Levene's Test Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of the General Attitude of Rainfall Changes in the Regions of Hail and Assir, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

This comparative study analyzes the general rainfall in Ha'il and Assir based on the maximum daily and annual rainfall over 42 years (1976-2017). The data were collected at seven stations in Ha'il and ten stations in Assir to detect climate change phenomena there. The Shapiro-Wilk Test examined the rainfall data distribution. The Levene and ANOVA Tests examined variances of homogeneity. To analyze the general rainfall trend and its statistical significance, the study adopts the Semi-Averages Ratio, Binomial, and the Student's T-Tests. In Ha'il, the Semi-averages method results, and the Binomial Test showed a maximum annual and daily rainfall decrease. The Student's T-Test confirmed this trend for the daily and annual rainfall in Simira, Al Ha'it, Ha'il, and Al Ghazalah stations, and for the maximum daily rainfall in the stations of Simira, Al Ha'it, Uqlat Bin Jibrin, and Al Ghazala. The results revealed increasing annual rainfall in Sabah Billahmar, Al Tajir, Bani Thawr, and As Sudah. Similar trends were detected for the maximum daily rainfall in Khaybar Al Janoub, Bani Thawr, and An Namas. A rainfall decrease was detected in all other stations in Assir. The results of the Binomial and the Student's T-Tests varied. The rest of the annual rainfall trends have no statistical significance and are just phenomenal. This study concluded that the decreasing and increasing trends of annual and maximum daily rains do not definitively indicate there is climate change in Assir and Ha'il. Despite some decreasing rainfall trends of statistical significance, this did not deny some increasing rainfall trends.

Estimating IgG concentration directly by radial immunodiffusion or indirectly by refractometry measure of serum total protein lack precision.

To establish and compare the precision of serum total protein (STP) measured by an optical refractometer to the precision of IgG concentrations measured using radial immunodiffusion (RID), the reference test for quantifying IgG in neonatal calves. 6 sera with previously measured IgG concentration using RID from neonatal beef calves were selected from 3 stratum: low-serum IgG stratum between >5.0 and <15.0g/L(n = 4); moderate-serum IgG stratum between 35.0-45.0g/L(n = 1); high-serum IgG stratum between 60.0-70.0g/L(n = 1). STP was measured 13 times with an optical refractometer. IgG concentrations were measured 28 times with a commercial bovine IgG RID for each sera. The homogeneity of variance within the tests was evaluated with the Levene test (α = 0.10). Unrestricted random sampling bootstrapping (5,000 repetitions) was used to calculate the coefficient of variation (CV) for each serum and test. The homogeneity of variance between simulated test CVs by serum was evaluated (α = 0.10). Differences between simulated test CV by serum were assessed with the Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 0.05). No difference was observed in the variance for STP between sera (P = .39). The average CV for STP was 4.2%, 10.1% for the low IgG stratum, and 15.5% for the moderate/high IgG stratum. Variance differed in serum IgG concentration (P < .0001). Serum with higher IgG concentrations had more variance. Simulated CV for STP and IgG had homogeneity of variance for only 1 sera (P = .31). STP had a smaller CV compared to IgG for every serum (P < .0001). Estimating IgG concentration directly by RID or indirectly by STP lacks the precision that might affect diagnostic interpretation regarding a calf's absorption of maternal antibodies.

Implementation of a Multidisciplinary Medication Refill Protocol.

Primary care clinicians spend significant time managing nonvisit activities, including processing of requests for prescription renewal. Delays in processing refills may lead to patient dissatisfaction and impact provider productivity. Having nonclinicians process refills can be more efficient and time-saving. We aimed to evaluate the use of a multidisciplinary medication refill protocol to decrease the time to complete refill requests. We implemented nursing-driven management of refill requests within two family medicine residency clinics in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Phase 1: single clinic implementation [March 2017-June 2019]; Phase 2: added second clinic prepandemic [June 2019-March 2020] and postpandemic [April 2020-December 2020]). The multidisciplinary refill protocol was created by faculty, residents, pharmacy, and nursing. Data were collected using electronic health record time stamps to determine when refill requests were initiated and filled by faculty, residents, and nurses. We used Mood's median test to compare the median time for medication refill completion. We used Levene's test to test for equal variance surrounding the median of each caregiver group. We used Fisher's exact test or χ2 test with Yates' correction for 2×2 contingency tables. In both phases, we identified a significant reduction in median time to refill completion ( P<.001) and variability of time to refill completion ( P<.001). Notably, in Phase 1, reduction in median refill time was most apparent among residents (383 vs 79 min postimplementation); and in Phase 2, the percentage of refills completed within 48 hours significantly increased between the pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 pandemic among faculty and nursing in Clinic 1 and residents and faculty in Clinic 2 (all P's<.001). Implementation of a multidisciplinary refill protocol significantly improved time and predictability of refill completion in both phases.

