Levinson's Theory Research Articles

SPEECH ACT AND POLITENESS TRATEGY USED BY PRE-SERVICE TEACHER IN ONLINE LEARNING IN SMA LAB UNDISKSHA

Language is an essential tool that we use in our daily life. In general, language is used as a tool to convey information. In using language, speakers must pay attention to the language used. Language users should do this to avoid or minimize errors in conveying information to listeners. This study aims to determine what types of speech acts and politeness strategies are used by pre-service teachers when teaching online classes. This research is expected to provide an overview of how speech acts and politeness strategies can affect educational activities. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. This research was conducted using two steps. The researcher's first step is to observe how preservice teachers use speech act and politeness strategies in online classes. Then the researcher will conduct interviews with research subjects or pre-service teachers to verify the data that has been observed. In conducting this research, the researcher used two theories as to the research foundation. The first theory is Searle's theory of speech act types and Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness strategies. The study found that if pre-service teachers use five types of speech acts, they are representative, directive, commissive, expressive, and directive. This study also found that pre-service teachers used more directive speech acts in teaching online classes than other types of speech acts. In addition to the use of speech acts, this study also found that pre-service teachers also use four politeness strategies in teaching online classes. The four types of politeness strategies are bald-onrecord, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record.

Students' Politeness Strategies to Lecturers in Sending Messages through WhatsApp

One of the issues that students face today is a lack of politeness in their language. Students' politeness is reflected in their attitudes when sending messages to lecturers. The objective of this study was to determine how polite students are when communicating with their lecturers through WhatsApp. This study was conducted at a private university in Sukoharjo. The data was obtained from student texts in the lecturer's WhatsApp app. The data was analyzed using Brown and Levinson's (1987) FTA theory on politeness strategies. According to the findings of the study, some students were found sending messages without greeting the lecturers and instead conveying their intentions directly. FTAs are common, and students frequently threaten the lecturers' faces. The words used in a student's message can have an effect on the teacher's feelings and make the conversation appear informal. Students appear to be unaware of social distance, roles and status, and power dynamics when interacting with lecturers. Some students treat lecturers as equals, which comes across as rude and disrespectful. It is strongly suggested that this topic be expanded upon and discussed in a broader context and area for future research. More research could look at this issue from a different perspective.

An Analysis of Deixis on Comment Speech By Indonesian Diplomat in United Nation (PBB) 75th General Assembly Meeting 2020

Deixis is a human language phenomenon in which particular expression referential depends on context use (Williams, 2019). By knowing deixis, a speaker knows alternate reference words depending on the interlocutor, places and time conversation takes place. The study investigates deixis and its context used by diplomats and representatives from Indonesia, Silvany Pasaribu of human rights cases of Vanuatu and Papua. This study's data source was the comment speech of an Indonesian diplomat, consisting of three types of deixis based on Levinson's theory. The video was collected from YouTube. Further, to analyse the data through several processes, the researchers firstly collected all deictic expressions found in transcription, classified the deictic word into each category of deixis. The result of this study shows thirty five deixis from comment speech of Indonesian diplomat. There were twenty three personal deixis consisting of a first, second, and third person, seven spatial deixis, and five temporal deixis. Person deixis generally be delivered by person grammatical type, which replaces personal pronoun encode like community, appropriate names, and the individual pronoun compound. Spatial or place deixis based on result which expresses by the speaker on their speech were location. Temporal deixis is used to the pointing of time context speech. Further research is suggested to analyze all kinds of deixis, such as social deixis and its context.

