Lexical Components Research Articles

Croatian EFL learners’ collocational competence: Congruent and incongruent collocations

The paper describes Croatian EFL learners’ collocational competence with regard to congruent and incongruent collocations. Congruent collocations are those which express the same meaning in both languages with similar lexical components, whereby a direct translation from L1 into L2 produces an appropriate collocation. On the other hand, incongruent collocations use different lexical components in the two languages to express the same meaning and a direct translation from L1 into L2 most likely produces an error. Based on this difference between the two types of collocations, the hypothesis is that participants would be more successful in producing congruent as opposed to incongruent collocations due to a positive crosslinguistic influence. To test the hypothesis, 175 Croatian high school students at different year levels (ages 15-18) were tested by using a 22-item task in which they were asked to translate collocations from L1 Croatian into L2 English. The results show that students were more successful in producing congruent than incongruent collocations, and their collocational competence grew with year level and the number of foreign languages spoken.

CONTINUUM OF PARAPHRASING – SYNTAX SYNONYMY IN THE DICHOTOMY LANGUAGE IS SPEECH (on the material of modern French artistic prose)

This paper is dedicated to the studies of syntactical synonymy as one of kinds of periphrasing in the dichotomy language/ discourse and theory of mental kinetism. It is establishedthat in the process of transformation in language are formed the one basic (with one terminal chain) and two basic (with two or more terminal chains)synonymic periphrases of pivotal (primary) syntagm or proposition, that are actualized in discourse in the form of co(n)textually preferential options. On the bases of syntactical and semantic valence of elements of synonymic constructionsare defined the key lexemes of each option which form with peripheral lexical components certain models of synonymic derivational trees (nominal, verbal, adjectival etc.). As the result of studies the virtual terminal chains of discourse innovations-synonymic structures are reconstructed and the hierarchical and horizontal semantic and syntactical relations between them are established in the functional-semantic field of syntactical synonymy.

Recursive LSTM for the Classification of Named Entity Recognition for Hindi Language

NER assumes a key part in Information Extraction from reports (for example email), conversational information, and so forth. Many tongue handling applications, for example, data recovery, question responding to, and machine interpretation, depend on NER. It tends to be challenging to determine the ambiguities of lexical components utilized in a text arrangement. There is too much work has been already done in English language but there is a need to improve accuracy for the NER in Hindi language. In this research researcher are minimize chances of misclassification by using different classifier namely location, name, weather etc. BiLSTM Development of a NER framework for Indian languages is a similarly troublesome task. In this paper, Researcher have done the different research to contrast the aftereffects of NER and typical implanting and quick text implanting layers to examinations the exhibition of word installing with various bunch sizes to prepare the profound learning models. In this paper, Researcher have done the different examinations to contrast the consequences of NER and typical implanting and quick text installing layers to investigations the presentation of word inserting with various group sizes to prepare the profound learning models. The value of the precision of proposed system architecture is 76.13% which is way more than other system architectures. Also, the value of recall and F1-score of proposed system architecture is 71.49 and 74.26 respectively. So, by comparing proposed system architecture with existing SpaCy, CoreNLP and NLTK it is easy to conclude that proposed system architecture is reliable in all the sense.

КОРЕКЦІЯ ЛЕКСИЧНИХ УМІНЬ У МОЛОДШИХ ШКОЛЯРІВ ІЗ ПОРУШЕННЯМИ МОВЛЕННЯ НА УРОКАХ ЧИТАННЯ В УМОВАХ ІНКЛЮЗІЇ

The methodological bases of correction of lexical component of speech of junior schoolchildren with severe speech disorders at reading lessons are considered in the article, the maintenance of the developed experimental technique is substantiated. The principles, directions, tasks of correction of lexical skills and abilities of junior schoolchildren are determined. The author analyzes the operations and stages of formation of reading skills in junior high school students. It is determined that lexical work is carried out at different stages of work with the text. The directions of correctional-preventive and developmental process aimed at improving lexical-semantic skills in junior schoolchildren in the conditions of inclusion are revealed, namely: formation of understanding and use of different meanings of words, formation of lexical system and organization of semantic fields, formation of understanding of lexical and lexico-stylistic means and methods of expressing the content of works of art. The author identifies and characterizes the tasks of lexical and semantic work that are implemented in reading lessons in primary school. It is established that the implementation of the outlined tasks is impossible without taking into account psychophysiological (taking into account the structure of the defect, use as a support for learning compensatory capabilities and structures of speech activity) and psychological and pedagogical (clarity, accessibility, consistency, systematicity, individual approach, corrective orientation of teaching and education) principles. Theoretical provisions that were the basis of the method of correction of the lexical side of speech in children of primary school age with severe speech disorders are revealed. The requirements for the selection of speech material for the correction of lexical and semantic skills in primary school children with severe speech disorders in the conditions of inclusion, namely its compliance with the program requirements of the section «Reading» in younger students with severe speech disorders, the presence of tokens in the area of actual or immediate development of the child, taking into account the availability, interests, main activities. It is noted that improving the effectiveness of remedial education of students of a certain category is impossible without taking into account age, level of intellectual development, students' ability to acquire knowledge, the ability to combine observation with their own experience. Key words: lexical abilities, lexical constituent, are junior schoolboys, heavy violations of broadcasting, correction.