In vitro study of the accuracy and efficiency of wireless intraoral scanners at various battery levels

ObjectivesTo determine the trueness and precision of 2 wireless intraoral scanners (IOSs) under various battery levels, and assess scanning efficiency. MethodsA maxillary cast with 4 metal spheres attached was fabricated. Two wireless IOSs (TRIOS 3 and TRIOS 4) were evaluated under 3 battery levels (1–30%, 31–60%, and 61–100%; n = 30). Six horizontal distances and 1 vertical distance were measured between 4 spherical centers and 1 generated plane. The distance deviations were determined with a coordinate-measuring machine data set. Kruskal-Wallis and Levene tests were used to analyze trueness and precision. Scan time and the number of three-dimensional (3D) images captured were analyzed by using a 2-way analysis of variance. ResultsIn terms of trueness and precision, no significant differences were found at various battery levels over the majority of the measured distances. TRIOS 4 demonstrated better trueness than TRIOS 3 for cross-arch scan. The 61–100% battery level resulted in the shortest scan time and the least number of 3D images captured (p < 0.001). Scan time and number of 3D images captured were strongly correlated for TRIOS 3 (r = 0.66) and TRIOS 4 (r = 0.89). ConclusionsChanges in battery level had no impact on the trueness and precision of TRIOS 3 and TRIOS 4. High battery level IOSs resulted in faster scans and fewer 3D images captured with less storage space. TRIOS 4 scanned faster, captured fewer images, and demonstrated better trueness than TRIOS 3. Clinical significanceAlthough all battery levels of wireless IOSs provide comparable trueness and precision, a wireless IOS with a high battery level is more time efficient than one with a low battery level in complete-arch scan.

Effect of print orientation, storage conditions, and storage time on intaglio surface accuracy of implant surgical guides fabricated by using a stereolithography technology

The accuracy of printed implant surgical guides can be affected by different factors that negatively impact the planned implant position. How print orientation, storage time, and conditions influence manufacturing accuracy remains uncertain. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of print orientation, storage conditions, and storage time on the intaglio surface accuracy of implant surgical guides manufactured by using a stereolithography (SLA) printer. A tooth-supported maxillary implant surgical guide design (control file) was used to fabricate the specimens (N=40, n=10). Four groups were created based on the print orientation used: 0 (Group 0), 45 (Group 45), 70 (Group 70), and 90 degrees (Group 90). The specimens were fabricated using an SLA printer (Form 3B+) and a biocompatible dental resin (Surgical Guide Resin V1) following the manufacturer's recommended protocol. Each group was divided into 2 subgroups based on the storage conditions: light (L subgroup) and dark (D subgroup) settings. Each specimen was digitized by using a desktop scanner (Medit T710) at days 0, 1, 7, and 14. The control file and each digitized specimen were superimposed by using the best-fit technique with a metrology program (Geomagic Control X). The root mean square (RMS) error was used to calculate the discrepancies between the control files and specimen files. Three-way ANOVA and pairwise comparison Tukey tests were used to analyze trueness. The Levene test was used to assess precision (α=.05). Significant trueness discrepancies were found among the groups tested (P<.001), but no significant differences were found among the subgroups (P=.100) and the storage times analyzed (P=.609). Additionally, the Tukey test showed significant RMS error mean value discrepancies between Group 0 and Group 45 (P<.001), Group 0 and Group 90 (P<.001), Group 45 and Group 70 (P<.001), and Group 70 and Group 90 (P<.001). The Levene test revealed significant SD discrepancies among the groups tested (P<.05). The trueness and precision of the intaglio surface of the implant surgical guides manufactured by using the printer and material tested were affected by the print orientation. However, storage conditions over a 14-day period did not impact the intaglio accuracy of the specimens.

Influence of interdental spaces and the palate on the accuracy of maxillary scans acquired using different intraoral scanners.

