Lexical Lists Research Articles

The normative order of sensing: enacting the tasting sheet in tasting training sessions

Abstract Tasting sessions are a social activity in which the senses and the sensorial features of the tasted objects are the main focus of the participants, who do not only experience taste but also aim at precisely describing it. For doing that, they use pre-formatted tasting sheets and pre-existing standardized repertoires of descriptors. This paper investigates the relations between bodies and sensations, linguistic expressions and the normativity of lexical repertoires. While the literature has insisted on the sensorial lexicon of diverse languages and its specialization within expert domains, the very way in which the sensing body, language, and the normativity of standardized categories are precisely articulated in tasting practices remains understudied. Using an ethnomethodological and conversation analytic approach, this paper demonstrates how participants in training tasting sessions achieve practically, bodily and materially the association between the sample tasted, the sensing body and the use of lexical repertoires. Artefacts and tools like tasting sheets and lexical lists are situatedly mobilized in a way that enhances the senses but also socializes and standardizes them. On the basis of cheese tasting sessions video-recorded during training workshops of professional tasters in Italy and Italian-speaking Switzerland, the paper demonstrates how the normative order of sensing is achieved through the imbrication of the use of tasting sheets within the sensory examination of samples – thus showing how body, materiality, language, and artefacts are normatively constrained, practically managed and bodily aligned in the tasting session.

Printed Text Recognition for Lexical Lists in Chinese-International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Glossing

Printed Text Recognition for Lexical Lists in Chinese-International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Glossing

Joan Coromines i el lèxic dels altres valencians

“Els altres valencians”, ‘the Other Valencians’, a phrase inspired by an expression in Joan Fuster’s (1962) Nosaltres, els valencians, alludes to the singularity that characterizes the traditionally Spanish-speaking population in the Valencian territory. The present article aims at illustrating the way that Joan Coromines’ DECat and DCECH treat the lexicon of these ‘other Valencians’. It shows that Coromines uses the label xurro to refer to the corresponding dialects, their speakers and to the territory. The article provides information on (printed and oral) sources used by the etymologist, as well as detailed references. It includes an alphabetical lexical list with additional data and is based on abundant and exactly referenced quotes from the two etymological dictionaries by Joan Coromines.Keywords: Lexicon, xurro, Castilian-Aragonese dialects, Valencians, etymological dictionaries, Coromines / Joan.

ANTİK ÇAĞLARDA MEZOPOTAMYA VE ANADOLU KÜLTÜRÜNÜN ÇALGILARI

In this study, the evolution of instruments in Ancient Mesopotamian and Anatolian cultures was examined starting from the Sumerians up to the Hittite civilization. The instruments as high-ranking cultural assets are not only simple instruments in which sound, loudness, timbre, sound intensity are generated. They are the indispensable elements of rituals, conversation, communication, and more importantly art in Mesopotamia and Anatolia. The importance of instruments as high-ranking cultural assets in the Sumerian period (BC) is proven by the numerous classifications made. Cuneiform script originating from Mesopotamia has been an important type of script spreading out from Asia Minor, used in the writing of various languages from different groups and the most important source in revealing the information about the music and instrument culture of the period was undoubtedly the texts written in cuneiform, as well as the instrument finds and pictorial descriptions. Cuneiform texts give us instrument names rather than instrument types. The lexical (glossary) lists, which are available in two languages, Sumerian-Akkadian, which sometimes include descriptions of instruments, give us the Sumerian and Akkadian names of the instruments. In some cases, besides the instrument names, there are certain clues with occasional addendums regarding the material from which the instrument is made. The most important of the Mesopotamian civilizations, which started to form in the early period in the 12.000 B.C., are respectively; Sumerian, Akkad, Babylonian, Assyrian and Hittite civilizations. The cultural experiences of each of these civilizations naturally transferred influences from their cultures to the next society.

