Levels Of Water-soluble Vitamins Research Articles

Development of a functional cake with probiotics and micro-encapsulated essential oils: Evaluation of nutritional properties, liver protection, and immune boosting

This study used probiotics and micro-encapsulated clove and cinnamon oils to develop a functional cream-stuffed cake based on sweet potatoes flour and rice flour instead of wheat flour. The cake was evaluated for its physical, chemical, and sensory properties and its antioxidant capacity. The protective effect of the cake against liver injury and immunosuppression induced by thioacetamide injection in male rats was also evaluated. The study found that eugenol and cinnamaldehyde were the majority of volatile compounds in the essential oils used in the cake, with values of 78.73 % and 81.57 %, respectively, as determined by GC-MS analysis. The viable counts of added probiotics in the cake ranged from 13.15 to 11.21 log CFU/g and were still above the threshold for health benefits. The cake had an increased dietary fiber and protein content while containing a low-fat percentage compared to a commercial cake sample. The innovative cake also contained higher levels of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins and minerals such as iron, calcium, potassium, and zinc. The antioxidant capacity of the cake was evaluated, and it was found to contain 1827.23 mg GAE/100 g of total phenols and 97.13 mg QE/100 g of flavonoids. The cake was also found to have antioxidant activity and was effective in protecting the liver from oxidative stress and inflammation and reducing immunodeficiency associated with liver damage.

Analysis of Water-Soluble Vitamin Change in Tomato (S.lycopersicum) Due to Ozonolysis of Imidacloprid Degradation Treatment by Using Spectrometry and HPLC Method

In this study, the effect of imidacloprid degradation on the reduction of water-soluble vitamins in tomatoes was observed, such as ascorbic acid, pyridoxine, niacin, and thiamine. Analysis was carried out using a spectrophotometer and high-performance liquid chromatography. Degradation method with ozone water for 15 minutes showed a better result than the ozonolysis method because the decrease in levels of water-soluble vitamins is smaller. The percentage decrease of each water-soluble vitamin in ozone water method is ascorbic acid by 17,103%, pyridoxine by 6,723%, niacin by 2,781%, and thiamine by 0,333%. Ozone water methods also produce a high percentage of degradation which is 90,56%.

Effect of increasing levels of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins on improving performance and plasma vitamin concentration in modern hybrids pig’s growth and finishing phase

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the supplementation of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins on the performance and plasma concentrations of vitamins in modern hybrids pigs. A total of 144 commercial hybrid castrated male, 43.531 ± 1.099kg, were used in a randomized block design with six treatments, eight replicates and three animals per pen. The experimental treatments were different vitamin supplementation levels - 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125% of the recommended by Rostagno et al. (2011) for male pigs in growth I (40 to 50kg), growth II (50 to 70kg), and finishing I (70 to 90kg) phases. For growth phases I and II, a linear effect (P<0.05) due to increase in vitamin supplementation was observed on performance. For finishing phase I and total phase, a linear effect (P<0.05) was observed with increased final average weight (FAW) and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR). For average daily weight gain (ADWG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) a quadratic effect was observed (P<0.05). A linear (P<0.05) increase in plasmatic α-tocopherol and B12 was observed with the 125%. Thus, it is concluded that the 125% vitamin supplementation improved performance of modern hybrids pigs (40 to 90kg).

Age-dependent changes in fat- and water-soluble vitamins-National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys study.

Aging is an independent risk factor for the development of various diseases associated, among others, with detrimental blood levels of fat- and water-soluble vitamins. Thus, the objective of this study is to investigate age-related changes in blood levels of vitamin A, B12, C, D, and E. Subject serum vitamin levels were obtained from the combined National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). NHANESIII and NHANES 1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2003-2004, and 2005-2006. The raw data set was stratified into five age groups G1- G5: 20 ≤ G1 < 30, 30 ≤ G2 < 40, 40 ≤ G3 < 50, 50 ≤ G4 < 60, and 60 ≤ G5 < 70 years of age. Age stratified data was cleaned using the modified Horn algorithm. The reference range for the vitamin level of a specific age group was defined as data between the first and third quartile of the subject defined by normal blood pressure and normal bone density. Age-dependent changes in serum/plasma vitamin levels were assessed using the bootstrap technique with 10,000 repeats and Bonferroni adjustment. There was a continuous increase in vitamin A, B12, D, and E levels in the blood. However, the vitamin C concentration remained virtually constant in all age groups. There was a lack of cross-correlations between lipid and water-soluble vitamin levels and blood pressure and bone health. The following reference levels for vitamin A, B12, C, D, and E in subjects older than 20 years of age were established: vitamin A: 1.32-2.8 mmol/L, vitamin B12: 257.94-498.33 pmol/L, vitamin C: 38.18-79.2 mmol/L, vitamin D: 76.33-199.36 nmol/L and vitamin E: 3.65-41.12 μmol/L.