To assess the influence of interdental spaces and scanning the palate on the accuracy of maxillary scans acquired using three intraoral scanners (IOSs). A virtual completely dentate maxillary cast without interdental spaces was obtained and modified to create 1, 2, and 3mm of interdental spacing between the anterior teeth. These three files (reference standard tessellation language files) were used to print three reference casts. The reference casts were scanned using three IOSs: TRIOS4, iTero Element 5D, and Aoralscan2. Three groups were created based on the interdental spaces: 0, 1, 2, and 3mm (n = 10). The groups were subdivided into two subgroups: no palate (NP subgroup) and palate (P subgroup). The reference STL files were used to measure the discrepancy with the experimental scans by calculating the root mean square (RMS) error. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey pairwise comparison tests were used to analyze trueness. The Levene test was used to analyze precision (α = 0.05). Trueness ranged from 91 to 139μm and precision ranged from 5 to 23μm among the subgroups tested. A significant correlation was found between IOS*group (p<0.001) and IOS*subgroup ( p<0.001). Tukey test showed significant trueness differences among the interdental spaces tested (p<0.001). The 1- and 2-mm groups obtained better trueness than the 0- and 3-mm groups (p<0.001). An 11μm mean trueness discrepancy was measured among the different interdental space groups tested. The P subgroups demonstrated significantly higher trueness when compared to the NP subgroups (p<0.001). The discrepancy between the maxillary scans with and without the palate was 4μm. Significant precision discrepancies were found (p = 0.008), with the iTero group showing the lowest precision. Interdental spaces and incorporation of the palate on maxillary intraoral scans influenced trueness and precision of the three IOSs tested. However, the scanning discrepancy measured may be of no clinical relevance.

Penggunaan Project-Based Learning (PBL) Eco-Enzim untuk Mengembangkan Kemampuan Menyimak dan Bicara Anak

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the effect of learning the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model through Eco enzyme activities on the ability to listen and express language or speak in early childhood. This can be seen from various previous research results that the listening and speaking abilities of early childhood have not developed optimally. The learning which is assumed as an effort to improve listening and speaking skills for early childhood is by using the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model through Eco Enzim activities. This study used quantitative data collection techniques. The design used in this study is the Post test Only Control Design. The two groups were randomly selected and both groups were treated with PBL treatment. The post test was carried out on the experimental and control groups which arepreviously using solvin calculations. The results of the samples tested were 54 samples randomly. In the Kolmogrov-Smirnov normality test the speaking group obtained a result of 0.2, the listening group obtained a result of 0.054. In the Shapiro-Wilk normality test the speaking group obtained a result of 0.177, and the listening group obtained a result of 0.12. Then a homogeneous test was carried out with the Levene test, the result was 0.88, and in the independent sample t test, the result was 0.035, it can be concluded that HO was rejected and Ha was accepted. Therefore, there is an increase in the listening and speaking abilities of children in age group B in DKI Jakarta for the 2022-2023 school year on the effect of the eco enzyme project-based learning model. These results were obtained from data management of 118 children, through the solvin method the results obtained were 54 samples taken randomly. There is a standard deviation result looking at the distribution of data to the average, the result is 11,295 in the speaking variable, 7,808 in the listening variable. Thus that there is a significant (significant) difference between the average student learning outcomes in the listening group and the speaking group and the speaking group's results are superior to the listening group.

Effects of Internal Control Mechanism on Corporate Governance: Evidence from Alternative Security Market in Nigeria

The focus of this study was to examine the effects of internal control mechanisms on corporate governance; evidence from alternative security market in Nigeria. Survey research design was employed, primary data were obtained from a structured questionnaire administered. One Hundred and Twenty- Four (124) respondents who were members of staff including the owners in the Alternative Security Markets known as quoted Small and Medium Enterprises, from which only Ninety – Two questionnaires were found usable. Responses were sought to two research questions, in relation to which two hypotheses were formulated and tested at 5% level of significance. The data collected were presented and analyzed using pie-chart, standard deviation, Levene Test of homogeneity of variance and ordinary least square method of regression analysis. Findings from the analyses revealed that with strong evidence that internal control systems have significant effect on board responsibility of quoted SMEs in Nigeria (t= 1.412, p &lt;0.05) and that internal control systems have a strong response to board transparency of quoted SMEs too. (t= 1.672, p &lt;0.05). It was in the light of the foregoing findings that the study concluded that internal control systems have significant effect on corporate governance of quoted SMEs in Nigeria. F=141.532, p-value =0.000). The study recommended that both quoted and unquoted small and medium enterprises should improve their internal control system, as doing this would further improve board responsibilities, and board transparencies.