FROM THE TREASURES OF ANCIENT ITALIAN: CONJUNCTIONS

Languages change continuously: the changes occur in phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon and semantics. Over time, a treasure trove of new words is created, but also another one containing lost words or, in any case, words with a more or less altered meaning. It also includes forms that have disappeared from use, but which have maintained their vitality for centuries. In this paper, we have considered a category of syncategorematic or grammatical words - conjunctions: their form is often conditioned not only by the function performed but also by the sequence in which they are placed. Their diachronic changes, both in form and function, therefore depend on the syntax, which sometimes modifies their phonetic structure and sometimes their grammatical value. Their changes have a different or perhaps broader influence, because they affect not only the changes in the lexical repertoire, but also in syntactic structures. Analyzing Italian conjunctions in this diachronic light, we found four groups of phenomena that led to the disappearance of variants, forms or meanings: changes in the lexical list of conjunctions and the disappearance of phono-orthographic variants replaced by one form with the result of homologation of the system in contemporary Italian; changes in the semantics of some conjunctions (some forms survive at the lexical level, but with the meaning changed); the disappearance of forms in the contemporary language (where the form survives only in literary use or in certain formal registers) and the definitive disappearance of forms. From the analyzes, it emerges that the disappearances that occurred in the category of conjunctions reflect a general tendency towards a shrinking of the system, to the reduction of the number of forms with the elimination of numerous phonoorthographic variants (which also occurred in other grammatical categories) but also with the fall into disuse of very vital lexical units in the Middle Ages. The analysis of the sample shows that some types of conjunctions, particularly concessive, causal and temporal ones, had a "superabundance" of forms that were eliminated over time, felt increasingly archaic starting from the sixteenth century and fell into disuse entirely in the nineteenth century. The most significant and emblematic example are probably concessive conjunctions. In the first prose in ancient Italian the number of units (and their frequency of use) was rather scarce (for example, in the Novellino we have identified only six concessive conjunctions: ancorché, avvegna che, benché, quanto che, quantunque and (con) tutto che). With the great authors of the fourteenth century, the system was enriched both in the variety of units and in the frequency to such an extent that in the Decameron we recorded 23 different concessive conjunctions (ancorché, avvegna che, benché, che che, come che, donde che, dove che, dovunque, eziandio se, malgrado, nonché, nonostante che, onde che, ove che, perché, per quanto, posto che, quando pur, quanto che, quantunque , sebbene, se pure and (con) tutto che). Today, however, only 14 are fully active. A similar situation also occurs in the other types of conjunctions. According to what has been shown, the shrinking process is still ongoing and we could expect other reductions in the number of units in use which today are beginning to prove archaic (allorché, allorquando, ancorché, appena che, checché, conforme che, donde, quasiché).

Thetug₂guz-za/tug₂guz.za at Ḫattuša and Beyond

AbstractThetug₂guz-za/tug₂guz.zais a cloth attested in different spellings from the 3rdto 1stmillennia BCE that has received diverse translations. Evidence from Ur III textile production texts, reconstructions based on experimental data, and lexical lists now converge to suggest that the cloth was defined by its thick weft. Although thetug₂guz-za/tug₂guz.zahas traditionally been connected to theZottenrockof Mesopotamian visual media via the adjectiveguz(-za)‘bristly, wire-haired,’ no independent evidence of shagginess has been found for the textile. Instead, this contribution demonstrates that there is anotherguz-zameaning ‘bright red’ that was applied to textiles and wool in the lexical lists of the 2ndmillennium BCE, suggesting that thetug₂guz-za/tug₂guz.zawas conceived of as a red cloth at least in some periods.

The Akkadian Expression Lā Watar

Abstract The Akkadian expression lā watar (lā matar) appears in two dozen Old Babylonian letters, in Standard Babylonian lexical lists and, arguably, in an Old Babylonian mathematical text and in an Old Assyrian letter. Though the expression has been known since the early twentieth century, it has never been an object of a special study. Commentaries in the editions and the dictionaries posit for lā watar four meanings: ‘that's enough’, ‘no longer’, ‘really’ and ‘finally’. These quite different meanings can hardly be expressed by one and the same word. The question is therefore: Which of the four are correct, if any? This study attempts to answer this question by analysing all available examples of lā watar and using cross-linguistic evidence. The inquiry shows that lā watar means ‘now, but not before’. Contextual English translations are ‘finally’, ‘at last’, ‘only now’, ‘(only) just’ and ‘from now on’.

The psycho-lexical structure of sports culture.

The psycho-lexical approach can be effectively used to explore the structure of sports culture. Based on a lexical list of adjective vocabulary reflecting sports culture and through an item analysis, 87 discriminating objectives were selected representing sports culture.ObjectiveTo explore the structure of sports culture from the objectives lexicons.MethodsItem analysis and factor analysis were adopted to abstract the structure of sports culture.ResultsThrough a principal component analysis, a structure of six factors including extroversion-activity, diligence-progression, experience, independence-excellence, enjoyment, and body culture was extracted. Through a second-order factor analysis, a psychological structure of sports culture consisting of six dimensions and 12 factors was extracted, and result of the reliability analysis revealed good Cronbach α coefficient and test–retest reliability coefficient.ConclusionThe psycho-lexical structure of sports culture can be used to understand structure of sports culture.