Effect of dietary water-soluble vitamins on the poor prognosis of low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia-a prospective cohort study

Objective: To explore the effect of dietary water-soluble vitamins on the poor prognosis of low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CINⅠ). Methods: A total of 564 participants with CINⅠ were selected from a community-based married women cohort established in 2014. The general baseline information was collected, and HPV genotyping was detected. A food frequency questionnaire was used to investigate dietary water-soluble vitamins' consumption and determine their exposure levels. The follow-up program was carried out for 12 months, and the regression, persistence, and progression of CINⅠ was determined according to histopathological results at 12-month. Results: The low-levels of dietary water-soluble vitamins could promote CINⅠ's persistence and progression, showing the increasing tendency of CINⅠ poor prognosis with the decrease of water-soluble vitamin levels. Especially folate, VB1, VB2, VB6, niacin, biotin, and VC (RR values were 15.22, 1.86, 1.92, 2.11, 2.98, 2.14, 2.19, respectively) played an important role. Considering the status of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection, our results showed that the low levels of folate, niacin, biotin could promote the poor prognosis of CINⅠ. Conclusions: The low-level of dietary water-soluble vitamins could facilitate the poor prognosis of CINⅠ. In addition, folate, niacin, biotin were more effective on HR-HPV positive women.

MO916THE EFFECT OF EXTENDED HAEMODIALYSIS ON NUTRITIONAL PARAMETERS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Abstract Background and Aims Individuals who receive haemodialysis have a high mortality rate, up to 20% within one year of starting dialysis and just under 50% at 5 years. One of the risk factors that contributes to this high mortality rate is the nutritional status of haemodialysis patients; improving this will be a key element of risk mitigation. Extended haemodialysis may improve nutritional outcomes through better clearance and reduced dietary restrictions and medications. The aim of this systematic review is to provide an up to date assessment of trials of extended haemodialysis reporting the following nutritional outcomes: Lean body mass, body mass index, protein intake and energy intake, nutritional status assessed by the subjective global assessment and PEW scores, and circulating markers of appetite. Method No limits on language were set, and databases were searched from inception to December 2020 using a predefined search strategy. Inclusion criteria were; randomised and non-randomised trials of extended haemodialysis (defined by &amp;gt;15 hours per week of total haemodialysis time), with a comparator group which received conventional in-centre haemodialysis (usually &amp;lt;=12 hours per week of hemodialysis time). The following databases were searched: Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials (CENTRAL), the Web of Science Core Collection,PROSPERO, Clinicaltrials.gov, the ISCRTN Registry and Conference Proceeding Citation Index, National Health Service Centre for Reviews and Dissemination: Health Technology Assessment (HTA), and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE). Additional internet searches (i.e Google Scholar) were also conducted. Search results were compiled in Endnote and studies were screened for title and abstract. Results Searches identified 9251 records. After removing duplicates 6190 records were screened for title and abstract against inclusion criteria, leaving 22 papers for full text screening. A further 17 records were removed following full text screening. Of the remaining 5 papers, one was a randomised controlled trial and four were prospective, non-randomised trials. All studies investigated nocturnal haemodialysis (one with the additional of short daily), three were in-centre and two were at home. Range of duration for the included studies was 2-18 months. Outcomes of interest measured included lean body mass, protein and carbohydrate intake, body mass index, dry lean mass and water soluble vitamin levels. Of these trials, only one reported a statistically significant increase in an outcome of interest (lean body mass). One study also reported cross-sectional data highlighting Vitamin-C deficiency in half of their nocturnal haemodialysis population. Conclusion There is insufficient high-quality evidence assessing the effect of extended haemodialysis on nutritional parameters. Further research is required to understand the impact of novel dialysis prescriptions on these clinical parameters.