Acquired pellicle engineering with the association of cystatin and vitamin E against enamel erosion

ObjectiveEvaluate CaneCPI-5 associated with Vitamin E in acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) engineering to prevent dental erosion. Methods180 human enamel specimens were divided into 12 groups and treated with the following solutions: Cane+VitT and Cane+VitS- CaneCPI-5 + Vit E; Vit+CaneT and Vit+CaneS- Vit E + CaneCPI-5; VitT and VitS- Vit E; CaneT and CaneS- CaneCPI-5; ControlT and ControlS - AmF/NaF/SnCl2; WaterT and WaterS- Deionized water. Groups’ name followed by “T” were first treated (200 μl; 2 min) and then incubated in human saliva (200 μl; 1 h) to form the AEP. For groups followed by “S”, the AEP was formed and then treatment was applied. The erosive challenge consisted of immersion in 1% citric acid (1 min, 1x/day, for 3 days). The percentage of superficial hardness loss (%SHL) and the relative surface reflection intensity (%SRI) were subjected to normality and homogeneity tests, Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests, respectively. Subsequently, the data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, Tukey's test and Pearson's correlation (p < 0.005). ResultsFor%SHL and%SRI, water controls showed significantly lower protective capacity. Cane+VitT, Cane+VitS, and Vit+CaneS presented the lowest%SHL, and VitT and VitS did not differ from Vit+CaneT, but they were different from the other groups (p = 0.002). The greatest%SRI was found for the Cane+VitT, Vit+CaneT, VitT, Cane+VitS, Vit+CaneS, and VitS groups, which did not significantly differ. CaneT and ControlT, showed similar reflections compared to CaneS and ControlS. ConclusionCaneCPI-5 and Vitamin E demonstrated a synergistic protective effect against initial erosion. Clinical significanceThe results open up new possibilities for preventive approaches against erosion through the acquired pellicle engineering, with the combination of CaneCPI-5 and Vitamin E, which demonstrated to be more effective than commercial stannous mouthwash. Further research is warranted to explore the potential of this combination in diverse clinical settings.

EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN MUSIK KLASIK DAN WARNA SECARA BERSAMAAN TERHADAP SHORT TERM MEMORY

This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of classical music and color on short-term memory performance. A sample of 20 university students as participants was randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Levene's Test was employed to assess the equality of variances between the groups, yielding a non-significant p-value (0.072 &gt; 0.05), suggesting equal variances. Subsequently, a t-test assuming equal variances showed a non-significant result (p = 0.127 &gt; 0.05). This implies no significant difference in short-term memory performance between the experimental and control groups. The findings contrast with prior research demonstrating the potential of classical music and color to enhance memory. While music's influence on cognition is established, this study suggests that their combined effects might not significantly enhance short-term memory. However, further research is recommended to explore various factors influencing this interaction and its potential applications in education and cognitive therapy. The research findings can serve as a foundation for students to comprehend that not all methods or stimuli will significantly enhance memory performance. Hence, students can become more discerning in selecting learning strategies that align with their preferences and cognitive traits.

Influence of the dental arch and number of cutting-off and rescanning mesh holes on the accuracy of implant scans in partially edentulous situations