Syntactic and lexical-ase-are distinct suffixes

AbstractIn addition to the syntactic (inflectional) causative suffix-(s)ase-, Japanese displays a lexical (derivational) causative suffix-(a)se-(okur-ase-‘delay’,no-se-‘place on’) whosea-zero alternation is general in the stem-level phonology. Because the UR of syntactic-(s)ase-must include thesof its postvocalic alternant, the two suffixes necessarily have distinct phonological forms; there is thus no way to treat them as “high attachment” and “low attachment” versions of a single element. The division of labor between syntactic-(s)ase-and lexical-(a)se-invites the conclusion that no causative suffix is syntactic in some cases and lexical in others; if so, causatives pose no challenge to the position that while Japanese inflectional morphology is the phonological realization of syntactic representations, derivational morphology involves lexical listing of stems. The conclusion that there is no causative suffix that spans the syntactic/lexical boundary is validated by showing that forms that have been taken in the literature as exemplifying lexical-(s)ase-are in fact either lexical-(a)se-or syntactic-(s)ase-. As part of this demonstration, it is shown that, with minor exceptions, verb stems in-ase-have arisen as variants of pre-existing stems in-as-, and an explanation for this ongoing process of replacement is proposed.

Psychometric Properties of the Cyprus Lexical List in the Greek Language for Infants and Preschool Children and Preliminary Results.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the adapted Cyprus Greek Lexical List a-CYLEX (GR) in a sample of 194 Greek toddlers from the island of Crete with Standard Modern Greek (SMG) as their primary language. The a-CYLEX (GR) is a parental report checklist for assessing the receptive and expressive vocabulary skills of children aged 12 months to 3:6 years. Concurrent validity of the instrument was tested via correlations with the adapted Greek version of the Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test-II (ROWPVT-II), which was administered to 124 SMG-speaking children between the ages of 2 and 3:6 years. Test–retest reliability was tested by administering the instrument two times within a 2-week interval to 59 parents (30.41% of the total sample). Statistical analyses provided strong evidence for the high internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the a-CYLEX (GR). The role of the demographic variables in vocabulary performance and the frequency of each a-CYLEX (GR) word category by age were also investigated. In conclusion, the a-CYLEX (GR) is a parental report checklist that can be used by clinicians who are interested in assessing receptive and expressive vocabulary of children during toddlerhood.

Some methodological techniques for teaching oral speech in Chinese

This article is devoted to identifying difficulties with mastering oral speech among university students at the initial stage of learning Chinese. The author of the article sets himself the task not only to identify the purpose of teaching oral speech, but also to offer techniques to help overcome the difficulties associated with certain motivational problems, such as: the manifestation of shyness, fear of making a mistake, insufficient knowledge of lexical units, misunderstanding of the speech task. The author shares his opinion on the effectiveness of generally accepted methods of teaching oral speech of the Chinese language and offers practical tools aimed at expanding the lexical stock, developing communication skills, working out the studied material and using it in conversational practice. The hypothesis of this article is expressed in the assumption that the difficulties of learning oral speech are overcome by increasing the vocabulary, developing the skills of simple monologue and dialogic speech, as well as creating a comfortable educational environment. Based on the experience of conducting an oral Chinese course, frequent problems of university students are: inability to use additional sources, fear of unfamiliar vocabulary. Thus, it is advisable to use exercises aimed at solving these problems, namely: independent work of students, compiling their own lexical lists, working out topics of concern to them, encouraging students to communicate outside the classroom and using mobile offers or websites to train lexical units, through communication with native speakers.

