Lexical Compounds Research Articles

Stress deletion or stress demotion? An acoustic study of stress in Spanish lexical compounds

Abstract In Spanish lexical compounds, stress on the final constituent is consistently preserved; however, it is uncertain whether stress on the initial constituent is preserved as well. Some linguists claim that stress is deleted from the initial constituent, whereas a few argue, instead, that it is demoted from primary to secondary. Given that empirical evidence has been scarce, this issue remains unresolved. To inform the debate, the present study examines all known phonetic correlates of stress in both accented and unaccented contexts. The acoustic measures of lexical compounds are compared to those of non-compound words and phrases that have a similar segmental structure. The results demonstrate that the initial constituent of lexical compounds bears secondary stress. This secondary stress, as a result of stress demotion, differs from rhetorical secondary stress both phonetically and phonologically. These findings provide fresh insights into the definitional properties as well as the prosodic structure of Spanish compounds.

Verba Majemuk Leksikal Tematik dalam Bahasa Jepang dan Pemaknaannya

The process of forming compound verbs in Japanese has different patterns and rules from Indonesian. Japanese compound verbs are formed by combining two verbs to form a new verb that carries a certain meaning. The process of combining two verbs lexically can be grouped into aspectual lexical compound verbs and thematic lexical compound verbs. This research focuses on thematic lexical compound verbs, and provides a descriptive explanation of the meanings that emerge as a result of the process of combining two verbs thematic-lexically. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with an interpretive approach, with proportional random sampling data collection techniques using documentation methods. The results of this research show that the process of combining two verbs thematic-lexically to form a lexical thematic compound verb will give rise to new meanings that can be seen from the relationship between V1 and V2, namely the meaning of means of action, manner of motion/movement, cause-result, and parallel meaning.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВЕРБАЛІЗАЦІЇ ОКРЕМОГО ГУСТАТИВНОГО КОМПОНЕНТА В ХУДОЖНЬОМУ ТЕКСТІ

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the formation of lexical compounds with a component of synesthesia perception. The relevance of the intelligence is not disputed given that mental basis of the nomination cannot be narrowed to the interests of ethnolinguistics, as the nomination of qualitative categories reveals not only national specifics of the text, but must be considered through the prism of an individual cognition with its subjective and effective factors of world perception as a certain domain of the conceptual and linguistic view of the world of a particular ethnic group. The article emphasizes that the construction of lexical compounds with a component of taste (“sweet”) is based largely on a motivated secondary nomination, generated by the brainwork of an individual, who somehow absorbs into his language creativity basic definitions and concepts of his nation. It is proved that the loss of “gustativity” of lexical compounds with the component “sweet” is due to rethinking direct nomination by layering additional semantic nuances and associative series, resulting in new metaphorical combinations with a certain assessment of a particular phenomenon or fact, which most vividly express both the peculiarities of the national mentality and the specifics of the language personality. It is determined that synesthesia worldview contributes not only to the formation of non-standard ideas about the world around us, but also generates further in-depth interest of researchers from different fields of knowledge about the existence of the concept of “objective reality”; emphasizes the definition of facts, processes, actions, qualities and gives them an original qualitative feature; allows fine differentiation of human states; organizes unexpected principles of lexical cohesion of literary speech, which, in turn, certainly nourishes the language.

Processing Mandarin Tone 3 Sandhi at the Morphosyntactic Interface: Reduplication and Lexical Compounds.

Mandarin tone 3 sandhi is a phonological alternation in which the initial tone 3 (i.e., low tone) syllable changes to a tone 2 (i.e., rising tone) when followed by another tone 3. The present study used a cross-modal syllable-morpheme matching experiment to examine how native speakers process the sandhi sequences derived from verb reduplication and compounding, respectively. Embedded in a visually-presented sentential context, a disyllabic sequence containing a sandhi target was displayed simultaneously with a monosyllabic audio, either a tone 1 (i.e., high-level tone), tone 2 (i.e., rising tone) or tone 3 (i.e., low tone), and participants judged whether the audio syllable matched the visual morpheme. Results showed that the tone 3 sandhi was processed differently in the two constructions. The underlying tone and the surface tone were co-activated and competed with each other in sandhi compounds whereas predominant activation of the underlying tone, over the surface tone, was observed in reduplication. The processing of tone 3 sandhi offers support for distinctive morphological structures: a lexical compound is represented both as a whole-word unit and as a combination of two individual morphemes whereas a verb reduplication is represented and accessed as a monomorphemic unit in the mental lexicon.