ObjectivesTo evaluate the influence of the dental arch and cutting-off and rescanning procedures on the accuracy of complete-arch implant scans in partially edentulous arches. Material and methodsA maxillary and a mandibular partially edentulous typodont with implant abutment analogs placed in the right and left first molar and right central incisor sites were digitized to create reference models by using an industrial optical scanner (7 Series Desktop Scanner; Dentalwings). Two experimental groups were scanned using an intraoral scanner (IOS) (TRIOS 4; 3Shape A/S): the Maxillary group (Mx) and the Mandibular group (Mb). Four subgroups were generated depending on the number of rescanned mesh holes: No holes (Mx-G0, Mb-G0), 1 hole (Mx-G1, Mb-G1), 2 holes (Mx-G2, Mb-G2) and 3 holes (Mx-G3, Mb-G3). A 3-dimensional metrology software (Geomagic Control X; 3D Systems) was used to measure the difference between the reference and the experimental scans computing the root mean square (RMS) error calculation. Two-way ANOVA and a post-hoc Tukey test were used to analyze the trueness data (α=0.05). Levene test was used to evaluate the prevision (α=0.05). ResultsThe Mx group obtained a trueness mean value of 54 ± 17 µm and a mean precision value of 54 ± 17 µm, while the Mb group presented a trueness mean value of 67 ± 23 µm and a mean precision value of 66 ± 22 µm. The Mx group demonstrated significantly better trueness than the Mb group (P<.001). The G0 and G1 subgroups had the highest trueness values among the subgroups tested. No significant difference was observed between G0 and G1, G1 and G2, and G2 and G3 subgroups in trueness and precision. However, the G0 had significantly better trueness and precision values compared to G2 and G3 subgroups. In addition, the G1 had significantly better trueness values than the G3 subgroup. However, the Levene test revealed no difference in the precision mean values among the subgroups tested. ConclusionsImplant scanning trueness was affected by the dental arch and the number of rescanned mesh holes using the IOS tested. A higher number of rescanned mesh holes decreased the scanning trueness. The stitching algorithm of the IOS software tested after the mesh hole scan demonstrated a significant error, especially when multiples mesh holes are involved in the same arch. Clinical significanceGiven that cutting-off and rescanning techniques can reduce trueness, clinicians should consider whether these techniques are necessary in complete digital workflows. This is particularly important when fabricating multiple single implant-supported restorations in the same arch.

Long-Term Outcomes in Early versus Limited Response to Anti-VEGF Treatment for Retinal Vein Occlusion

Macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a sight-threatening condition. Previous studies showed that early responders (ERs) who respond well to anti-VEGF injections within 3 months of treatment have better outcomes, as measured by best visual acuity (BVA) and central subfield thickness (CST) at 12 months postinjection initiation compared with limited early responders (LERs). This study analyzed whether ER eyes continue to respond better than LER eyes over longer periods. This study also aimed to identify baseline comorbidities associated with response status. Retrospective cohort study. Patients aged > 18 years with RVO-related macular edema treated with anti-VEGF injections. Patients were categorized as ERs or LERs. Limited early responder eyes were defined as having CST reduction < 10%, BVA gain < 5 ETDRS letters, or both at 3 months after anti-VEGF initiation. Best visual acuity and CST changes over the 24- and 36-month period after the first anti-VEGF treatment were compared between ERs and LERs. Patient characteristics and systemic comorbidities were identified by chart review. Statistical analysis involved the Levene test, Welch t test, and Welch analysis of variance. Best visual acuity and CST changes over the initial 24-month and 36-month periods after treatment. The 24-month cohort included 68 ERs and 39 LERs, and the 36-month cohort included 58 ERs and 33 LERs. At the 24-month time point, there were significant differences in BVA and CST gains between ERs (+19.8 letters,-221.2 um) and LERs (-2.4 letters,-90.1 um; P < 0.001, P < 0.01). Similarly, at 36 months, there were significant differences in BVA and CST gains between ERs (+17.7 letters,-229.3 um) and LERs (+1.3letters,-128 um; P < 0.001, P < 0.05). After controlling for differences in baseline BVA and CST, only the 24-month change in BVA remained significant (P < 0.001). There were no significant associations between response status and cardiopulmonary, endocrine, and oncologic comorbidities. Early responder eyes with branched retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) have better functional responses to anti-VEGF injections at 24 months compared with LER eyes, even after controlling for baseline differences. Early identification of eyes as ERs or LERs in BRVO and CRVO may predict long-term functional prognoses. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Effectiveness of Self-Talk Training to Improve Self-Confidence, Achievement Motivation, and Performance of Venus Angels Futsal Athletes Semarang

