Lexical Semantic Analysis Research Articles

ЛЕКСИКО-СЕМАНТИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СЛІВ ІЗ СЕРЕДНІМ СТУПЕНЕМ ПОЛІСЕМІЇ НА ПОЗНАЧЕННЯ КОНФЛІКТНИХ ДІЙ В УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВІ

The purpose of the present article is to conduct the all-round study of the verbs with middle degree of polysemy denoting conflict actions in modern Ukrainian, taking into account their both lexico-semantic and system-structural characteristics. With the help of linguistic methods of research and the formalized analysis of lexical semantics, both common and distinctive features of lexemes in comparative aspect as well as their position and role in the semantic space of modern Ukrainian have been determined. Lexico-semantic study of the language units denoting conflict actions in modern Ukrainian made it possible to reveal them as a certain means of individual’s everyday activities and lives and to establish different ways of their expression both verbally and non-verbally. Conflict actions in Ukrainian are explained by 96 verbs with the middle degree of polysemy possessing 9–2 lexical meanings. The present article deals with the words in question with the middle degree of polysemy comprise 10 verbs characterized by 9–8 meanings. In the process of our lexico-semantic analysis, we have found common (to argue; to quarrel; to protest against someone or something; to resist against something; to urge; to instigate someone against somebody; to make war; to conquer; to overcome smth.; to compete for something) and distinctive (to show dissatisfaction violently; to disagree; to rage; to object to do something; try to repress or to conceal some feelings, desires; to clash with smb. or smth; to worry, to embarrass, to torment) features of the language units in question. Furthermore, their semantics expresses three stages of conflict actions: 1) the cause of conflict actions – to provoke; to incite; to bring someone against someone; to cause a hostile attitude to someone or something; to instigate; 2) the active stage of the process – to wrangle; to fight with, for or against someone/something; to struggle with, against smb. or smth.; to contend; 3) its result and consequences – to win in a dispute; to surpass smb.; to conquer the opponent; to force the enemy to retreat to a certain ambit, obstacles.

An Intelligent Data Analysis for Recommendation Systems Using Machine Learning

In recent times, selection of a suitable hotel location and reservation of accommodation have become a critical issue for the travelers. The online hotel search has been increased at a very fast pace and became very time-consuming due to the presence of huge amount of online information. Recommender systems (RSs) are getting importance due to their significance in making decisions and providing detailed information about the required product or a service. To acquire the hotel recommendations while dealing with textual hotel reviews, numerical ranks, votes, ratings, and number of video views have become difficult. To generate true recommendations, we have proposed an intelligent approach which also deals with large-sized heterogeneous data to fulfill the needs of the potential customers. The collaborative filtering (CF) approach is one of the most popular techniques of the RS to generate recommendations. We have proposed a novel CF recommendation approach in which opinion-based sentiment analysis is used to achieve hotel feature matrix by polarity identification. Our approach combines lexical analysis, syntax analysis, and semantic analysis to understand sentiment towards hotel features and the profiling of guest type (solo, family, couple etc). The proposed system recommends hotels based on the hotel features and guest type for personalized recommendation. The developed system not only has the ability to handle heterogeneous data using big data Hadoop platform but it also recommends hotel class based on guest type using fuzzy rules. Different experiments are performed over the real-world datasets obtained from two hotel websites. Moreover, the values of precision and recall and F-measure have been calculated, and the results are discussed in terms of improved accuracy and response time, significantly better than the traditional approaches.

