Lexicographic Information Research Articles

Лексические особенности русской речи студентов поликультурного региона

The topic of the article is conditioned by the relevance of the Russian language performance in the polycultural space of the region. The purpose is to describe how various native (ethnical) languages influence the lexical consistency of Russian students' speech. The research material was the author's collection (about 200 units), which is based on recordings of spontaneous informal speech of students from Astrakhan Tatishchev State University. The informants were 120 philology students who study in multinational academic groups including Russians, Kazakhs, Tatars, Kalmyks, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Georgians, Armenians, as well as representatives of various ethnic groups from Dagestan. Using the methods of participant observation and questioning, data on the students' speech lexical composition were obtained and further correlated with the codified lexicographic information. It was found out that ordinary students' speech is infiltrated with regionally marked units, such as jargon and vernacular words, that reflect lingua-cultural environment of the region; Astrakhan dialectisms (astrakhanisms) of Turkic origin; borrowings from native languages of students, exotic words (mainly gastronimisms) resulting from the cross-cultural interactions in students' community. The results can be employed for sociolinguistic and intercultural communication studies.

Linguistic and cultural nature of phraseological units with numerical components in the English and Kazakh languages

Relevance. The need to study the linguoculturological paradigm of numerical phraseology is a priority task of modern linguistics, since it is stable language patterns that best reflect the mentality of the people, their cultural preferences, social living conditions, attitude to customs and traditions, ways of thinking and behavior. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to study idiomatic expressions based on numerical components for linguocultural associative links. Methodology. For implementation of the purpose of the study, the following methods were used: linguoculturological in combination with comparative-comparative, lexico-semantic and analytical-synthetic. Results. In this work, a study was conducted of the national specifics of the English and Kazakh languages, based on the linguocultural nature of idioms, which include a numerical component. Since numerological nominations carry sacred meanings, a study was made of each individual lexeme, the frequency of its use, lexical-semantic content and stylistic shades. Based on the obtained lexicographic information, comparison of numerical nominations in English and Kazakh languages was carried out. The linguoculturological status of phrasemes was determined, positive and negative connotations, metaphor and figurativeness were evaluated, associative links were formed between the functional-semantic fields of English and Kazakh phraseology. The question of the equivalence of phraseological units and the formation of lacunae (semantic gaps) in the phraseological picture of the world was considered. Conclusions. The richness of idiomatic expressions, especially those with numerical components, reflects ancient beliefs about the world's workings. Despite stylistic and semantic differences, both English and Kazakh languages exhibit equivalents, variations, and gaps in phraseology, with numerical components playing a significant role. This study can be used in conducting comparative studies of other national languages, establishing linguocultures and the linguoculturological status of phraseological units and other structural elements of speech, using machine technologies to isolate numerical lexemes from contexts, transforming the speech flow and forming new semantic and stylistic patterns. Keywords: idiom; numerology; symbolism; sacred meaning; national traits

Диахронный анализ философского термина “mōrālitās”

The paper explores the origin and semantic derivation of Latin philosophic term “mōrālitās” (“morality”), keeping in mind its generalizing and object-giving function in modern moral philosophy, which is obvious in its derivates in European languages. The semantic derivation of “mōrālitās” is being examined by means of comparative analysis of lexicographical data in three dictionary groups: that of the Late Latin (when the word “mōrālitās” first occurs), of the Medieval Latin (when it enters philosophical lexicon) and that of Early Modern Latin (when the term became widespread and got its modern meaning). To cover the lack of lexicographical information in the latter two groups of dictionaries the study uses Google Books full-text search, which statistically proves, that the term gained popularity only in the first half of 17th century and also gives important clues on the development of its meaning in late scholasticism. In conclusion, it is stated, that semantic derivation of the term in Late, Medieval and Early Modern Latin shares the same common guidelines, namely steady synonymic ties with emerging substantive forms of the adjective “mōrālis” (moral) and term phrases, formed with “mōrālis” and “mōs” (habit, custom). As a result of such a derivation “mōrālitās” came to be highly polysemic term, denoting the very quality of the free and conscious action, its moral worth and the rules to estimate the worth, and the philosophical discipline for doing that, and the subject of this discipline in the same time.