Re‐Examining the Effect of Top‐Down Linguistic Information on Speaker‐Voice Discrimination

The current study replicated and extended the results from a study conducted by Narayan, Mak, and Bialystok (2017) that found effects of top-down linguistic information on a speaker discrimination task by examining four conditions: rhymes (day-bay), compounds (day-dream), reverse compounds (dream-day), and unrelated words (day-bee). The original study found that participants were more likely to judge two words to be spoken by the same speaker if the words cohered lexically (created lexical compounds such as day-dream) or were phonologically related (rhymes, such as day-bay), but their study contained two limitations: (a) Same- and different-speaker trials were analyzed separately, which obscures effects of response bias, and (b) cross-gender pairs were used in the different-speaker trials, potentially inflating performance. The current study addresses these limitations by including only within-gender trials and by examining sensitivity and bias using signal detection theory. Our results not only provide support of the original study but also provide clear evidence that listeners are biased to judge two words as being produced by the same person when they share either phonological information (rhymes) or lexical-semantic coherence (compounds). Thus, the current study provides an important modified replication of previous research.

Newspaper coverage of artificial intelligence: A perspective of emerging technologies

The focus of the study is on how newspapers have covered artificial intelligence (AI) over the past decades. Analyzing 1776 news articles culled from four mainstream newspapers (i.e., the New York Times, Washington Post, the Guardian, and USA Today), the study examined the general landscape of media coverage as well as media framing of the topic through a mixed methodology (i.e., automatic content analysis and manual coding). Fourteen major topics (e.g., regulation & policy, risk & weapon) emerged from the accumulated articles. Furthermore, the study found that journalists have used different framing devices, including lexical compounds and argumentation patterns, to frame AI as a sophisticated, powerful, and value-laden issue. Also, different actors (e.g., research communities, governments, business sectors) combined to constitute a complex network in the media discourses.

Struktur dan Makna Verba Majemuk Bahasa Jepang V1+Komu

The verb komu is one of components of the VV lexical compound verbs. This research aims to identify structures and meanings of the lexical V1+komu compound verbs through to the Transivity Harmony Principle (THP) theory. The Transitivity Harmony Principle (THP) was used to examined the combination between V1 and komu as V2 based on argument structures of the verbs. The data gathered from Japanese language novel Ningen no Daichi that contained V1+komu compound verbs. The results showed that komu as a V2 can be combined with any various types of verb in V1, respectively; transitive+komu (e.g oshi-komu ‘push in’), unaccusative +komu (shizumi-komu ‘sink in’), and unergative+ komu (e.g abare-komu ‘go in violently’). Even combined with different types of verb in V1, komu was retained its argument structure; adding a goal phrase to verb in V1. The combinations of komu with any types of verb in V1 resulting two different meaning, respectively: 1) physical action in/into closed space, 2) a condition within the same situation both physical or psychological condition. In (1) physical action in/into a closed space komu was retained its original meaning, but in (2) a conditions within the same situations both physical or psychological condition komu was losing its lexical meaning.

An Interface of Syntactic and Semantic OT Accounts of Hakka KAI in [ADJP/NP KAI N] Constructions1

AbstractThis paper investigates the phenomenon related to the morpheme KAI in the Hakka noun phrases. It investigates the presence or absence of KAI in the constructions where the head noun is modified by either a noun phrase or an adjectival phrase. KAI does not occur if the modifying phrase and the noun form a lexical compound. In other cases, the presence of KAI is by and large optional. To theoretically account for the phenomenon, this paper argues that the syntactic rules of Hakka allowed both of the alternative constructions with or without KAI; however, some semantic criteria may interfere in the selection of a grammatical construction as the preferable one. An interface of syntactic and semantic OT can account for this situation. When OT syntax selects multiple constructions as the optimal outputs, OT semantics goes one step further by pairing the output with a preferable interpretation. The interpretational constraints involved in the analysis are based on the principle of iconicity and the markedness relation between the contrastive emphatic and noncontrastive basic meaning.

