Lexical Study Research Articles

The Ethics of the Enactment and Reception of Cruciform Love: A Comparative Lexical, Conceptual, Exegetical, and Theological Study of Colossians 3:1–17

The Ethics of the Enactment and Reception of Cruciform Love: A Comparative Lexical, Conceptual, Exegetical, and Theological Study of Colossians 3:1–17

A Debate Concerning the Biblical Mode of Baptism

"Baptism inaugurates a life that daily moves forward to a battle, confident that in each sorrow, there is a more vigorous expression of the presence of the risen Christ. Baptism warns the Christian that if he shares the same life, he must face the same struggle of life unto death so that life is eternally victorious. Recent events in the Romanian Orthodox Church regarding the baptism of infants by immersion have ignited a civil debate and much criticism. The issue of baptism and for that matter, the baptism itself is very important. For the believers especially this is important. However, no matter how important this is, one has to agree that it should never ever lead to division and hate. Unfortunately, it looks like nothing among believers can lead to disagreement more than such discussions about the role of baptism, the meaning of it, and of course, the methods used to perform the baptism. On the other hand, there should be an agreement that ignoring the problems raised by this issue will not solve it at all, but instead creating even more problems and further the gap among many Christians, ultimately. The fact that there is a possibility to discuss this important doctrine as part of a dialog among many denominations, among many religions it will prove the level of one’s maturity to “agree to disagree” with the main goal of learning always and know what to stand for and what is worth fighting for. When it comes to major doctrines special attention should be given to the text, making sure that there is a proper, correct, throughout exegesis as well as a very good lexical and syntactical study. The purpose of this research is to dig deep into the Bible and more specifically exegete the text found in The Gospel of Matthew chapter 3, from verses 13 to 17, then view its theological lessons followed by practical applications."

OLD BELARUSIAN BUSINESS WRITING VOCABULARY FROM THE MIDDLE 16th TO 18th CENTURIES: WAYS OF REPLENISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

The article summarizes the results of the lexical studies of the Belarusian business monuments from the middle 16th to 18th centuries. The studies found the following results: 1) lexical units noted in business monuments of different genres can be divided into eight large thematic groups (legal, social and political, clerical, economic, household, professional and industrial, natural science vocabularies, and vocabulary that characterizes a person physically, mentally, and intellectually); religious, military, medical vocabularies, and lexical units from other spheres are represented to a lesser extent; polyfunctional vocabulary is highlighted separately; 2) taking into account the materials of the “Histaryčny sloŭnik bielaruskaj movy” (“Historical Dictionary of the Belarusian Language”), some innovations are determined, namely a) lexical units that were fixed in business writing during the specified period for the first time, b) previously known lexical units that implemented new meaning / new meanings in business writing during the specified period; 3) the dominance of certain thematic groups or their subgroups in each specific monument depends on its genre; 4) by style, one can distinguish lexemes, which were fixed in monuments of a) business content, b) business and secular-artistic content, c) business and religious content, d) business, religious and secular-artistic content during the period from the middle 16th to 18th centuries; 5) the extremely wide representation of Latinisms, the penetration and consolidation of which was influenced by extra- and intralinguistic factors, is a characteristic feature of the business writing vocabulary of the specified period. The results of the research will be important for the preparation and creation of scientific and theoretical works devoted to the evolution of the lexical system of the Belarusian language in general and its stylistic and genre varieties, in particular, to the characteristics of the vocabulary features of different Old Belarusian monuments; when compiling special lexicographic reference books, for example, a consolidated dictionary of business texts of a specific chronological section / local fixation / specific genre, etc.

GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE AND ITS EFFECT ON CHANGING THE LEXICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The renewal in the lexical study depends on looking at the expressions and connotations it contains that are influenced by the context of what they are mentioned in as much as it relates to linguistic matters, such as changing the morphological form, or the multiplicity of the form of the source of the verb, or the construction of active voice and passive voice, or the infringement and imperative as well as the type of preposition infringement To come up with multiple connotations that correspond to those changes that are directly related to the context and what we can call (the semantic attribution) that is different from the grammatical attribution. In it, the connotation changes by changing the type of the subject or the predicate from masculine to feminine, and from singular to dual or plural, and from rational to non-rational, and from material to semantic or abstract to concrete and the like. According to all the above, it is not correct to separate the linguistic levels in any integrated linguistic study.