The terms of internationally accepted computer-based terminology

The international terms of computer science are an essential ingredient of English as it translates into English and provides an etymological study and analysis of the lexical computer components of international English terms. Accordingly, the terms of internationally accepted computer-based terminology can be subdivided into the following etiologically:

DEPENDENCE BETWEEN THE WORD, THE PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT AND THE «FREE» WORD-COMBINATION

The article under consideration dwells on the interrelationship between the word, its idiomatic equivalent and the word-combination. In actual speech words always come up in word-combinations. The lexical meaning of relatively ‘free’ word-combinations is the combined meaning of the component parts. But they are ‘free’ only in inverted commas because of the rules of lexical-phraseological combinability of words of this or that language. Substitutability of lexical components is the distinguishing feature of ‘free’ word-combinations in contrast to phraseological units. The latter, although consist of several words, semantically whole and convey a global meaning. Phraseological units are reproduced in speech.

Теоретичні засади зейдитського імамату (за матеріалами трактату Імама аль-Мансура бі-ллаха “al-Asās li-‘aqā’id al-akyās”)

The present paper is devoted to the lexical and conceptual study of the imāmate theory as explicated in “al-Asās li-‘aqā’id al-akyās” as one of the famous compendiums of the theological and legal doctrine (fiqh) of Zaydī school of Šī‘ī Islam composed by al-Manṣūr bi-llāh al-Qāsim b. Muḥammad (967/1559–1029/1620), the Zaydī Imām of Yemen and prolific author of works concerning the Zaydī theology and jurisprudence. “al-Asās”, the Imām al-Manṣūr bi-llāh’s treatise was chosen as a source of the theory of the Zaydī imāmate due to the fact that it hasn’t become the subject of the Zaydī fiqh studies and was only marginally mentioned in the works on the Zaydī jurisprudence without being given detailed consideration. The literary and scholarly legacy of the Imām al-Manṣūr bi-llāh and his main work “al-Asās li-‘aqā’id al-akyās” that is the collection of the rules and regulations of the Zaydī imāmate, were paid proper attention, not least because of the fact that the Imām al-Manṣūr bi-llāh belongs to a cohort of later Zaydī writers who embraced in his work the provisions regarding the imāmate put forward by the classical theorists of Zaydī law. A corpus of terms related to the Zaydī imāmate was extracted from “al-Asās li-‘aqā’id al-akyās” and given etymological and functional-semantic examination. The selected terminological body was described in the framework of certain thematic fields outlined to specify the religious and secular role and powers of the imām. It will be shown that the Zaydī legal terminology belongs to the lexicon of Classical Arabic which lexical components acquire terminological value due to its semantic development. At the same time, it will be shown that the Zaydī imāmate fiqh revolves around such points as the exclusive right of the Family of the Prophet (al-‘itra) to the imāmate and ability of the imām to render independent legal judgments (al-iğtihād).

A content spectral-based text representation

In the last few years, text analysis has grown as a keystone in several domains for solving many real-world problems, such as machine translation, spam detection, and question answering, to mention a few. Many of these tasks can be approached by means of machine learning algorithms. Most of these algorithms take as input a transformation of the text in the form of feature vectors containing an abstraction of the content. Most of recent vector representations focus on the semantic component of text, however, we consider that also taking into account the lexical and syntactic components the abstraction of content could be beneficial for learning tasks. In this work, we propose a content spectral-based text representation applicable to machine learning algorithms for text analysis. This representation integrates the spectra from the lexical, syntactic, and semantic components of text producing an abstract image, which can also be treated by both, text and image learning algorithms. These components came from feature vectors of text. For demonstrating the goodness of our proposal, this was tested on text classification and complexity reading score prediction tasks obtaining promising results.