POLITENESS STRATEGY PERFORMED IN SATU JAM LEBIH DEKAT TALK SHOW ON TV ONE: A PRAGMATIC APPROACH

Talk show program on TV One is a program that uses language as a means of communication. To create the success of cummunication, it needs a strategy. This study aims to find out the politeness srategies used in Satu Jam Lebih Dekat talk show on TV One. The method used in this article is descriptive qualitative method. The data source of this research is oral data source, which is focused on the speeches between the presenter, interviewees, and mystery guest with the sources from a number of ministers in our country by downloading on the site www.youtube.com. For data analysis technique, the researcher used the contextual method with the pragmatic competence-in-dividing. And for the theory, the researcher focuses on politeness strategies by Brown Levinson's theory (1987: 94).The results indicate that there are 16 types of politeness strategies of Satu Jam Lebih Dekat program namely Bald on record, Positive Politeness-attend to hearer, Positive Politeness-intensify interest, Positive Politeness-use group identify marker, Positive Politeness-seek agreement, Positive Politeness-avoid disagreement, Positive Politeness-assert speaker’s knowledge, Positive Politeness-include both speaker and hearer in activity, Positive Politeness-give or ask reasons, Positive Politeness-give gifts, Negative Politeness-be conventionally indirect, Negative Politeness-question, hedge, Negative Politeness-give deference, Negative Politeness-impersonalize speaker and hearer, Off record-give hints, and Off record-give association clues. The most dominant use of politeness strategy is positive politeness-asking an agreement with the 42 percentage. The politeness strategies of this speech acts support the effectiveness of talk show and will minimize threats, protect, and extract information from interviewees without any compulsion due to the use of this politeness strategy.

DONALD TRUMP AND HIS SPEECH: A STUDY OF DIFFERENT USAGES OF DEIXIS

The present research focuses on different usages of deixis by Donald Trump in his speech on 1 June 2020 at Rose Garden, White House. The aim of this research is to analyze the use of deixis in Donald Trump’s speech. The descriptive qualitative method was used in analyzing the data found in this research. The collected data were analysed by observing how the deixis was used in sentences. In analyzing the data, Levinson’s (1983) theory about different usages of deixis was applied. Based on Levinson's theory of deixis usages, deixis can be used through a gestural, symbolic, and non-deictic way. This research found three ways of deixis usages in Donald Trump’s speech, namely gestural, symbolic, and non-deictic use. Symbolic way of deixis usage was the most frequent occurrence, that is 82 times. This finding was followed by the non-deictic usage which occurred 6 times, and gestural usage that occurred 3 times. By investigating the usage of deixis, this study is expected to give an understanding that in delivering a speech, deixis can be used in different ways to support the content meant to be shared by the speaker as well as to make effective message delivery.

UNIVERSALITY OF BROWN AND LEVINSON POLITENESS THEORY IN COLLECTIVE CULTURE: REDEFINING POWER IN CONCEPT OF FACE

The claim of universality of Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness has encouraged the theory's debate to draw the concept of face in group society culture. This article analyzes the concept of face in several group societies claiming that Brown and Levinson missed covering. The analysis was described through library research using primary and secondary data. The primary data comes from the original book of Politeness Theory written by Brown and Levinson. The secondary data were the description and the example of the conversation, how the existence of linguistics set of a language, and the ritual of performing an interaction in the culture found in some articles supporting and debating Brown and Levinson's universality Politeness theory. This analysis concludes that Brown and Levinson's Theory covered the group society politeness and face concept by seeing the definition of power imposition on society members. While the theory of Brown and Levinson is flawed to explain the flip concept of face in a collective culture, computing the weightiness of FTAs formula has covered the role of culture and group situational interaction. It makes this concept can be applied to any cross-cultural boundary universally.

Can Futsugo be Acceptable in Hotel Services? A Case Study of a Hotel in Bali

This article discusses futsugo (Japanese daily language). The aim of this research is to know whether Futsugo style can be used at hotel services. As we know that hotels are the main constituent of the hospitality industry which keep special attention to courtesy and services, so is it possible for the hotel staff to use it? Does it threaten guests' faces? The data analyzed is conversation instances between Japanese guests and hotel staff in Bali hotels. The sampling used is a random sampling technique. The sample used in the study is 10 hotels out of 73 five-star hotels in Bali. The conversation data is recorded with mobile phones by hotel staff. The total number of the hotel staff members as the subjects of this research is 15 participants. The data was conducted from May 2019 till August 2019. Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness theory is used to analyze conversations between Japanese guests and hotel staff in Bali from the stages of arrival, familiarization, and engagement until departure. Based on data analysis, it is known that generally hotel staff use negative politeness strategies alternately with positive politeness strategies depending on the context of the speech situation. From these four those stages, it is found that Futsugo utterances are at the engagement stage. Futsugo style was used by the staff during handling guest complaints. In one dialogue, Futsugo's utterance was found in the form of question sentences without question marks, but using the rising intonation and confirmation of the guest’s answer without the copula desu. According to the analysis of the conversation data, futsugo utterances are used by hotel staff and guests as a practical way of communicating. Futsugo's utterances which tend to be short are easier to catch by the ear, making it easier to handle guest complaints. If viewed from the perspective of politeness theory, this speech can still be accepted. It can be seen from the whole conversation where negative politeness strategies and positive politeness strategies are applied in one dialogue that the appearance of Futsugo's utterances is still considered acceptable and does not threaten guests' faces.