THE NAMES OF SMALL ARCHITECTURAL FORMS IN BOYKOʼS DIALECTS

The article deals with the functioning of small architectural forms names as a vocabulary segment of the traditional rural construction of the boyko’s dialects. Modernization of social life, changes in the spiritual and material culture are the determinative extralinguistic factors, the consequence of which is the change of the realities of construction and the loss of their names in the minds of the speakers. Therefore, the study of constructional vocabulary helps to fix the building traditions and naming of construction realities, which are gradually lost by the people. The objective of our investigation is to carry out a lexical-semantic analysis of small architectural forms names as a segment of the thematic vocabulary group of traditional construction in boyko’s dialects. The objective is to solve such problems: to study the names etymology and the motivation, to identify lexical parallels in other Ukrainian language dialects, to establish the most common methods of nomination. The object of the study is a lexical-semantic subgroup of names of small architectural forms in boyko’s dialects. The subject of the study is semantics and etymology of the names of small architectural forms. In the study is used descriptive, comparative methods and method of etymological analysis. To small architectural forms in the boyko’s dialects we refer povitka dlya drov (a fireplace for the firewood), povitka dlya sina (a hay fortune on the four pillars), wells, fences. To denote the fireplace, we fix the names of ǀshopa, |sh'ipka, |sh'ipka na drova, dryǀv'itn'a, dreǀvutn'a, droǀv'itna, drovoǀrubn'a, droǀvarn'a. Hayshed in the four pillars, corn and others speakers nominate stoǀdola, oboǀrih and variants. To denote a deep pit, protected by tsyamrynas, in order to extract water from aquifers of earth in the investigated dialects, leksems k'irǀnits'a and its variants, kololǀd'az', s|tudn'a and its variants function. To denote the fence, we fix the names of pl'it, pletar and variants, pleǀtenyk, parǀkan, tyn, and ǀl'isa. Ethnographic works fix the complex names, indicating the material of the pl'it, kladenyi veryn'om, pl'it z drapachky, pl'it z rapachky, pl'it z zubacha. Also, we distinguish the lexical-semantic microgroups of names of constructive parts of small architectural forms. An analysis of small architectural forms names in boyko’s dialects has made it possible to find that a significant part of the names demonstrate formal variability. The most productive ways of creating the small architectural forms names are affixation, semantic derivation, analytical nomination and borrowing from other languages. Most of the recorded names are widespread in other dialects of the Ukrainian language, and also function in the literary language. The question of the systematic description of the constructional vocabulary of the boyko’s dialects as a segment of the lexical composition of the speech needs further careful examination.

COMMON AND VARIOUS IN THE WORD-ORDER OF CHINESE AND RUSSIAN SENTENCES

The purpose of this article is to identify some essential coincidences and differences in word order in the Russian and Chinese simple sentences and determine how to use the established features in the study of these languages. The object of this research are simple sentence models in Russian and Chinese. The subject of the study is the structural, semantic and functional differences of the vocabulary in Russian and Chinese utterances. The methods of functional syntactic and lexical-semantic analysis, comparative and descriptive methods are used. As a result of the study, it was found that the Russian sentence of three words: subject, predicate and object, has all six possible variants of the word order, while its Chinese equivalent has only three variants. At the same time, in both Russian and Chinese, the main, namely expressively neutral model is “subject — predicate — object». The conclusions are that the change of words order in utterance is closely related to phrasal stress and actual division. Every change in direct words order usually indicates a change in the shades of meaning and the subtext of what is expressed, if the subject and object are unchanged in essence.

Explicating verbs for “laughing with other people” in French and English (and why it matters for humour studies)

AbstractThis study undertakes a contrastive lexical-semantic analysis of a set of related verbs in English and French (Englishto jokeandto kid, Frenchrigolerandplaisanter), using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach to semantic analysis. We show that the semantic and conceptual differences between French and English are greater than commonly assumed. These differences, we argue, have significant implications for humor studies: first, they shed light on different cultural orientations towards “laughter talk” in Anglo and French linguacultures; second; they highlight the danger of conceptual Anglocentrism in relying on English-specific words as a theoretical vocabulary for humor studies.

Dispositions and the verbal description of their manifestations: a case study on Emission Verbs

The present paper argues that when thematic roles are restricted to judgments about causal properties of events, it falls short of accounting for cases where thematic roles reflect judgments about dispositional properties of objects. I develop my argument with a case study on a class of verbs that have been called ‘Emission Verbs’ and which are difficult to bring in line with the unaccusativity hypothesis put forward by Perlmutter. Reviewing two diametrically opposed accounts of Emission Verbs in the literature, I show that the thematic-semantic relation between the events described by Emission Verbs and their single arguments cannot be characterized unambiguously in terms of causal properties of events but pertains to dispositional properties residing in the emitter argument. The paper develops a lexical-semantic analysis of Emission Verbs according to which the event described by an Emission Verb is the manifestation of the dispositional property of the emitter argument when appropriate external circumstances obtain. The paper concludes by outlining how the proposed dispositional analysis of Emission Verbs may inform the analysis of the causative alternation.