Интегративность языковой системы в аспекте вторичного познания мира

The article reveals the integrative qualities of natural language from the perspective of cognitive approach. The purpose of the study is to identify the prerequisites and specific illustrations of the language system integrity from the point of view of linguistic and mental interaction. Particular attention is paid to semantic phenomena demonstrating the cognition-driven integrity of the language system. By means of conceptual analysis and descriptive method, the cooperativeness and emergence of linguistic units are defined as the main types of integrity that are significant for the appropriate implementation of derivative conceptualization and categorization of the world. The cooperative type of system cohesion in the sphere of derivative phenomena can be traced in the case when, forming a language or speech meaning, the interpretive verbal units function in an ensemble and at the same time specialize in transferring a particular content. This complementary integrity can be revealed in the cooperation of grammatical, grammatical and lexical components as means of language interpretation. Emergent integrity is realized on the level of lexical and grammatical units, their semantics being formed with the participation of the cognitive mechanism of conceptual integration. The semantic integrity of such type is based on a unique entity of concepts and categories, which has a non-summative identity. Based on the reviewed material, it is established that the non-compositionality of the interpretive content is realized at each sign level of the language and has a specific expression. The emergent continuity of semantics is considered as a consequence of the creativity of human thinking in the comprehension of the world.

Frazeologizmy w gawędach Dominika Kuziniewicza

The subject of considerations presented in this article is phraseological units appearing in Dominik Kuziniewicz’s tales. The research material was selected from two of his books: Kochaninkie, patrzajciesami (1989) and Żeby gembulka była uśmiechnięta (2007).The overwhelming majority of the phraseological relationships used by the storyteller is colloquial, which was dictated by the topics discussed in the texts that relate to various situations occuring in everyday life. The research shows that only a small group of phraseologies was used in the canonical form, while the absolute majority of phraseological units appear in a modified form. Their various transformations were largely favored by the stylization of the Polish dialects used in Lithuania. As a result of such an operation, in many phraseologisms (with original lexics), Polish grammatical forms were replaced by forms characteristic to these language varieties. Much more often, the author changes the lexical composition of phraseologisms, using various procedures, such as replacing the lexical component of phraseology, supplementing phraseology with new components and using phraseological calque of East Slavic languages.

Хуурч Бүрэнбаярын хуурдан хэлсэн “Гурван улсын үлгэр”-ийн эхийн харьцуулсан судалгаа

Oral tales, which are known as “tales of the fiddle” (quγur-un üliger or bengаsün-ü üliger) derived in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, are well-inherited to this day and have been the focus of many Mongolist scholars since long ago. Although many international scholars studied the tales of the fiddle from different perspectives, there is a lack of study on lexicological components in the tales of the fiddle. In this paper, author chose the “Romance of the Three Kingdoms (in Mongolian: γurban ulus-un üliger; in Chinese:三国演义)” which was performed by Bürenbayar bard (quγurči, Lit: the fiddle player) as a research object. It was broadcasted by the Khulun Buir Radio Committee for a total of 62 hours length in August 1984. The author considered these materials as oral sources (transcriptions of audio recordings) for his research and conducted a comparative lexical analysis between the original Chinese text and other Mongolian translations. The Chinese source of the “Romance of the Three Kingdoms” contains 209 stanzas (192 poems, 2 hymns, 2 panegyrics, 2 eulogies, 10 songs, 1 children's tale), 3 of which correspond to the selected tale of the fiddle. In addition, the vocabulary items of the bards and some words of the local dialect were compared with the words used in two other translated versions of the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which were translated by Temget and D. Boldbaatar translated from Chinese into Mongolian. In this article, the author not only summarizes the study of the “Romance of the Three Kingdoms” and its translation into Mongolian, but also compares Burenbayar's tale of the Fiddle with other Mongolian translations of the “Romance of the Three Kingdoms” in terms of lexical components and features of poetry, and it was determined that the tale of the fiddle originated from Temget's translation of the Romance of Three Kingdoms.