Conceptual silencing as a rhetorical tool. A cognitive lexical semantics study of the lexical item Europe

Taking a cognitive lexical semantics perspective, the article introduces the concept of conceptual silencing as a rhetorical tool. Understood as a process of conceptual dissolution of meaning to offer a more coarse-grained sense of an expression, conceptual silencing is demonstrated to have a potential rhetorical value in that it allows for more opaque reproduction of ideology. From a cognitive linguistic standpoint, the process of conceptual silencing hinges upon a polysemous nature of a lexical item and boils down to triggering a given sense of a given lexical item in a given context. To illustrate the workings of conceptual silencing, the article reports on a case study of the lexical item Europe in the Guardian press discourse. It is demonstrated that the ultimate effect of conceptual silencing is silencing the ‘European Union’ senses under the guise of the lexical item Europe.

The Use of Semantic Lexical Relation in Rowling’s “Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows”

Semantics is the study of words’ meaning. One of the branches of semantics is a lexical relation study. It refers to the relationship between the meaning of words. The focus of this article is the explanation of the use of three types of lexical relations: synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy in the Rowling’s novel “Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows”. The study aims to explain the use of the elements or the three types of semantics lexical relation appeared in that novel.This study employed qualitative research in the form of content analysis which deeply investigates the meanings in the novel. The units of analysis are words that appeared in the novel, taken from the whole chapters of the novel. Therefore, the object is semantics lexical relations comprising three types of lexical relations: synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.The findings show that each type of lexical relation is interconnected with one another. The most dominant type that is used by the author of the novel is antonymy. There were 148 out of 319 items, followed by synonymy with 97 finding items and then hyponymy with 26 finding items.This current study hopefully can enhance the teacher or lecturers and the students English Language Education to involve the semantics lexical relation. Moreover, the findings and discussions can be applied in English Language Education Study Program, specifically in the semantics subject. The implications of lexical relation could be found not only in an English textbook but also in literature work such as novel, poetry, poem, even in play or drama, which is the subject that is required to learn by every single student.

The verbs of Concealment and Coverage in Aribite languages a lexical study

The verbs of Concealment and Coverage in Aribite languages a lexical study

Matthew Mcaffee, Life and Mortality in Ugaritic: A Lexical and Literary Study

<scp>Matthew Mcaffee</scp>, <i>Life and Mortality in Ugaritic: A Lexical and Literary Study</i>

LIETUVIŲ KALBOS ZOONIMAI: KARVĖS, JAUČIO, VERŠIO PAVADINIMAI IR JŲ MOTYVACIJA

Methodological practice is based on complex linguistic research when semasiological and onomasiological aspects are combined. The article analyses the Lithuanian words for cow, bull and calf, in order to determine what conceptual features of animals semasiological and onomasiological lexical studies help to highlight. The main source of empirical material is the dictionary of the Lithuanian language. The analysis of complex semasiological and onomasiological lexemes shows that the language system identifies various conceptual features of cow, bull and calf. At the top of the animal hierarchy is the cow. The categorisation that emerges from the language system reflects the anthropocentric evaluation of the animals discussed.

Dicionários de Línguas Indígenas e Lexicografia Pedagógica

Demonstramos o desenvolvimento de políticas linguísticas que possibilitam ações de educação indígena a partir das línguas nativas. Refletimos sobre estudos do léxico de línguas minoritárias, como as línguas indígenas brasileiras, a relevância de pesquisas de léxico de especialidade, que contribui para obras terminográficas e lexicográficas. Levando em conta a proposta da Terminologia Etnográfica (FARGETTI, 2019), é abordado o campo da culinária entre os juruna do Território Indígena do Xingu, Mato Grosso, e como seu tratamento em vocabulário terminológico pode contribuir para a educação bilíngue intercultural e para o registro de parte importante de uma cultura tupi brasileira. Para isso, uma metodologia específica de trabalho de campo é necessária, com um diálogo entre ciências: a do pesquisador linguista e a do especialista indígena em uma área do saber. Assim, é apresentada uma discussão de verbete em juruna, com suas subentradas, elaborado por Mondini (2014), em comparação com verbete de obra lexicográfica sobre outra língua indígena brasileira, kaingang, o que permite uma contribuição aos Estudos do Léxico e sua utilização no ensino.