Names Components as Part of Idioms and Proverbs: Language and Culture Peculiarities

The relevance of the research is determined by the comprehensive analysis of idioms and paroemias function-ing in modern Russian language formulating the national character. The aim of the research is to identify the charac-teristic features typical for idioms and paroemias containing names component. The research methodology is based on an interdisciplinary approach and includes general scientific and special methods. The group of general scientific methods includes analysis and synthesis, as well as generalization to systematize theoretical and practical material. The special methods group includes the modeling method to identify specific linguistic and cultural properties of idi-oms and paroemias typical for Russian culture; the method of component analysis to provide semantic features anal-ysis and to give lexical and semantic variants of words with several meanings; a definitional method to obtain lexico-graphic information dealing with the meaning of the language unit. Russian idioms and paroemias with Names com-ponents reflect the specific features of the national Russian character and make it possible to determine the key properties of the Russian mentality. The research deals with the analyses idioms and paroemias with the Names component having been divided into the following group types: mythonyms, chrononyms, hagionyms, literary onyms, historical onyms, anthroponyms. According to the author, all types of idioms and paroemias with the Name compo-nent function in modern Russian and are markers of culturally significant information reflecting the specifics of Rus-sian culture. All in all, the authors rank anthroponyms as the most productive Name components types, while chrono-nyms are not a productive phenomenon.

The Operative Function in Spanish Lexicography Exemplified through Sport Dictionaries and Other Reference Works

Over time, dictionaries have been adapted to meet users' consultation needs. As a result, other types of data such as instructions or specialised explanations have been included in these works in order to fulfil their purpose. It is in this context that operative lexicographical tools are produced, although such tools have traditionally received very little attention from a metalexicographic point of view. Through the analyses of 5 existing dictionaries and other reference works from the 18th to the 20th centuries regarding equestrianism, football and fencing, this article shows that many lexicographical information tools in Spanish were indeed produced to satisfy the need for practical knowledge through instructions (operative need). Based on this finding, this article argues that the operative function of lexicography deserves a place in lexicographical theory and lexicographical academic literature. An interesting finding that emerges from these analyses is that almost all the dictionaries analysed are polyfunctional, and they share a list of characteristics based on their typology, media and historical moment that can help to make clear the importance of the operative function in the Spanish lexicographical tradition. Furthermore, on the basis of the above analyses, several answers are given to guide future research on operative lexicographical products. Keywords: function theory, Spanish lexicography, sport dictionaries, polyfunctional tools, operative function, specialised dictionaries

MÁRIA KOŠKOVÁ. BULHARSKO-SLOVENSKÝ SLOVNÍK. IV (Т – Я)

This review presents the fourth volume of the Bulgarian-Slovak Dictionary by Mária Košková published in Bratislava. The characteristic features of the lexis included in the volume are discussed, along with the way of presenting lexicographic information. The dictionary is a significant contribution to modern Slavic bilingual lexicography.

The zero suffix in English and Italian deverbal nouns

AbstractIn this paper we bring evidence from English and Italian deverbal zero nominals (to climb>the climb-ØN) that zero is a possible spell-out of a nominalizer otherwise overtly instantiated in suffixed nominals (examin-ation). We argue in favor of a Distributed Morphology approach, a separationist theory that recognizes and easily implements zero morphology with underlying syntax-semantics. Abstracting away from other theoretical trends and their foundational reasons to refrain from using zero suffixes, we address three properties that have been argued to fundamentally distinguish zero nominals from overtly suffixed nominals, with the implication that they instantiate a different word formation process: i) realization of verbal argument structure, ii) possibility of embedding verbalizing suffixes, and iii) semantic transparency in relation to the verb. By means of corpus data and two manually collected datasets of 561 English and 174 Italian zero nominals based on lexicographic information, we bring solid evidence against these claims, by arguing that: i) a great proportion of zero nominals do realize verbal argument structure, ii) the zero affix may embed verbalizing affixes within the limits of the selectional restrictions it independently imposes on its base, and iii) zero nominals present the same patterns of polysemy that suffixed nominals display. However, we show that zero nominals also present some idiosyncrasies to the extent that not all of them express compositional event readings with argument structure, a matter that deserves further research within the frame of their competition with suffixed nominals.

CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH AS A METHODOLOGICAL RESOURCE OF MODERN LINGUODIDACTICS

Cross-cultural linguodidactics is considered a modern methodological tool that allows learning a foreign language not only in the context of immersion in the culture of the people – the native speaker of that language, but also to take into account the effects resulting from the interactive exchange of linguocultural information between all parties of multicultural communication. Based on the above positions, most linguistic facts acquire the status of units with a linguocultural and linguodidactic resource. Moreover, the acquisition and subsequent mastery of these foreign language units contribute to the formation of the secondary linguistic personality fragment of the worldview, which, in turn, allows for building and improving the competence base of an international student in the field of intercultural and multilingual interaction. Material and Methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the material contained in lexicographic sources to investigate the didactic resources of lexical borrowings – Russianisms and Chineseisms. The main method is a comprehensive cross-cultural analysis combining a number of methodological procedures: Observation, etymological, componential and lexical-semantic analysis, associative linguistic experiment, elements of linguoculturological, linguo-conceptual and discursive analysis. Results and Discussion. The cross-cultural study was conducted in several steps. First, based on the analysis of available lexicographic information, the presence of borrowed units belonging to various thematic groups (socio-political, scientific, and technical vocabulary, words denoting natural and geographical objects, realities of national life, economy, historical and cultural phenomena) was established in Russian and Chinese as actively contacting recipient languages. Second, it was found that Russianisms quantitatively predominate and most of the borrowings are internationalisms. Third, an association experiment conducted in groups of Russian and Chinese speakers was used to determine similarities and differences in the interpretation of borrowings. The results of the comparative analysis are mainly determined by the factors of the informant’s belonging to a certain linguistic culture and the level of foreign language proficiency. Finally, recommendations are formulated on how crosscultural analysis can be used for linguodidactic purposes. Conclusion. The didactic tool of cross-cultural analysis makes it possible to learn a foreign language thoroughly and comprehensively and to use it effectively as a means of intercultural communication. At the same time, the borrowed lexical units serve as valuable empirical material for the implementation of the methodological guidelines of a cross-cultural orientation.

ПОНЯТТЯ СТІЙКОСТІ ТА ВІДТВОРЮВАНОСТІ НІМЕЦЬКИХ ФРАЗЕОЛОГІЗОВАНИХ РЕЧЕНЬ

The article highlights the issue of stability and functioning in online texts of a part of German idiomatic sentences – communicative and expressive set phrases such as Da staunt der Laie, und der Fachmann wundert sich! Ach du grüne Neune! Da hört (sich) doch alles auf! Bangemachen (Bange machen) gilt nicht! Ab nach Kassel! Nicht schlecht, Herr Specht! It’s well-known that scientists face certain difficulties when trying to classify these linguistic units – the boundaries between individual categories are defined rather indistinct, there are numerous smooth transitions between groups of set phrases and a difference in terminology. The novelty of the study is their depiction as a functional-semantic field of expressive and communicative formulas. Expressive and communicative formulas are defined as pre-formed (elliptical) sentence-value word combinations, usually fixed in the language community to express the intentions, evaluations and emotions of the speaker, which are characterized by usability, reproducibility, relative stability, complex meaning and perform a communicative and often expressive functions. The conducted analysis of their structural and syntactic variability proved that these units have only relative stability, in connection with which the criterion of functional-pragmatic fixation and usability as well belonging in a conventional form to the mental lexicon of the majority of speakers come to the fore. Lexicographic analysis is complemented by a corpus approach. The potential of corpus linguistics as an empirical method of modern linguistic research is considered, its advantages for phraseology research are highlighted, and the possibilities of using the Internet as a linguistic corpus, in particular, for the verification of lexicographic information are determined.

(Review) Xu, J. J. (eds.) (2020). Jiudian Yingyu Cihui Shouce (The Wordbook of Hotel English). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, ix+290

In this article, the merits and demerits of Jiudian Yingyu Shouce (The Wordbook of Hotel English), a newly published corpus-based wordbook on hotel English, is reviewed. It has three distinctive features, including relying on a specially constructed corpus, HotelCOPE, to select headwords and provide some unique lexicographical information, offering some useful appendixes to enhance its usefulness, and seamlessly integrating itself with modern technology for better learning efficiency in the age of mobile learning. Meanwhile, it has also left room for further improvement in the future, including the translation of some headwords. Overall, it makes a valuable addition to the repertoire of references to those learning hotel English in China.