Językowe obrazy PRZYJAŹNI w języku duńskim

<p>Celem niniejszego artykułu jest opisanie dwóch różnych obrazów przyjaźni występujących w języku duńskim. Materiał językowy, pozyskany ze słowników (definicje leksykalne, synonimy, antonimy, hiperonimy, derywaty i złożenia związane z głównymi leksykalnymi eksponentami konceptu) oraz z Narodowego Korpusu Języka Duńskiego, wskazuje na to, że w języku duńskim równolegle funkcjonują dwa obrazy przyjaźni – jeden związany z bardziej tradycyjnym postrzeganiem przyjaźni jako bardzo silnej i bliskiej relacji oraz jeden, w ramach którego głównym celem jest posiadanie wielu znajomych/przyjaciół. Dane pochodzące z korpusu pozwalają na stwierdzenie, że to właśnie ten drugi, nowszy obraz przyjaźni jest obecnie najczęściej przywoływany przez użytkowników języka duńskiego, mimo że tradycyjny obraz przyjaźni wydaje się być wciąż obecny w ich świadomości. Wniosek ten poparty został dodatkowo analizą rozwoju znaczenia leksemu ven, który jest głównym leksykalnym eksponentem konceptu i który współcześnie odzwierciedla szersze rozumienie przyjaźni w języku duńskim.</p>

СЕМАНТИЧНА ДИНАМІКА ПАРФУМОНІМІВ ТА АРОМАТОНІМІВ У СУЧАСНІЙ УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВІ

The article is dedicated to the semantic analysis of the proper names of perfumed products in the structure of Ukrainian language and also to determine their role and function. The object of the study is the lexical compound of modern, fashion printed and electronic editions. The subject of the work is the linguistic genesis and semantic meanings of perfumonims (name of perfumes) and aromatones (names of aromas) in the Ukrainian language system. The research methods are obeyed to the achievement of the goal that was set in the work. To select the proper names for the designation of perfumes, the method of direct observation for the functioning of aromatones in the text of visual advertising, printed and Internet editions of fashion magazines, as well as the method of partial sampling was applied. The methods of comparison and analysis have been used to systematize onyms by the subject groups according to denotations. The purpose of the study is to establish the peculiarities of the perfumonims and aromatones lexical-semantic group in the lexical system of the Ukrainian language.

Words Get in the Way: Linguistic Effects on Talker Discrimination.

A speech perception experiment provides evidence that the linguistic relationship between words affects the discrimination of their talkers. Listeners discriminated two talkers' voices with various linguistic relationships between their spoken words. Listeners were asked whether two words were spoken by the same person or not. Word pairs varied with respect to the linguistic relationship between the component words, forming either: phonological rhymes, lexical compounds, reversed compounds, or unrelated pairs. The degree of linguistic relationship between the words affected talker discrimination in a graded fashion, revealing biases listeners have regarding the nature of words and the talkers that speak them. These results indicate that listeners expect a talker's words to be linguistically related, and more generally, indexical processing is affected by linguistic information in a top-down fashion even when listeners are not told to attend to it.

Antonymous Adjectives in Disyllabic Lexical Compounds in Mandarin: A Cognitive Linguistics Perspective

Antonymous Adjectives in Disyllabic Lexical Compounds in Mandarin: A Cognitive Linguistics Perspective

Les constructions verbales en série – apports de la linguistique fonctionnelle

In this paper, we will focus on series of verbs which are not interrupted by adpositions. Those series have been studied by several linguistics theories. We will study them here through the scope of functional linguistics. We’ll try to give a restricted definition of Serial Verb Constructions (SVC), as a place of change in dynamic synchrony, between hierarchical series (phrases) and lexical series (lexical compounds). This paper includes researches lead during my doctoral studies on Vietnamese syntax, but broadens the scope of application in a general linguistics perspective.

Activación de expresiones idiomáticas incompletas y prominencia semántica en 'La sombra del viento' de Carlos Ruiz Zafón.

Activating incomplete idiomatic expressions and semantic salience in The Shadow of the Wind by Carlos Ruiz Zafón. Idiomatic expressions behave in different ways due to their morphological complexity, the rules of compositionality or non/compositionality governing them or the way meaning is inferred from them. In the novel The Shadow of the Wind, Carlos Ruiz Zafón experiments with the properties of these linguistic resources from precise lexical compounds whose components activate idiomatic expressions. The recovery of the idiomatic expression and its idiomatic meaning is possible by means of the semantic salience and contextual effects produced by the lexical units the text provides. In the article, this stylistic strategy is examined taking into account the mental processes involved in the identification of the modified expressions and the recovery of related idiomatic meanings, such as semantic salience or the relations with contextual components, as well as the relationships that come into play between the idiomatic expression and its context.