Verb processing in children with developmental language disorder

Speed, accuracy, and type of errors during word processing in children with developmental language disorder (DLD) have often been in the focus of various lexical studies. Results of these studies are uniform: children with DLD show slow and less accurate processing. Less is known about the speed and accuracy of verb processing. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore whether there are differences in the speed and accuracy of verb processing between children with DLD and their typical developing chronological peers (TDC) and younger, language age-matched peers (TDC-y), with special attention to the type of errors produced. The participants in this pilot study were 30 children between the ages of 7;11 and 11 years. Average age of children with DLD was 10;2; TDC children 9;9; and TDC-y children were 8,1. Research procedure included stimulus word presented in auditory form, and children’s task was to choose which one of the three presented pictures on computer screen represent the verb they just heard. Results showed no statistically significant differences regarding speed and accuracy between groups of participants. The difference in proportion of errors in picture selection task did not reach statistical significance when it comes to phonological mistakes, nor when it comes to semantic errors. However, the proportion of phonological errors had a tendency of highest scores in group of children with DLD, while proportion of semantic errors was highest in TDC-y. According to findings from this study, it seems important to emphasize the importance of phonological exercises parallel with exercises focused on vocabulary span in work with children with DLD. Number of exposures to the new word in children with DLD can play a significant role in speed of processing but it can also lead to overlearning affecting research outcomes. Children with DLD who participated in this study had been enrolled in speech and language therapy for several years. Future studies should, among other, also control this variable.

The Lexicon of Profit and Commerce in Ovid's Ars Amatoria and Other Works

This paper studies the vocabulary of advantage, exchange, and loss in Ovid's Ars Amatoria, which stands apart from the rest of the Ovidian corpus (and from the rest of Roman erotic elegy) in its special, systematic handling of these words. Philological analysis of utor and related terms shows that the praeceptor amoris of Ars, importing language of commerce and profit into his teaching, contradicts his supposed intent of creating durable romantic relationships. To establish the unique treatment of this lexicon in Ars Amatoria, I analyze the employment of these terms across the genre of Latin elegy and across the remainder of Ovid's poetic output. Through systematic usage of terms such as usus and damnum, profit and loss, Ars Amatoria strips the elegiac relationship down to its material, commercial basis: the praeceptor amoris is teaching not the art of love, but the business of getting free sex from sex-laborers. The lexicon becomes a means of destabilizing the speaker's surface-level occupation with enduring romantic liaisons—of demystifying the elegiac relation and demonstrating that it is, at heart, an exchange of money for sex. The poet highlights the commercial exchange between meretrix and amator, ultimately giving the lie to the traditional emotional/affective façade of elegiac relationships. This lexical study additionally offers new insights into a number of Ars-like moments in Ovid's poetry after Ars.

Substitution in Some Quranic Texts with Reference to their Realizations in English. A Syntactic and Lexical Study

The study deals with the relation of substitution, which is one of the constructional linguistic ties that contribute in textual cohesion by forming a textual net which helps interpreting and understanding the text. Substitution works at grammatical and lexical levels to achieve textual cohesion. Understanding the substituted items is achieved by returning to the previous ones. The problem is represented in finding substitutional expressions in the Qur'an texts and identifying their types as it is not an easy task for those who are not specialized with Arabic and Qur'anic studies as well as revealing to which extent they can achieve textual cohesion inside surah to avoid redundancy which resulted from repetition. This study aims at finding the role of substitution in the Qur'anic textual tying and achieving textual unity in order to enable readers to read the Glorious Qur'an and to facilitate its understanding for native and non-native speakers or readers and finding out the Qur'anic miracles, styles and systems through cohesive devices as well as knowing the way of textual building and cohesion. The study depends on two hypotheses which are: 1- substitution is a prominent device in cohesion which works at the grammatical and lexical levels and 2- the Glorious Qur'an has a variety of these devices which plays a vital role in tying texts in their surah grammatically and lexically to facilitate understanding without repetition. The adopted model in the study is Halliday and Hassan (1976) who suggest the types of substitution. The study depends on descriptive and analytical methodology which describes the ties of text that lead to consistency and cohesion.