THE PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS IN AVENGERS: END GAME

This study focuses on deixis in pragmatics. This study aims to determine the types of deixis in theAvengers: End Game film and to explain the function of each type of deixis based on the deixistheory of Levinson (1983). The object of this research is utterances containing deixis in the movieAvengers: End Game. In this research, the method used in analyzing the data is a qualitativedescriptive method, so that the results of this study are described descriptively and in detail, not inthe form of numbers. This study resulted in findings in the form of five types of deixis in Avengers:End Game based on Levinson's (1983) theory, namely person deixis, time deixis, place deixis,discourse deixis, and social deixis, besides this research shows the function of each deixis, namelydesignates an object.

Deixis Analysis in the Business Article of the Jakarta Post

This research is entitled Deixis in the Business Article of The Jakarta Post. This research is conducted in order to find out the deixis in the business article of the Jakarta Post and five articles are taken as the samples. The data is analyzed through a pragmatic theory stated by Levinson theory. The theory divides the types of deixis into 5 types, (1) person deixis (2) place deixis (3) time deixis (4) discourse deixis (5) social deixis. Problem discussed in this research: 1) what types of deixis found in the article of Jakarta Post? 2)what is the dominant type of deixis found in the article of Jakarta Post? The research method in this research used is qualitative description. The data of this research were taken from the article of the Jakarta Post. Finally, the findings show: 1) all types of deixis found in the article of the Jakarta Post, 2) the dominant types of deixis found in the article of the Jakarta Post.

Politeness Used by Islamic Education Department Administration Staff of State Islamic University North Sumatra. Postgraduate School of the State University of Medan

The objectives of this study is to find out what and how the using of politeness strategies used by Islamic Education Department Administration Staff and why they use it when interact with the students by using Brown and Levinson theory. This research is qualitative study. The data is gathered from administration staff who work in Islamic Education Department of State Islamic University North Sumatra. To get the data the researcher used sound recorder to find out the use of politeness strategies. From the analysis, the researcher found that there are four politeness strategies used by administration staff when they interact to the students. They are greeting, question, command, and request. The most of strategies used in the field are bald on record rather than positive and negative politeness strategy. They used these strategies to save the time, because there are so many students have to be served. The other reason is diversity age and avoiding the ambiguity. The staff sometimes uses positive and negative politeness strategies. They used positive politeness especially for recognized students to make closeness and friendly when they ask them to do something and they used negative politeness strategies to save face student awareness when the staff tried to judge students by doing mistake. The implication of this study is to increase the using of positive politeness strategies when administration staff talk to the students. This is because the positive politeness strategies can minimize Face Threatening Acts to endeavor a harmony in social interaction.

AN ANALYSIS OF CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE ON “JUMANJI: WELCOME TO THE JUNGLE” FILM

In this research, the researcher used the film as the object of the research entitled Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle film and focused on understanding character utterances. The data were taken from the film script and scene in the form of utterances. Through the utterances, the participants tell their idea and opinion about something, but sometimes they do not say their goals directly; this is called implicature. Based on that, the researcher tries to understand the meaning of implicature utterances occurred in the film based on the implicature theory. This research was aimed at classifying the types of conversational implicature, which have been done by the five main characters in the film and then explaining the implied meaning. The researcher used Levinson's implicature theory and context by DeVito. The data were explained by showing the maxim flouted by the main characters, the context of the situation, the types of conversational implicature, and the implied meaning of the utterances. Dealing with the purposes of the research, it was found that the five main characters used implicature. Thirty-seven utterances contained conversational implicatures, which comprise thirty-four particularized conversational implicature, and three generalized conversational implicature. The five main characters used particularized conversational implicature more frequently than generalized conversational implicature. In addition, it was also found that the implied meaning behind main characters’ utterances mostly depend on the context of the conversation. The implied meaning found were informing, complaining, refusing, reminding, criticizing, assuring, affirming, apologizing, and entreating.