The type Tánicc in the Old Irish glosses: affix ordering, frequency and phonotactics

AbstractIn this paper I investigate OIr. lexical compound verbs with the basic deuterotonic (deut.) shape CV·VC‐, of the type of expected *do·ánicc ‘he, she came’ or ‘who came’ which actually occurs in the prototonic (prot.) form tánicc. On the basis of the notions of affix ordering, frequency and junctural phonotactics developed in recent works on experimental psycholinguistics, the OIr. forms of the type tánicc are explained as relatively late innovations in which the deut. are replaced by prot. forms. The extension of the prot. form in those lexical compound verbs at the expense of the deut. form is due to the phonotactically problematic hiatus of the latter and depends mainly on grammatical (in leniting relative clause forms) and lexical (in the most frequent verbs) criteria.

Toward a Distributed Morphology-based study of Japanese compound verbs -Remarks on the differences between Lexical and Syntactic compound verbs-

Toward a Distributed Morphology-based study of Japanese compound verbs -Remarks on the differences between Lexical and Syntactic compound verbs-

A meaning and grammar of a Japanese lexical compound verb

A meaning and grammar of a Japanese lexical compound verb

Interpretation of compound nouns by adolescents with specific language impairment and autism spectrum disorders: An investigation of phenotypic overlap

The study aimed to investigate (i) whether adolescents with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) and Autism plus Language Impairment (ALI) experience word-formation difficulties, and (ii) whether these two groups present with a similar language phenotype. The study investigated four groups using a 2 (language status) ×2 (autism status) design; adolescents with SLI (n = 14), ALI (n = 16), Autism Language-Typical (ALT; n = 14), and language matched controls (n = 17), with all groups presenting with typical non-verbal skills. Mean age was 14;10. Comprehension of conventional Noun–Noun lexical compounds (e.g., snowman), synthetic compounds (SCs, e.g., cat chaser), and novel root compounds (RCs, e.g., sheep socks), was assessed using a forced-choice picture selection task. The SLI and ALI participants frequently mis-parsed the SCs, interpreting the first noun as the agent. Those with poorer vocabularies and non-word repetition had greater difficulties. Reaction time (RT) profiles were flatter in the ASD groups, with similar RTs across different compounds. Language difficulties in the SLI and ALI groups extend to word-formation processes; for example, comprehension of SCs. This may reflect difficulties making analogies with stored lexical items. Overall the results support the hypothesis of a phenotypic overlap between SLI and ALI.

‘Low carbon’ metals, markets and metaphors: the creation of economic expectations about climate change mitigation

Dealing with the threat of anthropogenic climate change has been a challenge for policy makers for a long time. In recent years, the problems posed by climate change and solutions proposed to mitigate its effects have been framed by lexical ‘carbon compounds’, such as carbon footprint or carbon trading and by one dominant metaphor, the market metaphor. Through a detailed content analysis of industry and press coverage from 1985 to the present, this paper examines the fate of one important lexical compound in this context, namely low carbon, which can be used as an adjective or a noun. Over the last two decades this lexical compound moved across and between three discourses, the steel industry, the car industry and what one might call the climate change industry. Using insights from ecolinguistics and the sociology of expectations, the paper discusses how the lexical compound low carbon in general and the metaphor low carbon future in particular came to prominence in policy discourses, especially in the UK, and how they were used to frame expectations of a prosperous low carbon future, while sidelining deeper social and cultural reflections on climate change mitigation.

Low carbon diet: Reducing the complexities of climate change to human scale

AbstractFor many years, cognitive linguists, such as Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner, have studied meaning construction through language based on intricate mental mapping operations. Their research suggests that conceptual metaphor and conceptual blending permit human beings to reduce very complex issues to human scale. Climate change is such a complex issue. We ask: How is it linguistically reduced to human scale and, in the process, made amenable to thinking and acting? To address these questions, we have analysed the emergence of lexical compounds around a recent key word in debates about climate change in the English speaking world, namely ‘carbon’. One such compound and metaphor/blend is ‘low carbon diet’. In this article we study how the use of the compound ‘low carbon diet’ in an advertising campaign, a book, and by a catering company in the United States permitted US newspapers to reduce climate change to human scale. We have combined and compared metaphor and blending analysis with media and discourse analysis to shed light on the linguistic framing of a real-world problem, that is, we engaged in applied blending analysis.