Purpose: This study aims to determine the Effectiveness of Self-Talk Training to Improve Self-Confidence, Achievement Motivation, and Performance of Venus Angels Futsal Athletes Semarang. Materials and Methods: The type of research used in this study is a type of quantitative research using pre-experimental methods. The design in this study used a one group pretest-posttest. The normality test uses the Kolmogorov Smirnov Normality Test with the rule that if the value (p) &gt; 0.05 then it is normally distributed. Meanwhile, if the value (p) &lt; 0.05 then the data is abnormally distributed. This normality test is analyzed using the help of the computer program SPSS for windows version 25. The homogeneity test uses the Levene's Test, aiming to determine the variation of the initial sample data, with the rule that if the value of (p) &gt; 0.05 then the data group has a homogeneous variant, on the contrary if the value of (p) &lt; 0.05 then the data group has a heterogeneous variant. This homogeneity test is analyzed using the help of the SPSS for windows version 25 computer program. Test the hypothesis was carried out using the T-test and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results: Based on the results of the research that has been done and looking at the statistical descriptive data, it shows that there is an increase in the average before and after being given the Self Talk Training treatment of each variable, namely self-confidence, achievement motivation and athlete performance. The results of the research data from the results of the pretest and posttest of confidence with a sample of 16 athletes, obtained an average pretest data of 52.3125 with a standard deviation of 3.85951 and an average posttest data of 59.0625 with a standard deviation of 3.51129. The achievement motivation variable shows the results of the research data from the pretest and posttest results with a sample of 16 athletes, obtained an average pretest data of 29.6250 with a standard deviation of 2.65518 and a posttest average data of 34.5000 with a standard deviation of 2, 47656. The performance variable shows the results of research data from the pretest and posttest results with a sample of 16 female athletes, obtained an average pretest data of 72.7500 with a standard deviation of 6.45497 and a posttest average data of 76.3125 with a standard deviation of 2, 47656. Conclusions: Based on the results of the research and the results of the data analysis conducted, it shows that there was a significant increase before and after being given the Self Talk Training treatment of each variable, namely self-confidence, achievement motivation and athlete performance. After being analyzed with the T-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test, it was concluded that Self-Talk Training was effective in increasing self-confidence, achievement motivation, and performance of futsal athletes of Venus Angels Semarang. Participants before and after being given the intervention. The tests above prove that Self- Talk Training is effective in increasing self-confidence, achievement motivation, and performance of futsal athletes of Venus Angels Semarang.

The Effectiveness of Flipped Classroom in Improving Students' Learning Outcomes

An appropriate learning method is a basic way for learners to be able to achieve maximum grades and the achievement of existing learning objectives. The Flipped Classroom method is one of the new methods in Indonesia which can be one of the preferred methods that can be applied in teaching English. Surely, a trial is required to measure its effectiveness. The current study has two purposes, the first one was to determine whether the Flipped Classroom learning method was able to effectively improve student learning outcomes, especially in English lectures. Then, secondly, the purpose was how to apply Flipped Classroom in the classroom. This research is quantitative descriptive research with a quasi-experimental approach, employing a "Pretest – Posttest Non-Equivalent Control Group Design". The current study involved 2 groups, namely the experimental group, taught using Flipped Classroom learning and the control group taught using conventional learning (without flipped Classroom design). It was found that the value of sig. Levene's test is 0.696 &gt; 0.05, indicating that the data variance between the control class and the experimental class is homogeneous. Furthermore, the value of sig. (2-tailed) for the t-test, the value produces a value of 0.000 &lt;0.05, then the decision-making in the t-test is to reject the Ho hypothesis and accept the Ha hypothesis. Thus, it can be interpreted that there is a significant difference between the average N-Gain scores of the control and experimental classes in English Engineering. It can be concluded that Flipped Classroom is effective in improving students' English skills in the topic of Describing Processes, as evidenced by the N-Gain value of 90, 91% which is included in the effective category. In other words, Flipped Classroom is effective to increase the students' scores in the class.

Is Single Puncture Superior to Double Puncture Arthrocentesis in Patients With Wilkes III Internal Derangement?

Arthrocentesis is a minimally invasive procedure with reported efficacy when used for lysis and lavage of the joint for symptomatic internal derangement, irrespective of the technique utilized. The purpose of the study was to determine if the single puncture arthrocentesis (SPA) is superior to double puncture arthrocentesis (DPA) with respect to pain reduction and improved maximal mouth opening (MMO) for subjects with acute disc displacement without reduction. A single-blinded randomized prospective clinical trial was conducted at the tertiary referral center for temporomandibular joint disorders. All subjects were diagnosed with acute onset disc displacement without reduction based on history and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Subjects were randomized to SPA or DPA. The primary predictor variable was arthrocentesis technique (SPA vs DPA). The primary outcome variables were pain and MMO, measured at 4weeks. The duration for the procedure was recorded at the time of the surgery. Age, sex, and the side affected were recorded. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance to compare the primary outcome variables. Levene's, post hoc, and Bonferroni-Holm tests were used for intergroup comparisons with a P value of <0.05 being significant. Forty subjects completed the study. The mean age for the SPA and DPA groups was 28.3 (±3.9) and 29.1 (±4.1), respectively (P=.52). The sex distribution was 60 and 55% female in the SPA and DPA groups, respectively. The mean pain reduction in the SPA and DPA groups was from 8.30 (±0.86) to 0.90 (±0.78) and from 8.00 (±0.79) to 0.95 (±0.82), respectively (P<.0001). There was no difference in pain reduction between the groups (P=.05). The mean increase in MMO was 34.6 (±2.34) and 33.4 (±2.35) in the SPA and DPA groups, respectively (P<.0001). The difference between the groups was not significant (P=.12). The procedural time in the SPA and DPA groups was 14.15±1.72 and 17.55±1.66, respectively (P<.0001). SPA and DPA arthrocentesis appear to be equally efficacious for pain reduction and increasing MMO. SPA can be completed in less time than DPA and should be considered as a viable alternative to the conventional DPA technique.