Perbedaan Kadar Leukosit dan Limfosit Paska Pemberian Kombinasi Vitamin B Parenteral Pada Pasien Penyakit Ginjal Kronik dengan Hemodialisis

Chronic kidney disease is a disease in which kidney function decreases progressively irreversibly with various etiologies. Patients with chronic kidney disease are generally immunosuppressed and susceptible to infection. Some of the causes are abnormalities in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes. The results of several studies indicate that patients undergoing hemodialysis have low levels of water-soluble vitamins. A decrease in the number of leukocytes can also occur due to a decrease in neutrophils and lymphocytes which may be caused by deficiency of vitamins B6 and B12 due to hemodialysis. This study aims to measure the difference in levels of leukocytes and lymphocytes after parenteral vitamin B combination administration in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis This research is a quasi-experimental design, One Group Pretest Posttest, on 115 selected patients. Patients were given vitamin B1 ,B6 ,B12 parenterally every time doing hemodialysis, twice a week given for 1 month during hemodialysis. The data were taken in the form of leukocyte count, patient lymphocyte percentage, and absolute lymphocyte concentration. The intervention of vitamins B1, B6, B12 was given parenterally to the patient. After collect the data, the leukocyte counts, lymphocyte percentage and absolute lymphocyte concentration before and after the intervention were seen, then it was seen how the effect of parenteral administration of vitamins B1 ,B6 ,B12 on the leukocyte count, lymphocyte percentage and absolute lymphocyte concentration in patients undergoing hemodialysis. From the results of the study, there were 115 patients consisted of 72 men (62.6%) and 43 women (37.4%). There was a difference and effect of giving combination vitamin B in the form of a significant change in the mean number of leukocytes at visits 1-2 with p-value = 0.033. There was a change in the mean of lymphocyte percentage and absolute lymphocyte concentration after administering vitamins B1, B6 ,B12 , but the changes were not significant.

SAT-375 A 59 Year Old Female with Isolated Vitamin B6 Deficiency and Muscle Spasms

IntroductionVitamins are essential micronutrients required by biological organisms in small quantities for maintaining basic cellular metabolism. Vitamin B6 is an important co-factor for many biochemical reactions in cellular metabolism related to the synthesis and catabolism of amino acids, fatty acids, neurotransmitters, and organelle-specific compounds, as well as in detoxifying reactive oxygen species within the cell. (1) Due to the role of Vitamin B6 in intracellular metabolism and synthesis of neurotransmitters, deficiency of the vitamin results in impaired transcellular signaling between neurons, and classically presents with muscular convulsions, hyperirritability, and peripheral neuropathy. (2)Case PresentationHistoryWe present a case of a 59-year old female with Type 2 diabetes who complained of muscle spasms. She experienced muscle spasms in her feet which have spread proximally to involve her legs. She also admitted to experiencing intermittent spasms in her left arm. The spasms occurred intermittently throughout the day and persist throughout the night, making it difficult for her to fall asleep. She had taken cyclobenzaprine twice daily and tried leg stretches, however her spasms persist. She had also tried baclofen in the past without significant alleviation of her symptoms.EvaluationAn extensive investigation was conducted including tests for water-soluble vitamins. Her plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate was 3 mcg/L (reference range 5-50 mcg/L), confirming vitamin B6 deficiency. She was also tested for Vitamins B1, B3, B12 and folate. None of the respective tests indicated deficiencies. Other test results were within normal limits.TreatmentThe patient received standard-dose intramuscular vitamin B6 injections for three weeks followed by oral supplements for 3 months. She was also given cyclobenzaprine (10 mg tablet) three times a day for muscle spasms in her legs. Although she had reported cyclobenzaprine did not significantly alleviate her spasms per se, it produces a sedative effect which improves her tolerance to the spasms and helps her to fall asleep at night.ConclusionThis case illustrates the rare instance of isolated vitamin B6 deficiency with normal serum levels of other water-soluble vitamins, manifesting as myoclonic spasm involving the legs and arms in the absence of objective polyneuropathy.References i1 Parra, Marcelina, Seth Stahl, and Hanjo Hellmann. “Vitamin B6 and its role in cell metabolism and physiology.” Cells 7.7 (2018): 84. i2 Brown, Mary J., and Kevin Beier. “Vitamin B6 Deficiency (Pyridoxine).” StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, 2018.