Early metrical and lexicographical evidence for functional stress-shifts

Only three English diatones,outlaw,rebel,record, out of the current 235-item list in Hotta (2015), are on record prior to the seventeenth century; the latest record of diatonicoutlawis 1786 (Sherman 1975: 63). Whether this type of functional prosodic contrast was inherited or innovative is controversial. We revisit the Old English metrical evidence for functional stress-shifting and present new attestations of verb–noun pairs in Middle English verse in an effort to establish if the limited inherited stress-shifting model survives, and, if so, whether or how it accommodates the incoming loan vocabulary. The additional verse attestations support the idea of continuity, yet the scarcity of data falls short of statistical verifiability. A search into detailed lexicographical information for 1200–1550 reinforces the hypothesis of continuity by documenting the differential patterns of borrowing of nouns and verbs, prefixed and unprefixed. Taken together, these two sources endorse a proposal that in its earliest stages functional stress-shifting was predicated on prefixation, and that the ongoing conflict between prefixal defooting andAlign-L(Root, PrWd) in ME is a necessary component of the diachronic account of English prosody.

Die Behandlung der Wortarten in Wörterbüchern zur Lexikographie

The Treatment of Parts of Speech in Dictionaries of Lexicography. The aim of the article is to present and analyse how three dictionaries of lexicography, i.e. Lexicog­raphy. A Dictionary of Basic Terminology (1998) by Igor Burkhanov, Dictionary of Lexicography (2001) by Reinhard R.K. Hartmann and Gregory James and Wörterbuch zur Lexikographie und Wörterbuch­forschung/Dictionary of Lexicography and Dictionary Research (2010–2020) by Herbert Ernst Wiegand et al., treat parts of speech. It is examined whether the entries contain only grammatical or also lexi­cog­raphy-related information. Then, the interconnectedness of the articles on parts of speech and other lexicographic content is scrutinised. Subsequently, entries with lexicography-related infor­mation are examined qualitatively. The article concludes with some general remarks on the description of lexicography-external terms in dictionaries of lexicography. The author postulates that both the part-of-speech articles and all other entries on terms from outside lexicography, e.g. from the field of linguistics, contain lexicographic information. It is not the function of these articles to replace analogous articles from specialised dictionaries on the disciplines concerned, and to offer the same content. In dictionaries on lexicography, lexicography should always be the focus and shape the descriptive perspective. Keywords: lexicography, linguistics, linguistic terminology, lexi­co­graphical terminology, grammar, part of speech, specialised dic­tionary, dictionary of lexicography, dictionary evaluation

Linguistic terminology in lexicography: the experience of the gizaurus description

The review of S. V. Lesnikov’s “The Metalanguage of Linguistics” (2021) seems relevant due to the demand for such a genre of lexicographic representation of linguistic terminology today. The genre of the hysaurus itself in contemporary reference literature is distinguished by scientific novelty, therefore, the review pays special attention to the characteristics of the formal and substantive features of the hysaurus. Lesnikov’s work, created specifically to be used digitally, contains the following features of a dictionary: hypertext, expanded dictionary descriptions, multimedia, interactivity, and updatability. All the while, a significant achievement of S. V. Lesnikov’s work is the preparation of a printed version, which serves as an additional format for a digital ideographic dictionary on linguistic terminology, which involves the analysis and refinement of lexicographic information in an interactive format. The review notes other advantages of this type of lexicographical work. The reaction of the hysaurus to the expansionism and interdisciplinarity of modern linguistics is manifested in the coverage of three groups of terms: 1) special terms used only in linguistics; 2) terms of related branches of knowledge denoting the concepts necessary for a given subject area; 3) general scientific terms that exist in any branch of knowledge. The infographics used in the hysaurus is methodologically effective as it shows the reader the results of the lexicographical research. The depth of S. V. Lesnikov’s systematization of the terminological system of the metalanguage of linguistics shows the current development of linguistics as a science of the language. This review contains several remarks that are inevitable for this kind of research. Namely, the reviewer notes the problem of the principle of selection of vocabulary in the dictionary, the violation of the system in the presentation of material, the discrepancy between the electronic and paper versions of the hyasaurus on the example of narrative.