Periodontal Disease Markers among Patients with Long COVID: A Case-control Study

Background: Long-COVID affects approximately 32-87% of COVID-19 patients and causes persistent symptoms that last more than 4 weeks after initial infection. Long COVID is associated with a notable cytokine triad, namely IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Periodontal disease also involves proinflammatory cytokines production, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Consequently, long-COVID, which has an impact on proinflammatory cytokine release, could have an impact on periodontal status. Objective: This study aims to see whether long COVID affects periodontal status severity based on proinflammatory cytokines levels involved in both diseases, namely IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Methods: Patients were divided into periodontitis or gingivitis patients and then were further divided into two groups, previous COVID-19 patients and non-COVID-19 patients (controls). Gingival sulcus fluids were obtained from each patient using paper points inserted in the patients’ sulcus, and ELISA tests were carried out to measure IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels. Results: Levene Test indicated that there were no substantial differences between IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels (0.057, 0.135, and 0.341, respectively) in COVID-19 patients with gingivitis in comparison to the control group with gingivitis, with average IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels seen higher in the control group compared to COVID-19 patients. There were also no substantial differences between IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels (1.00, 0.567, and 0.666, respectively) between COVID-19 patients with periodontitis and the control group with periodontitis. Although higher levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were found higher in COVID-19 patients in comparison to the control group. Conclusion: Levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in periodontitis patients with long COVID were higher than controls. But despite that, higher IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were not found in long COVID subjects with gingivitis, as well as IL-β levels in the periodontitis group. Further studies with more subjects are needed to determine the connection between these two diseases further. Clinical Trial Registration No: The clinical trial registration of this research is 014/S3/KEPK/FKG/10/2021.

Shear Bond Strength between Orthodontic Brackets and Monolithic 4Y-TZP: An In Vitro Study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on the shear bond strength (SBS) between metal orthodontic brackets and monolithic zirconia surfaces bonded with resin composite. Fifty monolithic zirconia (4Y-TZP) disks were sintered and glazed. Specimens were divided into five groups (n = 10) for different surface treatments: control, nano second fiber laser, sandblasting, grinding and tribochemical coating (CoJet Sand 30-μm). Metal orthodontic brackets were bonded to monolithic zirconia surface by two-component orthodontic adhesive. After 500 cycles of thermocycling, shear bond strength values were measured by a universal testing machine at a cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min. The data was recorded as MPa and statistically analyzed with One-way ANOVA, Levene's LSD tests with Bonferroni corrections. The significance level was α = 0.05. The surface topography of one specimen of each group was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistically significant difference was observed among study groups (p = 0.018). The lowest shear bond strength was observed in the control group (3.92 ± 1.9). Tribochemical coating showed the highest bond strength (7.44 ± 2.9), which was statistically different from the control and nano second laser (4.3 ± 1.4) groups but not statistically different from grinding (6.15 ± 3.1) or sandblasting (6.47 ± 3.3). SEM images showed comprehensive results of each surface treatment on monolithic zirconia. All failure modes were recorded as adhesive between the composite resin and monolithic zirconia. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that grinding, sandblasting and tribochemical coating techniques showed clinically acceptable bond strength within the range of 6-8 MPa. These surface treatments can be considered suitable for achieving a durable bond between metal orthodontic brackets and monolithic 4Y-TZP ceramic surfaces.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Role Playing dan Jigsaw terhadap Hasil Belajar Ips Ditinjau dari Motivasi Belajar