Effect of Cold Stress on the Content of Minerals and Water Soluble Vitamins in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)

To assess the effect of cold stress on the levels of minerals (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe) and water soluble vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9 and C) in spinach, an experiment was set up under greenhouse conditions and compared to field results. Levels of macro and micronutrients, except iron in spinach were unaffected by growth conditions and cold stress. The abundance of water soluble vitamins were most pronounced in greenhouse grown plants exposed to 14 and 21 days of cold stress. Significant increases in vitamin C (from 22.73 to 34.47 mg 100 g-1 dry matter) accumulation in stressed plants were observed, thus highlighting its role in plant defense mechanisms. Results indicate that cultivation of leafy vegetables in a greenhouse with low temperature (4 to 7°C) exposure for a shorter period (14 to 21 days) before harvest can improve the nutritional quality. Water soluble vitamin (WSV) contents of field- and greenhouse-grown spinaches.

383 Feeding dogs and cats with renal disease: What do we really know.

Dietary management of renal disease involves restricting protein, phosphorus, and sodium in the diet while enhancing the levels of water-soluble vitamins and the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Recent evidence supports the avoidance of high phosphorus intake in older dogs and cats, even before overt biochemical or clinical signs of renal disease are present. Animals with decreased tubular function as indicated by loss of urine concentration, elevated serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), and evidence of structural changes on imaging studies, with or without elevations in creatinine, should be fed a diet with a dietary phosphorus level at or below the National Research Council (NRC) minimum requirement for an adult dog or cat. For animals with glomerular disease, loss of plasma proteins (such as albumin) into the urine can result in progressive renal tubular damage. The degree of proteinuria is exacerbated with increased protein intake. The dietary treatment for this form of renal disease involves a reduction of dietary protein intake to the NRC recommended minimum, which will help decrease glomerular capillary pressure and subsequently lessen proteinuria. Dogs can become hyperkalemic as a function of progressive renal disease or secondary to medications, such as the ACE inhibitors enalapril and benazapril, and potassium restriction may be required to prevent potentially fatal hyperkalemic cardiac arrhythmias. Conversely, cats with renal disease often have enhanced loss of potassium through their urine and coupled with poor overall dietary intake may require potassium supplementation as clinical hypokalemia can result in constipation and generalized muscle weakness. Imbalance in orexigenic compounds, such as ghrelin, and anorexigenic compounds, such as cholecystokinin, can also occur with advanced uremia resulting in dysregulation of food intake and progressive cachexia. Appetite stimulants or placement of a feeding tube may be required to deliver optimal nutritional support with advanced renal failure.

Urinary Water-Soluble Vitamins as Potential Nutritional Biomarkers to Assess Their Intakes

To determine micronutrient intake by dietary assessment is difficult because of high variations in habitual micronutrient intake. A nutritional biomarker can be an indicator of nutritional status with respect to intake or metabolism of dietary constituents. Recent validation studies have developed the urinary compounds as nutritional biomarkers to estimate nutrient intakes, and urinary nitrogen and sodium have been well established as nutritional biomarkers. Recent studies have conducted to establish urinary water-soluble vitamins as nutritional biomarkers to assess their intakes, and made the following findings to contribute to the establishment and effective use of urinary water-soluble vitamins as potential nutritional biomarkers. Only urinary vitamin B12 content reflects urine volume but not its intake. Eight of nine water-soluble vitamin levels in 24-hr urine increase in dose-dependent-manner, and are strongly correlated with vitamin intakes. Each urinary water-soluble vitamin level, except for vitamin B12, is positively correlated with the mean intake over the recent 2-4 days in free-living children, young and elderly. These findings suggest that urinary water-soluble vitamins can be used as nutritional biomarkers to assess their mean intakes in groups. Based on previous findings, the reference values for urinary water-soluble vitamins are proposed to show adequate nutritional status.

Short-Term Changes in Body Composition and Response to Micronutrient Supplementation After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy.