СУЧАСНИЙ АНГЛІЙСЬКОМОВНИЙ БЛЕРБ ЯК АДАПТАЦІЯ КЛАСИЧНОГО АНГЛІЙСЬКОГО ДЕТЕКТИВУ

This paper is aimed at presenting a comprehensive multi-level analysis of the blurb as a component of an Anglo-American publication and created after a classical detective novel. Blurbs are conventionally placed on book covers (or on the Internet) describing the book content and strategically presenting the book to its potential audience. The multi-level model for comprehensive blurb analysis is pioneered, combining lexical, morphological, syntactic, graphic-visual and pragmatic levels of analysis. This study pursues to prove that blurbs are marked by their special communicative purpose and are inherently multi-functional (advertising, persuasive, influential) created with a view to persuade prospective audience to purchase the book. With respect to these blurbs are strategically equipped with various discursive and linguistic markers outlined in each of the levels of the model. At the structural level the structural divisions of the blurb invariant are investigated: the respective introduction, the central part and the final part. At the lexical level the appropriate lexical components of the introduction, central part and final part are analyzed. A set of corresponding standard lexical repertoires for each of these parts is established. At the morphological level the grammatical structures of each part are analyzed and described. At the syntactic level, the traditional syntax of each of the relevant parts is analysed. The graphical-visual level identifies the graphical and visual means that are most efficiently used by blurb creators to appeal to the audience. At the pragmatic level the pragmatic functions of the blurb are identified, which exercise the appropriate pragmatic impact on the reader. The study indicates that the process of making a blurb requires adherence to certain blurb-making laws and conventions.

Фразеографический потенциал «Большого универсального словаря русского языка»

The article presents the results of a study of the phraseological parameter of the Big Universal Dictionary of the Russian Language (V.V. Morkovkin, G.F. Bogacheva, N.M. Lutskaya, 2016) in paper format. Phraseological units (henceforth PUs) as the content of the phraseological zone marked in the structure of the dictionary entry by a rhombus (◊) served as the basis for the study. The aim is to reveal features of the headword representativeness as a key structural-semantic component of the phraseological zone and determine the research potential of the phraseological array of the Dictionary. A wide projection of phraseography is one of the characteristics of the Dictionary’s universality. The phraseological zones of the Dictionary are represented as PUs with different degrees of idiomaticity, as well as nominative and communicative units with the capacity for reproducibility in an unchanged composition. This approach is justified by the expansion of the phraseological base in modern lexicographic projects. The structural-semantic multiplicity of the headword as a component of a PU determines the universality of the phraseological zone’s content representativeness. The use of “multipath” references to a variety of dictionary entries, how many components a PU has, determines the vector projection to a wider range of types of figurative nominations. At the same time, the phraseological definition is presented only in the structure of a single dictionary entry where the headword acts as a key structural-semantic component of a PU. In phraseological zones as part of a peculiar linguistic corpus of the Russian language, a set of PUs has many aspects. Optional lexical and variant components of PUs are indicated. Words a PU usually collocates with are given. There are notes indicating the expressive-stylistic and evaluative functions of a PU; grammatical notes describing some morphological properties of the lexical components of a PU. An interpretation/meaning of a PU, or a reference to the headword in which the content of the PU is considered, is given. If there is a semantic identity, synonyms are provided. The phraseological zone may contain examples of a PU’s uses in speech and commentaries of a cognitive nature. The phraseographic objectification of the receptivity of the lexicalsemantic variant of the headword is strongly represented by compound terms and names that objectify human discursive activity. Phraseological zones in the structure of entries in which homonymic units act as headwords can become one of the potential vectors of studying phraseology. A single presentation of a phraseological definition in the dictionary shows a typical situation/situations of using PUs and is a potential linguistic material for studies in the cognitivediscursive direction.

Structural and Semantic Analysis of English and Russian Proverbs about Marriage as a Source of Expression of Cultural and National Identity