This research aims to determine the difference in the influence of the cooperative learning model Role Playing &amp; Jigsaw methode on Social Science Major (IPS) learning result, differences in the influence of students who have high, middle, and low learning motivation on IPS learning result, and is there any interaction between learning models and learning motivation of students on Social Science Major (IPS) learning result. This research used 2*3 factorial design. Sampling is taken by purposive sampling technique. Sample of this research is student of SDIP Al Madinah Nogosari 5th grade and SDIP Al Madinah Cepogo 5th grade. The two population samples were then tested for prerequisite analysis through the normality test with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the homogeneity test with Levene's test, and the balance test with the independent sample t-test. The research was continued by identifying the learning motivation of the students in the sample through a questionnaire instrument that had been tested for validity and reliability, and validated by experts. The questionnaire was made with a Likert scale of 1-4 with the results of the identification of learning motivation. Learning outcomes are obtained with test instruments that have been tested for validity, reliability, difficulty, and discriminating power, and validated by experts. Hypothesis testing was carried out using a two-way ANOVA and further testing using the Scheffe’s method using the SPSS Statistic 26 application. The results of the research showed; 1) There are no difference in the influence of the Role Playing learning model &amp; Jigsaw on Social Science Major (IPS) learning result.; 2) There are differences in the influence of students who have high learning motivation, middle learning motivation, and low learning motivation on IPS learning result.; 3) There are no interaction of learning models and learning motivatin of students on IPS learning result.

Secular trends in the physical fitness of Brazilian youth: Evidence that fitness is declining for the majority but not for a fit minority.

There has been a decline in children's physical fitness in recent decades. Such concerns are largely based on evidence from North America, Europe, and Asia. The current study describes the secular trend and variation (spread) in the physical fitness scores of young Brazilians from 2005 to 2022. This study is a repeated, cross-sectional surveillance study (1999-2022). Children and adolescents (n = 65 139; boys = 36 539) participated between 2005 and 2022. In each cohort six physical fitness tests were conducted: (1) 20-m sprint speed (m s-1 ), (2) cardio-respiratory 6-min run test (m min-1 ), (3) abdominal strength test (sit-ups per min), (4) horizontal jump test (cm), (5) the agility test (m s-1 ), and (6) the medicine ball throw test (cm). Means and distributional characteristics of the population were assessed using ANOVA, ANCOVA adopting BMI as the body-size covariate, Levene's test of equality-of-error variances, and Box and whisker plots. ANOVAs and ANCOVA's identified significant declines in physical fitness over time/year in 5 of the 6 physical fitness variables (e.g., 20-m sprint speed slope B = -0.018 (m s-1 y-1 ); 95% CI -0.019 to -0.017; p < 0.001), the only exception being the medicine ball throw test (cm). The Levene's test of equality-of-error variances also identified a systematic increase in the variances/standard deviations over time/years. Results provide powerful evidence that children and adolescents' physical fitness is declining, a trend that is also diverging asymmetrically, becoming more extreme in more recent years. The "fit" appear to be getting fitter, but the fitness of the "less-fit" appears to be declining further. These results have important implications for sports medicine and government policy makers.

Impact of bowel space contouring variability on radiation dose and volume assessments in treatment planning for gynaecologic cancers.

Correlations between radiation dose/volume measures and small bowel (SB) toxicity are inconsistent in the medical literature. We assessed the impact of inter-provider variation in bowel bag contouring technique on estimates of radiation dose received by the SB during pelvic radiotherapy. Ten radiation oncologists contoured rectum, bladder and bowel bags on treatment planning computed tomography (CT) scans of two patients receiving adjuvant radiation for endometrial cancer. A radiation plan was generated for each patient and used to determine the radiation dose/volume for each organ. Kappa statistics were applied to assess the inter-provider contouring agreement, and Levene test evaluated the homogeneity of variance for radiation dose/volume metrics, including the V45Gy (cm3 ). The bowel bag showed greater variation in radiation dose/volume estimates compared to the bladder and rectum. The V45Gy ranged from 163 to 384 cm3 for data set A and 109 to 409 cm3 for dataset B. Kappa values were 0.82/0.83, 0.92/0.92 and 0.94/0.86 for the bowel bag, rectum, and bladder on data sets A/B, demonstrating lower inter-provider agreement for bowel bag compared with bladder and rectum. Inter-provider contouring variability is more significant for the bowel bag than the rectum and bladder, with an associated greater variability in dose and volume estimates during radiation planning.