The supernaturality in modern versions of Beowulf: a lexical study

The supernaturality in modern versions of Beowulf: a lexical study

영어 형용사 ‘hard’와 한국어 대응표현 ‘단단하다’에 대한 어휘유형론적 연구

영어 형용사 ‘hard’와 한국어 대응표현 ‘단단하다’에 대한 어휘유형론적 연구

Supplemental Material for ǂŪsigu: A Mixed-Method Lexical Study of Character Description in Khoekhoegowab

Supplemental Material for ǂŪsigu: A Mixed-Method Lexical Study of Character Description in Khoekhoegowab

Vocabulary and the Upper-division Language Curriculum: The Case of Non-native and Heritage Spanish Majors

L2 lexical studies have established that learners need to acquire knowledge of the first 3,000 most frequent words in order to enjoy 95% coverage of the vocabulary used in spontaneous speech (Nation 2006). However, there has been little data available that reveal how many of these most frequent words can be recognized by university language majors, with Robles-García´s (2020a, 2020b) recent study being a welcome exception. The present inquiry into L2 vocabulary gains employed the same word-recognition test developed by Robles-García (2020a) in order to characterize the vocabulary size enjoyed by upper-division Spanish majors, both non-native and bilingual native (i.e., heritage) speakers, enrolled in a California public university. The results show that non-native Spanish majors in their third and fourth year of the major are still struggling to learn the first 3,000 most frequent Spanish words. In contrast, the heritage students demonstrated strong word recognition of almost all of the words in this basic inventory. The curricular implications of these results are discussed with respect to both non-native and bilingual native Spanish majors and an argument is made for continued explicit vocabulary instruction throughout the upper-division program.

Personality structure in east and west Africa: Lexical studies of personality in Maa and Supyire-Senufo.

The field of psychology relies heavily on evidence from North America and Northern Europe. Universally applicable models require input from around the globe. Indigenous lexical studies of personality, which define the most salient person-descriptive concepts and their structure in a population, provide this. Such results are reported from two nonindustrialized communities, representing 2 of the 3 main language families of Africa, in groups with differing cultural characteristics. Maasai participants, traditionally herders in rural Kenya and Tanzania, have a highly structured, traditional culture. Supyire-Senufo participants are traditional horticulturalists in Mali. The 203 most common person-descriptive terms in Maasai were administered to 166 participants, who described 320 persons (166 highly regarded, 154 less so). The optimal emic solution included 5 factors: virtue/moral-character, debilitation/vulnerability, boldness/surgency, hubris/pride, and timidity. In the Maasai context, descriptions of well-regarded individuals were exceptionally uniform, suggesting the role of personality language in norm socialization in tight, traditional cultures. In Supyire, 115 participants used 208 person-descriptive terms to describe 227 targets (half highly regarded). The optimal emic solution included 10 factors: social self-regulation, well-being, vitality/resilience, broadmindedness, diligence versus laziness, madness, stubbornness versus attractiveness, acceptance versus discontent, hurry/worry, and peacefulness. The best convergence between the languages was at the 3-factor level, where factors relate to moral character, low agreeableness coupled with high extraversion, and emotional stability. Beginning with the 4-factor level, content related to local cultural characteristics became apparent. In both languages, 2-factor solutions matched the Big Two, but 3-, 5-, and 6-factor solutions failed to overlap with etic Pan-Cultural Three, Big Five, or Big Six models. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Rations: Flour, sugar, tea and tobacco in Australian languages

ABSTRACT This paper is a lexical study of rations – flour, sugar, tea and tobacco – in Australian languages. The distribution of food played an important role in relations between Aboriginal people and colonizers: this study complements existing historical and ethnographic work on the topic by investigating the lexicon of rations in a set of 197 languages across Australia. We discern a number of patterns. There are relatively few extensions of terms for traditional equivalents in the case of ‘flour’, ‘sugar’ and ‘tea’, for a number of reasons, while ‘tobacco’ shows more such extensions. Extensions based on other terms highlight semantic features like texture for flour and sugar, shape of the main ingredient for tea, and smoking as the new mode of consumption for tobacco. Other minor patterns highlight colour, processing and flavour. There is also some areal patterning in the data, some related to borrowing, from Austronesian languages as well as internally, and others based on semantic structure.

The Main Dimensions of Sport Personality Traits: A Lexical Approach.

To uncover the main dimensions of sport personality traits, a lexical study was conducted. In the first two phases, 321 adjectives denoting the way somebody practices sports were selected. In the third phase, 555 respondents self-rated the adjectives. Congruence analyses provided evidence of six factors, five of which are sport personality trait factors (friendly fairness, resilience, drive, perfectionism, and inventiveness) plus one physical individual difference factor (agility). Marker scales from the sport personality trait factors show convergent correlations with the generic HEXACO personality obtained years earlier. Furthermore, meaningful relations with the six most frequently practiced sport and leisure activities were observed. Contextualized sport personality trait factors can be useful in research on sport preferences, sport behaviors, and sport outcomes.