The article is devoted to the comparative structural and semantic analysis of proverbs of the English and Russian languages with the meaning marriage. The novelty and relevance of the study consists in the fact that the proverbs that go to the heart of the current problems of marriage relations were first analyzed with the use of comparative approach in the context of structural and semantic analysis. In the course of the analysis, on the material of the proverbs of these languages, the main meanings of the proverbs were identified and systematized. The proverbs reveal the view on the value of marriage, the view on the predestination of marriage, the roles of husband and wife, controversial aspects of marital relations, as well as the question of the unity and strength of the family. An important part of the article is the study of male and female views on the problem of marriage, family life and the choice of a life partner. In English proverbs, a critical attitude towards marriage and the mention of the advantages of a bachelor life can be found more often. In Russian proverbs, marriage is generally viewed more positively but almost half of the proverbs that reveal the hardships of life in marriage are proverbs that convey a womans view of marriage. The article reveals lexical components, syntactic structures, artistic techniques and figurative means pertain to the proverbs of both linguistic and cultural ethnic groups. The presence of unique and distinctive proverbs in each language reflects the peculiarities of the historical and cultural experience of the two peoples, but the proverbs of both languages also have many common features. This is explained both by the community of human nature and knowledge, and by borrowing from common sources. Both Russian and English proverbs are characterized by using methods of comparison, contraposition, allegory, the use of personifying metaphors, lexical antonymy, the use of zoonyms, proper nouns and somatisms. In Russian, the emotional and expressive component is higher due to the use of diminutive suffixes, vernacular and vulgar words, they represent more widely archaisms and vocabulary associated with the realities of peasant life. Most Russian proverbs are composed according to the laws of the folklore genre and have a compositional completeness due to their rhythmic and phonetic design. Most of the English proverbs contain sayings, teachings, and use more abstract and neutral vocabulary, although there are also bright and original proverbs among them. The author reveals interaction of the figurative means and the conceptual component of proverbs and concludes that the linguistic means and figurative motivation of proverbs are related to the peculiarities of the national-cultural thinking of the both peoples.

The history of the Ukrainian people and their national identity in the linguistic refl ections (to the 85th anniversary of Doctor of Philology, Professor A. М. Popovskyi)

The article deals with the figure of famous Ukrainian linguist, doctor of philology, professor, poet, Honored Worker of Education of Ukraine, Anatoliy Popovsky and his scientific achievements, in particular the monograph “A little bit about Ukrainian surnames” (2020) is devoted to the problem of the origin and creation of Ukrainian surnames, their functioning in business, works of art and journalism. It is an encyclopedia about the ancestral memory and destiny of Ukraine, national identity and self-respect. It provides a detailed analysis of the semantics of Ukrainian surnames with interesting lexical components, highlights the issue of their deformation in the Russian Empire and in Soviet times, resulting in the substitution of cultural values and ideology. A. Popovsky’s scientific work is a “life hack” on the revival of “Cossacks’ power and beauty”. The monograph is a history of the Ukrainian people in surnames, starting from family traditions and ending with positive and negative phenomena at the state level. The issue of studying surnames, as well as nominations of villages, settlements, cities, and districts to reproduce the geography and history of the Ukrainian anthroponymy in synchrony and diachrony needs to be comprehensively proceeded and popularized in the educational process and contemporary mass media as important sources of the formation of public opinion.

Narrative Performance and Sociopragmatic Abilities in Preschool Children are Linked to Multimodal Imitation Skills.

Over recent decades much research has analyzed the relevance of 9- to 20- month-old infants' early imitation skills (object- and language-based imitation) for language development. Yet there have been few systematic comparisons of the joint relevance of these imitative behaviors later on in development. This correlational study investigated whether multimodal imitation (gestural, prosodic, and lexical components) and object-based imitation are related to narratives and sociopragmatics in preschoolers. Thirty-one typically developing 3- to 4-year-old children performed four tasks to assess multimodal imitation, object-based imitation, narrative abilities, and sociopragmatic abilities. Results revealed that both narrative and sociopragmatic skills were significantly related to multimodal imitation, but not to object-based imitation, indicating that preschoolers' ability to imitate socially relevant multimodal cues is strongly related to language and sociocommunicative skills. Therefore, this evidence supports a broader conceptualization of imitation behaviors in the field of language development that systematically integrates prosodic, gestural, and verbal linguistic patterns.

PROBLEMS OF TEACHING THE DISCIPLINE «UKRAINIAN FOR PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES» FOR STUDENTS OF ECONOMIC SPECIALTIES AT HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The article analyzes the problems that arise when teaching students of economic specialties, in particular: limited lexical components, ignorance of professional terminology, lack of communication skills, psychological and communicative barriers. Violation of the norms of the Ukrainian language use is outlined. The theoretical basis was the work of linguistic didactics, who emphasized that business language is a dynamic phenomenon that a specialist must constantly study, while researching and improving their own competencies. It is noted that the program in the discipline "Ukrainian for professional purposes" should acquaint students with the basics of professional language culture, the specifics of oral and written modern literary language, direct to study the terminology of the chosen specialty, develop skills in modern documentation and motivate to improve language and speech competencies. A list of tasks that can be used during practical classes to avoid errors is identified. Such tasks included: memorizing the correct accents of both professional terms and words of common vocabulary; work with texts, namely: elimination of lexical errors by choosing the right option; correction of spelling errors in the given texts; placement of missing punctuation marks in texts of official business, journalistic and scientific styles and their fragments; selection of Ukrainian equivalents to words of foreign origin; determining the correct endings in the genitive case of nouns; ability to translate narrow and interdisciplinary terminology into Ukrainian; preparation of professional documents. An important stage of language training of specialists in economic specialties is the knowledge and observance of the modern Ukrainian literary language norms in both oral and written speech. It is also pointed out that students should be aware that studying the state language is closely related to their personality and interests, and not to the methods and teaching aids used by the teacher. Keywords: norms of modern literary language, oral professional speech, professional culture, culture of professional speech, language training of students, teaching aids.