As conjunções integrantes em dicionários escolares para o Ensino Médio

Os dicionários são obras que descrevem o léxico em suas mais variadas formas. Por isso, assim como a Gramática, um de seus papéis é a apresentação de informações sobre as palavras gramaticais, cujo sentido está diretamente relacionado a sua função sintática. Esse é o caso das conjunções, elementos gramaticais geralmente usados na conexão de outros elementos e fundamentais para a coesão textual. Partindo desse contexto, este artigo tem como objetivo descrever as informações lexicográficas presentes nos verbetes das conjunções integrantes que e se dos dicionários escolares tipo 4 presentes no PNLD-2012. Para compreender o conceito de conjunção, discutimos as ideias de pesquisadores como Cunha e Cintra (2017), Bechara (2009) e Bagno (2012), além dos trabalhos de Pontes (2009) e Brasil (2012), para entender como se organizam os dicionários escolares. Essa pesquisa tem orientação qualitativa e se propõe a ser descritiva em sua análise de dados. Nossos resultados apontam que a maioria dos verbetes analisados apresenta orientação gramatical nas informações lexicográficas sobre as conjunções integrantes, abordando sua função sintática, como ocorre comumente nas gramáticas. Podemos perceber, ainda, que a abordagem gramatical dada às conjunções pelas obras analisadas é de orientação normativa, pautada em regras e nomenclaturas, o que dificulta a compreensão dos verbetes para leitores que não conhecem as normas da sintaxe, especialmente as relacionadas à construção dos períodos compostos.

La expresión «para nada» y su evolución en el español oral. La información del uso en los diccionarios

Este trabajo analiza la evolución del uso de para nada desde su aparición con valor final hasta el momento actual en el que aumenta el uso como actitud de rechazo. Además de los tres diccionarios que sirven como punto de partida, el análisis se realiza sobre 388 casos correspondientes a tres períodos (1975-1985, 1992-2002 y 2006-2016) del Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual y del Corpus del Español del siglo XXI. En los diccionarios analizados se han revisado las marcas de uso, cuya información gramatical y lexicográfica nos parece insuficiente. El uso adecuado o no de para nada como rechazo absoluto depende, en buena medida, de factores pragmáticos que informan sobre el contexto, el nivel de lengua y la interacción entre los participantes. This paper analyses the evolution of the use of the expression para nada ever since its appearance to convey purpose, up to the present time, to convey an attitude of rejection. Besides the three dictionaries, which served as the starting point for the research, the analysis covers 388 cases over three time periods (1975-1985, 1992-2002, and 2006-2016) taken from the Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual (Current Spanish Reference Corpus) and theCorpus del Español del siglo XXI (21st Century Spanish Corpus). The analysis of the usage labels in the dictionaries revealed insufficient grammatical and lexicographical information. The proper or improper use of para nada as total rejection largely depends on pragmatic factors that inform about the context, language level and interaction between the participants.

“From head to toe”

In recent times, interest in the study of phraseology in general and specialized lexicographic resources has increased (Castillo Carballo 2006, Aguado de Cea 2007, Mellado 2008, Buendía Castro & Faber 2015). However, to date, a lack of knowledge related to the characterization and indexation of phraseological units (PUs) in lexicographic resources remains. That issue is addressed here through an analysis of phraseological units in the entries of two phraseological dictionaries, one in Spanish, and one in English: the Diccionario fraseológico documentado del español actual (Seco, Andrés & Ramos 2004) and the Collins COBUILD Dictionary of Idioms (Sinclair & Moon 1997). To perform this analysis, two databases containing 21,045 entries extracted from the two dictionaries mentioned above were compiled. The databases were tagged syntactically and semantically in order to extract 816 morphosyntactic patterns, 2,655 combinations of semantic categories (Semantic patterns) and a series of lexical and lexicographic information about indexation of PUs in dictionaries.

De mujeres y hombres: el androcentrismo en lo ambiguo

The goal of this paper is to present an analysis on two Spanish words, both characterized for being ambiguous and very commonly used: hombre and mujer. This study takes as its starting point the relation between society and language and, specifically, the relation between patriarchal society and Spanish language. On this basis, the analysis of hombre/mujer is carried out, paying special attention to the component of ambiguity present in these nouns. Interpretation from native Spanish speakers and lexicographical information are provided. All this data shows that (i) this pair of nouns forms an asymmetric pair in terms of their meaning and (ii) their ambiguity gives a lot of information about the prevailing androcentrism in our society.

ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИОННАЯ СФЕРА АВТОРСКОГО СЛОВАРЯ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ КНИГИ СТИХОТВОРЕНИЙ О. Э. МАНДЕЛЬШТАМА «КАМЕНЬ»)

The scope of research in the article includes author’s vocabulary, or the vocabulary of the language of O. E. Mandelstam (based on the book of poems “Stone”). The research object is an author’s vocabulary entry as a system that has a structure and its own units. The basic research method is the method of poetic ideography as a kind of literary ideography and a type of general ideography in lexicographical perspective. The units under study are heterogeneous and diverse: these are units of a quantum and metafunctional nature. The former include units of prosody, lexical and conceptual units; the latter comprise units of a poetological and prosodic nature, as well as conceptual formations. The study reveals and characterizes typological features of the author’s vocabulary (of the language of O. Mandelstam), and introduces new features: poetological, prosodic, and interpretative. In general, the investigation is carried out within the framework of lexicography, ideography, textual studies, text linguistics, text hermeneutics, and text decoding (interpretation). The article establishes the operational order of description of poem units (the arrangement of the material in the author’s vocabulary is text-related), which corresponds to the set of systemic areas of the poetic text analyzed in the vocabulary entry: textual, poetological, prosodic, lexico-semantic, denotative, ideographic, and interpretative (based on the analysis of the system of functional-semantic field of vocabulary in a particular poem as the title unit of a vocabulary entry) spheres. The results of poetic-ideographical analysis correlate with the specific features of the poetic worldview of O. Mandelstam. The study suggests, illustrates, and analyzes a model and structure of a vocabulary entry of O. Mandelstam’s language. The degree of subjectivity/objectivity of the content of the interpretation sphere of a vocabulary entry is also determined. Furthermore, the authors conceptualize the nature, character, and structure of the interpretative sphere of a vocabulary entry. They analyze O. Mandelstam’s poem “Silentium”. The vocabulary entry contains eight structural elements. The logic of description and analysis of the units of the poetic text (by stanzas) is as follows: the title unit of the vocabulary entry – the poem → poetological information → prosodic information → semantic-denotative-ideographic information → interpretative sphere of the vocabulary entry. Interpretation of textual, general lexicographic, and ideographic information is performed with reference to the identification and analysis of paradigmatic (causative) series of conceptual formations implemented in the text word by word, line by line, and stanza by stanza (the units of interpretative analysis – vocabulary, phrase, utterance, complex syntactic construction and complex syntactic unity). Interpretation of conceptual formations is carried out taking into account the polysemy of the vocabulary. The interpretative sphere is the result of functioning of such a feature of the text as interpretability, or poliinterpretability, and also an outcome or generalized conclusion of the poetic and lexicographic study of O. Mandelstam’s poems.

Wyraz "gildia" w dawnej i współczesnej polszczyźnie

The paper is dedicated to a close analysis of the semantic development of the lexeme "gildia". The author considered etymological data, lexicographic information (from historical and contemporary general dictionaries), as well as textual data (from the corpus and the Internet). From the etymological perspective, the lexeme "gildia" is derived from the same source as "giełda", but the words were dissimilated and functioned as separate units. Lexicographic data indicate that the word "giełda" is used in general Polish in a few meanings, while the word "gildia" – as ‘merchants’ association’ and ‘merchants’ class’ and is contemporarily regarded as a historicism, however, it is still present in new contexts. It is used as a component of proper names from the field of social chrematonymy (in names of associations) and marketing chrematonymy (in names of companies). Moreover, the lexeme "gildia" acquires a new additional meaning in specialist vocabulary of computer players. The development of the word discussed is an example of broader trends which are visible in the lexis of contemporary Polish.

The classification (typology) problems of lexicographical information resources

The lexicographical information resources are being studied by many scientific disciplines: the library science, bibliography, bibliology, lexicography, etc. The author examines the polar-opposite opinions regarding the terms “typo­logy” and “classification”, i. e. their synonymity or absolute demarcation. As a result of scholarly discussions, the terms “bibliotypology” and “typological classification”, “typology of classification”, “typology of typologies”, etc., emerged. The major problems of classification/typology of lexicographical information resources are analyzed. These problems hinder the reference and bibliographic user services. The problems embrace comprehension of modern lexicographical processes, diversity of classifications/typologies, dictionary boom, rise in the number of dictionaries, their types and genres, typological and aspectual synonymity of dictionaries, etc. The solutions for these types of information resources are suggested (integrated studies by lexicographers, linguists, information and library scientists; identification of major groups of characteristics to be used in classification/typology of lexicographical information resources, etc.). The author’s alphabet explanatory synonymic glossary “The vectors of modern national lexicography” [in Russian] and the alphabet union synonymic bibliography “The modern dictionaries of the Russian language” comprise the terms essential for reference and bibliographic services when executing queries of lexicographical and socio-humanitarian character.