Organizational Diagnosis and Organizational Development Model: Integration of Psychoanalytic Determinants

This article reviews historical and current research focusing upon the failures and inadequacies associated with management and organizational development efforts, the role of the consultant in diagnosing organizational dysfunction. It further proposes a psychoanalytic model to serve as an organizational behavior blueprint. The model developed and processes identified are an intensive, prolonged technique to understand and identify the behavioral systems that trigger conflicts within the organization with significance attached to conflict and repression from early stages in the growth of an organization and its human resources-its people. The model synthesizes the research of psychoanalytic theory and organizational development (OD) processes in examining the components and effects of pain, affection, aggression, dependency and ego-ideal as interrelated forces. The impact of some of the historical founders of OD as well as Harry Levinson's psychoanalytic theory contribution will also be incorporated in this article. Examining relationships between intervention levels and component parts is the primary step to be taken in diagnosing, developing and changing the organization and environmental domain to an organic, reality-centered entity. The intra and interrelationships between the four intervention levels (individual, group, organization and environment) and the 30 variables uniquely, presents an overwhelming task for the organizational development consultant to diagnose, describe and hopefully change as the combination of psychoanalytic elements and organizational processes are complex and enigmatic at the individual/group levels with a multiplier effect illuminating the organizational and environment domains. The study of organizational diagnosis models is paramount for OD practitioners, because diagnostic models help to reveal key organizational gaps, and critical areas to focus. Moreover, this analysis emphasized the role of the OD practitioner as an advisor, helping clients identify the most appropriate diagnostic model -given the intervention objectives, and the organizational culture, and using feedback mechanisms to channel results in a non-threatening mode to later focus targeted OD interventions for the improvement of organizational effectiveness. The development of a conceptual model intended to diagnose the individual and total elements of the system is the primary step to be taken in this change effort.

ANALYSIS THE TYPE OF DEIXIS IN THE MAIN CHARACTER ON THE MOVIE I LEAVE MY HEART IN LEBANON

This study aimed to describe the type of deixis on the main character in the film titled I Leave My Heart in Lebanon. This research is descriptive qualitative research.The data of this research was collected by analysis of the use of language spoken by the main character in the film I Leave My Heart in Lebanon, with the stages: 1) Organizing the data by collects of all the data in the movie that contains of deixis. 2) Categorizing the data into the types based on levinson theory who classified deixis into deixis persona, spatial, temporal, discourse, and social. 3) Analyzing the data which containing five types of deixis. 4) Present the sample of the data that related to the study, the researcher will present the result of the research some of each category. All of the sources taken on the Film I Leave My Heart in Lebanon. Based on data analysis, the researcher found 125 data that indicates the type of deixis. including personal, temporal, spatial, social, and discourse deixis. The deixis in this film are dominated by personal deixis with 102 data.

The Speech Act of Rebuke in Indonesian Students' Interaction

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating rebuke speech acts in student interactions during practicing class using pragmatic approach and politeness strategies. Human beings can never be separated from the use of oral language in the form of speech acts. One of the interesting events to study and analyze language pragmatics is by observing how students relate in academic environments. This is necessary due to the importance of speech act in communication through the use of spoken language. This research was conducted qualitatively using a pragmatic theory approach and 100 students participating in a practical class were selected randomly as subjects of the research. The data used include the students' speeches during the violation of practice procedures in the laboratory and the data collection techniques used were open questionnaires through the Discourse Complete Test (DCT) involving 10 types of real situations. The data obtained were analyzed using Searle's speech act and Brown and Levinson's politeness strategy theories. The results indicated the existence of greatest tendency for rebuke expressive speech acts, which violate politeness strategies.

The Analysis of Social Deixis in A Night in Khanzadʼs Life

Abstract
 Pragmatics is branch of linguistics that studies language in context, therefore, there should be a relation between language and context that surrounds the utterance. One of the manifestations of this relation is social deixis. Social deixis is the linguistic expressions that show the status of the speaker, the addressee, or a third person or entity referred to, as well as the social relationships holding between them. Social deixis deals with forms of address and the way are used by the communicators.
 This study aims to identify and analyse social deictic expressions in the play "A Night in Khanzad's Life" written by Hama Kareem Hawrami. This study helps the reader to understand the theme of the play more clearly through the use of social deictic expressions. It is concerned with both types of social deixis and how each type is related to the social identity, relative power and social relation between the characters.This study uses descriptive and qualitative method, because it identifies and analyzes both types of social deixis (relational and absolute) in the texts found in this play. The study is based on Levinson's theory on deixis (1983). The texts are taken from the play "A Night in Khanzad's Life".The steps to analyze the play are reading the play, finding the types of social deixis, analyzing and classifying the types. The dominant type that is used by the writer in this play is relational social deixis.