Identification of the main components of spontaneous speech in primary progressive aphasia and their neural underpinnings using multimodal MRI and FDG-PET imaging

BackgroundPrimary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by gradual loss of language skills. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic capacity of a connected speech task for the diagnosis of PPA and its variants, to determine the main components of spontaneous speech, and to examine their neural correlates. MethodsA total of 118 participants (31 patients with nfvPPA, 11 with svPPA, 45 with lvPPA, and 31 healthy controls) were evaluated with the Cookie Theft picture description task and a comprehensive language assessment protocol. Patients also underwent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies. Principal component analysis and machine learning were used to evaluate the main components of connected speech and the accuracy of connected speech parameters for diagnosing PPA. Voxel-based analyses were conducted to evaluate the correlation between spontaneous speech components and brain metabolism, brain volumes, and white matter microstructure. ResultsDiscrimination between patients with PPA and controls was 91.67%, with 77.78% discrimination between PPA variants. Parameters related to speech rate and lexical variables were the most discriminative for classification. Three main components were identified: lexical features, fluency, and syntax. The lexical component was associated with ventrolateral frontal regions, while the fluency component was associated with the medial superior prefrontal cortex. Number of pauses was more related with the left parietotemporal region, while pauses duration with the bilateral frontal lobe. The lexical component was correlated with several tracts in the language network (left frontal aslant tract, left superior longitudinal fasciculus I, II, and III, left arcuate fasciculus, and left uncinate fasciculus), and fluency was linked to the frontal aslant tract. ConclusionSpontaneous speech assessment is a useful, brief approach for the diagnosis of PPA and its variants. Neuroimaging correlates suggested a subspecialization within the left frontal lobe, with ventrolateral regions being more associated with lexical production and the medial superior prefrontal cortex with speech rate.

Culturological Characteristics of Phraseological Comparative Units in Indo-European Languages (English, German, Russian, and Urdu)

The present research featured the semantics of expressivity of comparative phraseological units (CPU) in English, German, Russian, and Urdu. The authors studied the lexical components of comparative constructions in order to define the universal and the national in these languages. Comparative idioms can be described as the core of evaluativity. They were divided into groups, which revealed the cognitive stereotypes in the linguistic cultures under analysis. The thematic classification made it possible to analyze the productivity of meronyms in CPU and compare the basic images of the English, German, Russian, and Urdu national linguistic cultures. The national specificity of comparative phraseology appeared to depend on the national-specific vocabulary, i.e. lexemes with special linguacultural significance or national realia. As a part of a phraseological comparative unit, realia lose part of their meaning, while maintaining the national aspect. Most CPU demonstrated negative evaluativity, which confirmed the universal semantic asymmetry of phraseology.

Symbolics of the book and the space of cultural memory in the «final book» of Boris Pasternak “Doctor Zhivago”

This article examines one of the symbolic components of the «objective world» of the novel about the writer – the image of the «book». It is noted that its use in the poetics of «Doctor Zhivago» is multifunctional. In addition to the characteristics of the artistic space, the «book» acts as a «finished object» that implements «universal and all-encompassing semantic segments» in the plot associated with cultural memory, the integrity of life and the world order. Special attention is paid to the content of the genre designation of «final book», which is applied to a number of «polymorphic» novels of the late 19th – 20th centuries and is considered in the context of «genre generalisations» in literature. The meaning of lexical components used within this genre designation is clarified. The occasional meaning «target», contained in the word «final», allows one to see in the intense self-reflection of the writer, which has a significant impact on the creative process, aspiration to cognise the «hidden essence» of things. The appeal to the goals inherent in the «ontological construction» of beings is defined in the philosophical tradition as «phenomenological reduction» (EGA Husserl), «transcending the spirit beyond its limits» (RM Garrigou-Lagrange). These processes are responsible for the retardation of the phase of the formation of the concept of the work – a phenomenon that has not yet been fully explained.