REVEALING MOTIVES AND LANGUAGE BEHAVIOR IN A SUICIDE NOTE

Suicide note, one of noteworthy evidences in forensic linguistics, may inform the suicidal behavior of the notewriter, such as the emotional aspects, messages, expectations, motives, and its genuinity. In this article, words, phrases, and sentences employed in a suicide note left by a married young lady were analyzed using lexical semantics, pragmatic semantics, and relevance theory to uncover messages and underlying motives. The procedures began with tabulating and categorizing the words based on their part of speech to see their prominent linguistic features and conducting twofold analysis, namely lexical semantic analysis to find notewriter’s messages and pragmatic semantic analysis and relevance theory to find the underlying motive. The results of lexical semantic analysis showed that the notewriter left a couple of messages like apologies and requests but in an assertive mode to be carried out by the abandoned parties, while the results of pragmatic semantics analysis and relevance theory showed that the motive of the suicide was feeling of failure in carrying out her role as a housewife. Patriarchal culture that puts women in charge of serving the family is also presumably to take part in encouraging the suicide.

Semantic Analysis On The Use Of Hijab And Jilbab Based On Qur’an Perspective

The article explorer the difference of the word hijab and veil in the Qur'an verses through semantic analysis. The use of the word hijab for veil clothing is popular and both words are sometimes interpreted in the same meaning without defining the slightest difference with connotation on clothing. Moreover, through a qualitative descriptive analysis process with a lexical-semantic analysis method that used an interpretation variety technique through maudhui method with a research object in al-Qur’an verses which related to the use of the word hijab and veil, it revealed that the two words hijab and veil have a different meaning. The results revealed that the word hijab shows the meaning of covering, boundary or wall, as an intermediary which limited between men and women or between objects with another object, which aimed to prevent adversity (assimilation) with the opposite sex, and the use of the word hijab has been mentioned in the Qur'an eight times scattered in eight surah, and there is no definite editorial found that the meaning of clothes attached to a woman's body. While the use of the veil word is mentioned twice and found in two surahs, which indicated the meaning of clothing that covers the entire body of a woman, even though some people argued except covering the face and palms. Thus, this article is important because it discussed the different meanings of the use of both words in al-Qur'an through Semantic analysis, and it contributed to provide the real meaning and straighten the misunderstanding about those words both terms and understanding the related verses. Artikel ini membahas perbedaan penggunaan kata hijab dan jilbab dalam ayat-ayat al-Qur’an dengan analisis semantik . Penggunaan kata hijab untuk pakaian jilbab menjadi populer dan kedua kata tersebut terkadang diartikan sama tanpa memiliki perbedaan sedikitpun dengan berkonotasi pada pakaian. Namun setelah melalui proses analisis secara deskriptif kualitatif dengan metode analisis semantik leksikal yang menggunakan pendekatan berbagai teknik interpretasi dalam metode maudhui dengan obyek penelitiannya pada ayat-ayat al-Qur’an yang berkenaan dengan penggunaan kata hijab dan jilbab, ternyata kedua kata tersebut memiliki makna yang berbeda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kata hijab menunjukkan makna tabir, batas atau dinding, sebagai perantara yang membatasi antara pria dan wanita atau antara satu benda dengan benda lainnya, yang bertujuan untuk mencegah ikhtilat (pembauran) dengan lawan jenis, dan dari seluruh penggunaan kata hijab yang disebut dalam al-Qur’an sebanyak delapan kali yang tersebar pada delapan surah, tidak ditemukan secara pasti redaksi yang menunjukkan makna pakaian yang melekat pada tubuh wanita. Sementara penggunaan kata jilbab yang disebut sebanyak dua kali yang terdapat pada dua surah, keduanya menunjukkan makna pakaian yang menutupi seluruh anggota tubuh wanita, meskipun ada yang memahami kecuali muka dan telapak tangan. Dengan demikian, artikel ini menjadi penting karena mengurai perbedaan makna penggunaan kedua kata tersebut dengan analisis semantik Qur’ani, dan berkontribusi untuk memberikan pemahaman sehingga tidak terjadi kekeliruan, baik dalam penggunaan term tersebut maupun dalam memahami ayat yang terkait.