An Article Review on “The Use of Politeness Strategies in the Classroom Context by English University Students"

This study aims to review and look at politeness strategies in the Classroom Context by English University Students. Politeness in English language teaching is still a major concern. This is considered a way of ensuring positive contact in the classroom. As an essential actor in the class, teachers and students must also cultivate politeness as a way to establish positive engagement in the classroom. In order to investigate the politeness phenomenon in EFL interaction, the researchers applied a descriptive qualitative research method. Two sections of English literature were included in this research. The key data sources were the individual student presentations recorded. The recording took fifty transcripts, which lasted between five and seven minutes for each performance. The transcripts were examined and debated on the basis of Brown and Levinson's theory of politeness. The findings of this research indicate that English students used different types of words to express their courtesy within the classroom. Such phrases were in the form of greetings, thanks, apologies and fillers. Some terms were also taken from the vernacular language of students who acted as a tool to soften their presentation. Such words were marked as positive and negative politeness. The results of this study could be used as a means of establishing effective interaction between teachers and students in the classroom.

Conversational Implicature and Politeness Strategies in Bíọ́dún-Káyọ̀dé Newspapers’ Review in South Western Nigeria

Wardhaugh (1986) opines that when we speak, choices must of necessity be made of what we want to say, how we want to say it, the choice of words, sounds, (styles and other variables available within the speech community) that best unite (connect) what we say with how it is said. Based on the foregoing, the focus of this study is to identify and analyze the politeness strategies employed in the talk exchanges presented in Bíọ́dún and Káyọ̀dé newspapers’ review through critical evaluation. In addition, the study seeks to investigate what is implicated by an expression, other than what a speaker actually said by saying what he said. Brown and Levinson's politeness theory and Grice’s Cooperative Principle with its Maxims are adopted for analysis purpose. This study intends to show that Yorùbá culture places premium on social behaviour displayed and to reveal some of the culturally inherent linguistic and non-linguistic tools in the native speakers’​intuition as well as and repertoire of the people which they employ to meet the face want of interlocutors in communication situations.

Conversational Implicature and Politeness Strategies in Bíọ́dún-Káyọ̀dé Newspapers’ Review in South Western Nigeria

Wardhaugh (1986) opines that when we speak, choices must of necessity be made of what we want to say, how we want to say it, the choice of words, sounds, (styles and other variables available within the speech community) that best unite (connect) what we say with how it is said. Based on the foregoing, the focus of this study is to identify and analyze the politeness strategies employed in the talk exchanges presented in Bíọ́dún and Káyọ̀dé newspapers’ review through critical evaluation. In addition, the study seeks to investigate what is implicated by an expression, other than what a speaker actually said by saying what he said. Brown and Levinson's politeness theory and Grice’s Cooperative Principle with its Maxims are adopted for analysis purpose. This study intends to show that Yorùbá culture places premium on social behaviour displayed and to reveal some of the culturally inherent linguistic and non-linguistic tools in the native speakers’​intuition as well as and repertoire of the people which they employ to meet the face want of interlocutors in communication situations.

Characteristics of effective auto-reply emails: Politeness and perceptions

There is an extensive body of previous research that examines the role of politeness in email communication [1–10], but information about its role in the specific subtype of auto-reply messages is much more limited [10]. The present pilot study, grounded in Brown and Levinson's Politeness Theory (1987), further develops this line of investigation by considering readers' perceptions of positive and negative politeness strategies in auto-reply email as well as other features that they report considering when evaluating a message.

Politeness Strategies Used in The Movie The Chronicles of Narnia

This research is a pragmatic study on politeness strategies employed by the characters in The chronicles of Narnia movie in the context of family discourse. This research using Brown and Levinson theory about the types of politeness strategies. The objectives of this research are (1) To identify the types of politeness strategies in the chronicles of Narnia movie (2). To analyze the way politeness strategies utterancesthe chronicles of Narnia movie. (3).To describe the function of the politeness strategies used in the chronicles of Narnia movie.This research used descriptive qualitative approach. The data were in the form of utterances which contain politeness strategies. The data source was The Chronicles of Narnia movie script. The data were collected by note-taking technique then they were classified and analyzed. The trustworthiness was attained by using credibility through two kinds of triangulation: by observers and theories.