Wolfram von Soden’s Listenwissenschaft and the problem of interpreting Sumerian lexical lists

The subject of this study is the Listenwissenschaft theory by German Assyriologist Wolfram von Soden. Since there are two editions of this theory — 1936 and 1960, respectively — it should be clarified that our analysis is devoted to a later version of W. von Soden‘s theory. A detailed description of the elements of this theory is followed by ist systematization, the results of which are reflected in the intellectual map presented in the study. Since the Listenwissenschaft was often criticized for being abstract and speculative, the views of W. von Soden‘s critics were introduced into the study. As a result of the analysis of this criticism, the author of this article comes to the conclusion that the main argument of the Listenwissenschaft theory — the presence of a system in lexical lists — remained unshaken after the criticism. This, in turn, leads to the conclusion that W. von Soden’s theory is included in the field of research of philosophical thought in Assyriology, which makes it possible to clarify the epistemological foundations of the Sumerian and Babylonian lexical lists. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the Listenwissenschaft for the first time since 1999 (the time of the publication of an article by W. von Soden’s student, D.-O. Edzard) was presented in a positive light, which, in turn, prompts a re-examination of this theory in order to solve the epistemological tasks set for Assyriology, in particular, in the context of the discussion about lexical lists. The study applies the method of phenomenology of religion in the edition of J. Waanderburg.

Publication of the Archives of Ebla: A Report on the Work in Progress

The largest group of documents of the Central Archive concerns the incomes and the expendi¬tures of garments and metals of the Central Administration for the last forty-one years, and a small selection of a variety of texts of the previous six years, that is: chancery documents, fields allotments, agricultural production, which in the following years were systematically destroyed. There are also lexical lists, few literary texts and some incantations. The lexical texts have been reconstructed, mostly by several fragments, and a new edition of the Bilingual Lists is in prepara¬tion in a series which will include also the Sumerian lists. A large selection of the different kinds of the administrative documents has been presented in ARET I and II. The following volumes concern instead homogenous groups of texts. All the chancellery documents have been published by P. Fronzaroli and A. Catagnoti. Fronzaroli has also edited the ritual for the royal wedding (ARET XI, XIII, XVI, XVIII). The volumes ARET I, IV, VIII, XV, XIX, and XX are devoted to the monthly expenditures of garments, so that about one third of this documentary group (of about 500 texts) has been published. ARET VII includes a first part of the single registrations of expenditures of metals; a second volume will complete the publication of this corpus totalling about 500 tablets. The annual documents of the incomes of metals and garments (with comple¬mentary documentation for a total of 110 texts) is published in ARET XIV. The edition of the an¬nual documents of expenditures of metals is in preparation. 2050 fragments of tablets (two-thirds of the total) have been edited in ARET III and XII. The documentation concerning the supply of victuals for the Palace were preserved in another archive: the first part of it has been published in ARET IX, and the second part will be edited in ARET X.

Transformations of the lexical row životъ — žiznь — žitije in Slavic: A linguostatistical analysis

The article presents the fi rst linguostatistical description of the historical transformations of the lexical row životъ — žiznь — žitije ‘life’ in Old Slavonic and Old Russian writing based on the materials of the historical corpus “Manuscript” (manuscritps.ru), with comparison to the Proto-Slavic reconstruction, Slavic data and current use. The mentioned lexical items had constituted a synonymic row since the first written records, which reflects the Proto-Slavic situation. This row was subject to cardinal transformations in all Slavic languages. In the Russian language it transformed to the row žizn’ — žitjë — žitie, where only the first word is stylistically neutral, while in other Slavic languages the noun žizn’ went out of use. We propose an explanation of the semantic transformation of Russian život, which acquired the meaning ‘belly’ under Polish influence in the 16th century. The work refutes the statement about the Preslav origin of the noun žizn’ and its borrowing in the Old Russian writing. The linguostatistical description shows that the quantitative formulae of the relationships within the lexical row and lists of collocates of its members not only associate with the subject and genre individuality of the sub-corpora of Gospels, copies of Parenesis, Menaia and books of Sticheron, but also reflect exactly the structural properties and textological features of the texts constituting the sub-corpora. The distributional-quantitative indexes suggest the dominant position of the lexical item žitije in the book writing. In the process of analysis key points were found in the transformations of the lexical row, including the emerging trend to domination of the noun žiznь.