A computational social science perspective on qualitative data exploration: Using topic models for the descriptive analysis of social media data*

Comparing and contrasting qualitative and quantitative methods for social media data exploration, this article describes and demonstrates the topic modeling approach for the descriptive analysis of large unstructured text data. Using a sample of tweets with the #WhyIStayed and #WhyILeft hashtags (n = 3,068), a Twitter conversation describing the reasons individuals left or stayed in abusive relationships, a traditional thematic analysis was used to qualitatively code the tweets. The same tweet sample was subject to a series of quantitative topic models. Results suggest topic modeling as a comparable approach to first-round qualitative analysis, with key differences: topic modeling and traditional thematic analysis are both inductive and phenomenon-oriented, but topic modeling results in a lexical semantic analysis, in contrast to the compositional semantic analysis offered by the qualitative approach. An evaluation of topics and codes using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software further supports these findings. We argue topic modeling is a useful method for the descriptive analysis of unstructured social media data sets, and is best used as part of a mixed-method strategy, with topic model results guiding deeper qualitative analysis. Implications for human service intervention development and evaluation are discussed.

ЭТИКЕТНАЯ ЛЕКСИКА В СОВРЕМЕННОМ АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ: СОЦИАЛЬНЫЙ АСПЕКТ

The article is devoted to social aspects of studying etiquette vocabulary in the modern English language. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the author provides a comprehensive lexical-semantic analysis of the English etiquette vocabulary. The analysis has allowed the author to identify lexical-semantic groups of nouns, to discover interrelations between etiquette nouns within a lexical-semantic group. The author’s attention is focused on identifying and analysing their essential characteristics.

ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ УРБАНОНИМОВ Г. СТЕРЛИТАМАКА РЕСПУБЛИКИ БАШКОРТОСТАН

The article deals with the topical problem of the systematization and description of the Russian language functioning in a region of the Russian Federation. On the one hand, the language of a provincial town corresponds to the literary norm reproducing a lexeme with a certain definition, and, on the other, it “creates” a word according to a communicative situation. Such new words do not go beyond the region; their use is geographically fixed and reflects the worldview of native speakers living within this locality. The authors systematize the data on the basis of the lexical-semantic analysis of the detected lexemes, urbanonyms.

Aspects of relevance in the Romanian political discourse

This paper investigates political discourse from the perspective of relevance theory in relation to the function of reasonable persuasion oriented towards voters. The research’ objectives are to identify and to describe: 1) the mechanisms of persuasion used in election campaign speeches; 2) the meta-strategy of miming dialogue; 3) the manner in which political discourse infringes upon the principles of relevance. The accomplishment of the objectives requires a two-fold methodology: rhetorical and linguistic by means of instruments of lexical-semantic, pragma-stylistic and logical-argumentative analysis. The research is focused on political election campaigns speeches: slogans and speeches of the Romanian recent election campaigns. The most frequently encountered discourse strategies are: i) the use of various types of fallacious reasoning and ii) vague language.

КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ АГНОНИМОВ В ПЬЕСЕ У. ШЕКСПИРА «КОРОЛЬ ЛИР»

Целью данного исследования является создание классификации агнонимов по тексту оригинала трагедии У. Шекспира «Король Лир».Методы исследования. В работе использованы следующие основные методы и приёмы исследования: общенаучные методы анализа, сравнения, описания (при работе с лексическим материалом). Интроспективный подход к тексту явился одним из основных при отборе материала для научной статьи. В исследовании также применялись: метод сплошной текстовой выборки, лексикографический метод, компонентный анализ лексической семантики, приёмы обобщения и классификации, метод дискуссии и анализа лексикографических данных социологического опроса.Результаты работы. В пьесе Шекспира «Король Лир» нами были определены три основные функции агнонимов – стилистическая, экспрессивная и прагматическая. Кроме того, были даны две классификации агнонимических рядов – групп агнонимов, объединенных по своим функциям. Первая классификация охватывала грамматические агнонимические ряды. Вторая – тематические. Для каждой классификации из текста анализируемого произведения были выбраны необходимые группы агнонимов. Были определены методы выявления и распознания агнонимов. Возникновение агнонимов в тексте нами было объяснено авторским специфическим замыслом, делающим текст его произведения оригинальным, своеобразным и неподражаемым в своей уникальной идентичности, с учётом теории релевантности с учётом текстовых категорий насыщенности неоднозначности при опоре на когнитивный подход – теорию реликтовых концептов.Область применения результатов: рекомендации по использованию результатов диссертационного исследования, отражённых в настоящей статье, состоят в возможности их применения при разработки лекционных и практических курсов по лексикологии, когнитивной лингвистике, истории английского языка, лингвистике текста, для проведения практических занятий по аналитическому чтению оригинальных текстов, а также при написании исследовательских работ разного уровня. Проведённый в работе анализ оригинального текста трагедии У. Шекспира «Король Лир» на предмет наличия в нём агнонимов может лечь в основу спецкурсов по исторической прагмалингвистике и аналитической лексикологии.

СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ КОНФЛИКТА НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ АНГЛИЙСКОЙ ПУБЛИЦИСТИЧЕСКОЙ РЕЧИ

The article discusses examples of verbal aggression expression and conflictogenic manifestations in publicistic speech on the basis of Hillary Clinton’s and Donald J. Trump’s speeches during political debates between the US presidential candidates. With the help of the lexical-semantic analysis, the author has attempted to analyse the conflictogenic potential of the English publicistic speech. As a result of the study, conclusions are drawn about the diversity of conflictogenic manifestations in political discourse.

ОМОНІМІЯ І ПОЛІСЕМІЯ В ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЇ АЗАРТНИХ ІГОР В ІСПАНСЬКІЙ МОВІ

The aim of the research is to analize polysemy and homonymy in gambling terminology in the Spanish language. In modern linguistic terminological studies polysemy and homonymy are considered to be negative phenomena in terminological system, as terms should be clear, precise and monosemic to avoid misunderstanding or ambiguity in professional communication. The main methods of studies are lexical semantic analysis and contextual analysis. The homonymic terminological nominations in gambling in Spanish are conditioned by the existence of the same proper names and common names as in el triunfo (la carta de triunfo) and el triunfo (the name of the game), meanwhile polysemantic terms are mainly caused by the parallel usage of hyponymic and hyperonymic names, as in poker (game) and poker (the winning card combination in the game of poker). Very often the use of the definite article before the noun may serve as a distinctive feature, for example, el poker (game) and poker (game winning combination of cards). It is stated that the game is regulated by the rules and special game situation which help to understand the meaning of polysemantic terms, as each game situation requires the use of a special term. The illustrative material revealed the situational character of the game. Contextual analysis proved to be effective means of defining the meaning of polysemantic terminological nominations of gambling in the Spanish language. Situational usage of gambling terms contributes to avoid ambiguity and misunderstanding among the gamblers. The future studies may be dedicated to comparative analysis of terminological nominations of gambling in Spanish and other languages whether of the same language group or different language groups, which may be of practical value in terminological and translation studies.

МІЖМОВНІ ФОРМАЛЬНО-СЕМАНТИЧНІ ВІДПОВІДНОСТІ В ЦЕРКОВНОСЛОВ’ЯНСЬКІЙ ТА СУЧАСНІЙ РОСІЙСЬКІЙ МОВАХ. ЛЕКСИКОГРАФІЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ЄВАНГЕЛЬСЬКОЇ ПРИТЧІ ПРО КУКІЛЬ

