational risk-prevention, in accordance with the regulations laid down in Directive 89/391/EEC, and transposed into Spanish Law in Act 31/1995, of 8 November, on Risk Prevention in the Workplace [Ley de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales (LPRL)]. Three questionnaires were designed and two discussion groups were organized with risk-prevention trainers and business representatives in the sector. Databases from various bodies were jointly consulted, specifically the External Prevention Services (EPS) and the Construction Labour Foundation [Fundación Laboral de la Construcción] (CLF), to establish both the weaknesses and the strengths of occupational risk-prevention training and the training systems of the firms in the sector. Having gathered all the information, the strategic indicators of training in risk-prevention were analyzed, such as the professional qualifications of the trainers, the training methodologies employed, and the training and information that the worker received on the job. The results showed that the majority of trainers in charge of training courses were not construction specialists, the training courses were not adapted to the training level of the workers and, importantly, the teaching materials were never in the other languages of the foreign workers. In conclusion, higher levels of professionalization are necessary for all the agents involved in risk-prevention procedures and construction processes.

El actual marco legal de los límites a los derechos de autor en favor de las bibliotecas. Razones de su inadecuación al entorno digital y propuesta de reforma legislativa

The recent reform in Spain of the Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (TRLPI) fails to address the amendment of its article 37, untapped opportunity to adapt the precept to the current role developing libraries in the information society. The object of this article is to analyze the reasons why the current legal framework of limits to copyright for libraries, is inappropriate in a digital environment and propose the Spanish legislator fundamental aspects that should be addressed further legislative reform of the law of intellectual property in this area.

"All True, All Holy, All Divine": Jewish Identity in the Polemics and Letters of Isaac Orobio de Castro, a Former Portuguese New Christian in 1600s Amsterdam

"All True, All Holy, All Divine":Jewish Identity in the Polemics and Letters of Isaac Orobio de Castro, a Former Portuguese New Christian in 1600s Amsterdam Matthew D. Warshawsky (bio) An important consequence of the expulsion and forced conversions of Jews from Spain and Portugal at the end of the 1400s was the establishment of communities of these individuals and their descendants in Italy, the Ottoman Empire, northwestern Europe, and colonial Latin America. During the 1600s, Amsterdam stood out from these other locales as a center of settlement by people of Sephardic, or Iberian Jewish, roots for at least two reasons. First, the émigrés from the Iberian Peninsula were in fact conversos or New Christians, that is, baptized Catholics of Jewish descent, who upon arrival in the Dutch republic could build a Jewish identity that was denied them in Spain and Portugal. Second, mercantile opportunities and a religious environment more tolerant of Jews helped the Iberian arrivals turn the city into a great center of Sephardic economic, cultural, and spiritual life. One such émigré, the physician and polemicist Isaac Orobio de Castro, exemplified the diverse intellectual elite of the New Christian Portuguese people who became "New Jews" in such a setting. This article argues that repression of Jewish identity in Iberia led Orobio to engage in polemics with Protestant, Catholic, and, in the case of Juan (Daniel) de Prado, converso thinkers, in which he expounded Judaism as a divinely inspired faith and legitimated what for him was its superiority to Christianity. Additionally, in his epistolary correspondence with Prado, Orobio successfully cataloged the ways in which the deistic beliefs of his fellow former New Christian fell outside accepted Jewish teachings of the time, even as such beliefs foreshadowed an incipient transition to Jewish identity not rigorously bound to biblical teachings. In the following pages, I will briefly outline how conditions in Amsterdam enabled Orobio to espouse rabbinic Judaism there, as well as the peripatetic life that led him to Holland. Then I will consider the three responses of Orobio to Prado in order to demonstrate how the former's view of Judaism—as the bearer of a divine law that an all-powerful God gave to the Jewish people, esteemed above other peoples—led him to [End Page 267] criticize sharply the heterodox views of his friend for denying the unique status of this religion. Finally, I will examine the treatises La observancia de la divina ley de Mosseh (Observance of the Divine Law of Moses) and part 1 of Prevenciones divinas contra la vana idolatría de las gentes (Divine Forewarnings against the Vain Idolatry of Catholics) that he directed, respectively, to Huguenot and Catholic opponents, as documents that assert a Jewish identity by attacking foundational teachings of Christianity. A condensed summary of the establishment of the Sephardic community of Amsterdam and its Iberian and Jewish characteristics during the 1600s will help contextualize the arrival there of Orobio and explain his defense of Judaism in anti-Christian terms.1 Financial woes resulting from political imperialism contributed to increased emigration of New Christians from Spain and even more from Portugal, especially during the sixty-year period between 1580 and 1640, when Spain annexed the crown of its smaller neighbor.2 Thus, early in the seventeenth century, the Duke of Lerma, the valido, or favorite minister, of King Felipe III, agreed to accept 170,000 cruzados from Portuguese conversos in exchange for granting them permission to leave the peninsula. Prior to this bribe lifting the prohibition on travel, New Christians wishing to travel outside Iberia might serve as ship's crew or captain, and in the case of Portuguese conversos, obtain a license to trade in the Indies if the Spanish crowned deemed them necessary to overseas commerce.3 The subsequent Twelve Years Truce of 1609–1621 further stimulated emigration by enabling Portuguese converso merchants to participate in Amsterdam's trade with Dutch colonies in the East and West Indies,4 as well as position them to form commercial networks with New Christians in these and other overseas outposts. Then, during the 1620s, Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares and valido of Felipe IV, invited Portuguese converso bankers to...

Periodistas y fuentes en la prensa argentina. Revisión teórica a partir de un caso empírico

<p><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">Este artículo se plantea como una revisión conceptual de la relación entre periodistas y fuentes de información en las noticias políticas con el objetivo de contribuir con</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR"> </span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">los debates en torno al análisis de coberturas mediáticas.</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR"> Se toma el </span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">proceso de discusión </span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">y sanción de la Ley 26.522 de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR"> </span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">en la prensa económica</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR"> argentina</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR"> como caso de estudio para la reflexión teórica. </span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">En ese marco, se llevaron a cabo entrevistas a periodistas de las </span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">secciones </span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">“</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">Política</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">”</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR"> y </span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">“</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">Economía</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">”</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">,</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR"> </span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">de </span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">Ámbito Financiero</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR"> y </span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">El Cronista Comercial</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">,</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR"> que participaron de la cobertura del</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR"> caso</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR"> </span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">entre marzo y octubre de 2009</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">.</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR"> El análisis teórico retoma </span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">aportes de distintas perspectivas del campo de los estudios del periodismo y de la comunicación política que han abordado la cuestión</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR"> de las fuentes</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">, con especial énfasis en el </span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">f</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">raming</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR"> </span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">o </span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">e</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">ncuadre</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">. Desde este enfoque, se propone una</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR"> </span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">operacionalización del concepto </span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">standing</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR">,</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR"> entendido</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR"> originalmente</span><span class="TextRun SCXW223507153" lang="ES-AR" xml:lang="ES-AR"> como la capacidad de un actor social de tener voz en los medios de comunicación.</span><span class="EOP SCXW223507153" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335551550":6,"335551620":6,"335559739":200,"335559740":360}"> </span></p>