An overview of the Ebla Sumerian lexical lists published in MEE 15

An overview of the Ebla Sumerian lexical lists published in MEE 15

한국어 교육용 어휘 목록 선정 연구의 성과와 과제

This study considers the challenges and achievements of vocabulary list selection for Korean language education. The analysis focused on research methods, procedures, and results in selecting vocabulary lists in Korean education. The analysis of the research methods and procedures targeted corpus and frequently surveyed data underlying each study. In addition, the validity of vocabulary lists was examined by analyzing the objective and subjective methods utilized for vocabulary selection. The results and implications of vocabulary selection identified in this study are as follows: First, compared to the results of lexical list selection from the 1990s to the early 2000s, recent lists show objective and granular methods and procedures. Second, recent studies have broken down the class-specific vocabulary considered mastery. Third, the differences between the lists for each study were resolved. Fourth, most of the vocabulary forms presented was consistent. Fifth, vocabulary that is not used due to the current situation was excluded from the list and new vocabulary was included. However, the following issues should be addressed: First, the current situation of Korean should be reflected through the supplementation of the corpus built around data prior to the 2000s. Second, data that have become indicators of objective assessment should also be supplemented. Third, it is necessary to build and utilize appropriate materials to select vocabulary lists keeping in mind diversified learner variables. (Kyonggi University)

Перестановочный тест говорит в пользу гипотезы алтайской языковой макросемьи (The Permutation Test Speaks in Favor of the Hypothesis of the Altai Linguistic Macrofamily )

Russian Abstract:В настоящем препринте применяется метод статистической обработки лексических списков, разработанный авторами: транскрипция консонантных классов и взвешенный перестановочный тест. В эксперименте участвуют пять языковых семей, предположительно образующих алтайскую макросемью: тюркская, монгольская, тунгусская, корейская, японская. Выявлен сильный сигнал между так ядерными алтайскими таксонами: тюркским, монгольским, тунгусским, что может объясняться как генеалогическое родство, частично затемненное контактами. Выявлен сигнал родства в японско-тюркской и японско-тунгусской парах (контактный сценарий для этих пар подходит плохо). English Abstract:This preprint uses the method of statistical processing of lexical lists developed by the authors: transcription of consonant classes and a weighted permutation test. The experiment involves five language families, presumably forming the Altai macrofamily: Turkic, Mongolian, Tunguska, Korean, Japanese. A strong signal was revealed between the so-nuclear Altai taxa: Turkic, Mongolian, Tunguska, which can be explained as a genealogical relationship, partially obscured by contacts. A signal of kinship was revealed in the Japanese-Turkic and Japanese-Tungusic couples (the contact scenario is poorly suited for these couples).

On Large Lexical Numbers at Ebla, or: Was the Last Palace G King a Millionaire?

This article focuses on the attestations of Semitic lexical numbers larger than “ten thousand” in cuneiform texts from Ebla (late 24th century BC). After briefly showing the consistency of the attestations of the terms for “one hundred” (mi-at, at least 3,125 known attestations), “one thousand” (li-im, 641 known attesta¬tions), and “ten thousand” (rí-bab, 62 known attestations), the occurrences of ma-i-at, the term meaning “one hundred thousand” (25 known attestations), are first discussed. Based on the evidence of lexical lists and administrative texts it is then suggested that ma-ḫu-at (5 known attestations) is not a variant of ma-i-at, as commonly believed, but rather the term meaning “one million.” The largest quantities that have been recorded in the administrative texts of Ebla so far made known are then shown synoptically. This allows one to see that they mostly refer to barley and plots of land. Moreover, it can be observed that the personal names connected with these very large quantities coincide with those of the most prominent men of the Ebla elite during the years immediately preceding the fire that destroyed Palace G. Among them stands out the last king of Ebla, who, according to the new interpretation proposed here, in one text is associated with a number of measures of barley just over one million.

Ancient Prophecy: Near Eastern, Biblical, and Greek Perspectives

Ancient Prophecy: Near Eastern, Biblical, and Greek Perspectives

Classement et lexique animal dans les sources cunéiformes

Abstract This paper deals with the methodological issues involved in reconstructing Mesopotamian zoological knowledge, and also with the difficult task of identifying species from the information provided by the cuneiform sources. Through the case study of the animal designated by the sumerogram ur.ki, for which the dictionaries suggest various identifications – dog, badger, or even worm – we explore the Mesopotamian vision of fauna, which already seems to attest to an organized conceptual system elaborated by Mesopotamian scholars concerning their natural environment. We also examine the manipulation of the lexical documentation related to zoological « taxonomy », and lexical matters, which though broadly used, requires extreme caution. ur.ki provides a perfect case study, since it is already attested in the Old Babylonian forerunner to the lexical list ur5.ra = ḫubullu, and remains documented in the later version of this list, but also in some scholarly texts. It allows a chronological survey that aims at retracing the understanding of a sumerogramm and considering the question of the evolution of zoological knowledge in Mesopotamia.