У вивченні церковнослов'янської мови як книжково-писемної мови Православної Церкви, перевага віддається рецептивним видам мовленнєвої діяльності – читанню та розумінню тексту. У зв'язку з цим особливе місце посідає лексичний аспект і ті мовні одиниці, які здатні викликати лексичну інтерференцію. Дана стаття є продовженням дослідження формально-семантичних відповідносте церковнослов’янської та російської мов, а саме міжмовних омонімів, паронімів і деяких інших лексичних одиниць, які містяться в євангельських притчах, зі здатністю викликати лексичну інтерференцію. Матеріалом дослідження є Притча про кукіль. Подібні мовні явища, що містяться в Притчі про Сіяча, були проаналізовані в статті, що була опублікована в попередньому номері. Лексико-семантичний аналіз міжмовних формально-семантичних відповідностей увійде в навчальний посібник з церковнослов'янського читання, призначений для вивчення церковнослов'янської мови в духовних школах Православної Церкви України. Крім цього аналізу, в посібник увійде словник міжмовних формально-семантичних відповідностей, а також граматичний, історичний та екзегетичний коментарі євангельських притч. Мета статті – продемонструвати практичний досвід зіставлення лексичних одиниць церковнослов'янської та російської мов за допомогою дотекстового коментаря до окремих фрагментів євангельської Притчі про кукіль. У статті розглядаються всі формально-семантичні відповідності, що містяться у Притчі. Порядок розташування лексичних одиниць зумовлений контекстом притчі. Проведений аналіз показує вплив лексичної інтерференції на розуміння кожного окремого фрагмента притчі й тексту в цілому, а також сприяє ґрунтовному вивченню і розумінню Святого Письма.

Renaming in Urbanonymyas a Form of Foreign Policy Démarche

The article presents one of the manifestations of the socio-communicative function of urbanonymy, namely the symbolic role of renaming in the context of foreign policy. The purpose of this article is to establish and describe the signs of foreign policy démarches or similar symbolic acts in renaming (changes in urbanonymy, renominations). To achieve this goal, the author does the lexical-semantic analysis of the concept ‘démarche’ using the induction and deduction methods; the features of démarche were found in certain types of urban renaming of the new period, recorded in the mass media. Finally, with the help of the induction and generalization methods, seven basic criteria for the presence of démarche features in renaming acts are formulated. Materials of the research were presented at the International Scientific-Practical Conference «Language. Society. Journalism» (Kyiv, November 02, 2018).

Урбанонимы в украинском и английском сленге: к вопросу об эквивалентности в переводе

[full article and abstract in Russian; abstract in English]
 This article investigates the informal verbalizations of urban place names; it also questions the hypothesis of their potential untranslatability. The concept of slang is based on the assumption that slang acts as a linguistic channel for liberating carnivalesque laughter. The most numerous lexical fields (presumably most important for the carnivalesque worldview) are those denoting entertainment establishments (brothels, night clubs, cafes), prisons and hospitals. Humankind resorts to substandard communication to state the predominance of primeval instincts, a negative relation to the dominant value system with its restrictions. Mocking values and norms, physiological deficiency, gender or racial peculiarities is the essence of slang as a constituent of humour culture. Slang is a revolt against hierarchy. It relieves tension without endangering the stability of the society. Lexical semantic analysis of slang toponyms shows the potential possibility of adequate comparing and translating of place names in both directions.

Эвенская географическая лексика в топонимии Аллаиховского улуса Республики Саха

The subject of the study is the even layer in the ulus toponymy. The theme of geographical vocabulary of even origin is chosen. The work is carried out in order to identify the geographical appellative vocabulary of the even language with a comparative method, word-formation, structural, lexical-semantic analysis. As a result, the semantic correspondence of appellative vocabulary and place names with the types of geographical objects, features of the surrounding area and landscape is revealed. The author traces the borrowings of even geographical vocabulary to the Fund of the indigir dialect of the Yakut language. The materials of the study will be used in the preparation of a short toponymic dictionary.

Intentionality, Purpose, and Tasi ‘Again' in Korean

The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal, 26(2), 147-173. In this article, I introduce a peculiar repetitive reading of the adverb tasi ‘again’ in Korean (called purpose-repetitive reading), and show that prior analyses (using lexical, structural, or semantic taxonomy-based approaches) in the literature cannot account for this new reading. Some crucial properties of purpose-repetitive readings are discussed. As the name suggests, this reading entails that an agent has a purpose, and presupposes that an agent previously had the same purpose. An alternative account involving omission of the purposive clause is shown not to be able to account for purpose-repetitive readings. Thus, I propose a new lexical entry for tasi ‘again’ (i.e., the purposive tasi) adapting the lexical semantic analysis in Beck (2005) and using the modality of the agent''s intention a la Inman (1993). Finally, I show that purpose-repetitive readings are also possible for more complex constructions like serial verb constructions and resultative constructions in Korean.