We evaluated dietary intakes, body composition, micronutrient deficiency, and response to micronutrient supplementation in 47 patients before and for 6 months after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Before, 3, and 6 months after LSG, we measured dietary intakes with food-frequency questionnaires, body composition with bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and bioelectrical vector analysis (BIVA), and plasma concentrations of iron, Zn, water-, and lipo-soluble vitamins. After LSG, energy intake significantly decreased and patients lost weight, fat mass, and free-fat mass. BIVA showed a substantial loss of soft tissue body cell mass (BCM) with no change in hydration. Before surgery, 15 % of patients were iron deficient, 30 % had low levels of zinc and/or water-soluble vitamins, and 32 % of vitamin 25(OH)-D3. We treated iron deficiency with ferrous sulfate, isolated folate deficiency with N5-methyiltetrahydrofolate-Ca-pentahydrate, and deficiencies in vitamin B1, B12, or Zn, with or without concomitant folate deficiency, with multivitamin. No supplementation was given to vitamin 25(OH)-D3 deficient patients. At first follow-up, 7 % of patients developed new deficiencies in iron, 7 % in folic acid (n = 3), and 36 % in water-soluble vitamins and/or zinc whereas no new deficit in vitamin 25(OH)-D3 occurred. At final follow-up, deficiencies were corrected in all patients treated with either iron or folate but only in 32 % of those receiving multivitamin. Vitamin 25(OH)-D3 deficiency was corrected in 73 % of patients even though these patients were not supplemented. LSG-induced weight loss is accompanied by a decrease in BCM with no body fluid alterations. Deficiencies in water-soluble vitamins and Zn respond poorly to multivitamin supplementation.

Effects of Algae Feeding on Mouse Metabolome

Algae are a rich source of macronutrients and micronutrients, but metabolic impact of algae feeding on animals is not well defined. In this study, 3 groups of mice were fed AIN93G substituted with 0, 5% or 20% dried powder of a fresh water green algae (Scenedemus spp.). Serum, urine, fecal and tissue samples were collected at the end of 4-week treatments. Metabolic changes were evaluated by growth performance, blood chemistry and untargeted metabolomics. Compared with control diet, feeding 5% algae increased daily weight gain and feed intake (P < 0.01) while 20% algae decreased both parameters (P < 0.01). Serum glucose, triglyceride, and blood urea nitrogen levels were not affected by algae feeding, except serum cholesterol level was reduced by feeding 20% algae (P < 0.01). Metabolomic analysis identified diverse metabolic changes after algae feeding. The metabolites affected by 5% and 20% algae feeding include porphyrin pigments and bile acid metabolites in feces, free threonine and lysine in serum, glycine conjugates of medium-chain fatty acids and bacterial metabolites in urine. In addition, 20% algae also increased the levels of water-soluble vitamins in urine and long-chain fatty acids in feces, while decreased the levels of free aspartate, glutamate and taurine in serum and triglycerides in liver. Those observations suggest that feeding algae leads to dose-dependent changes in amino acid, lipid and bacterial metabolism, which could be the causes or the consequences of observed changes in growth and feed intake.

Relationship Between Urinary Concentrations of Nine Water-soluble Vitamins and their Vitamin Intakes in Japanese Adult Males.

Excess water-soluble vitamins are thought to be eliminated in the urine. We have reported a strong relationship between water-soluble vitamin intake and urinary excretion in females. The relationship, however, is not well understood in males. In the present experiment, 10 Japanese male subjects were given a standard Japanese diet for the first week. The subjects remained on the same diet, and a synthesized water-soluble vitamin mixture containing one time the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Japanese was given for the second week, three times the DRIs for the third week, and six times the DRIs for the fourth week. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected each week. Urinary excretion levels for seven of the nine water-soluble vitamin levels, excluding vitamin B12 and folate, increased linearly and sharply in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that measuring urinary water-soluble vitamins can be good nutritional markers for assessing vitamin intakes in humans.

Urinary Excretion Levels of Water-Soluble Vitamins in Pregnant and Lactating Women in Japan

Recent studies have shown that the urinary excretion levels of water-soluble vitamins can be used as biomarkers for the nutritional status of these vitamins. To determine changes in the urinary excretion levels of water-soluble vitamins during pregnant and lactating stages, we surveyed and compared levels of nine water-soluble vitamins in control (non-pregnant and non-lactating women), pregnant and lactating women. Control women (n=37), women in the 2nd (16-27 wk, n=24) and 3rd trimester of pregnancy (over 28 wk, n=32), and early- (0-5 mo, n=54) and late-stage lactating (6-11 mo, n=49) women took part in the survey. The mean age of subjects was ~30 y, and mean height was ~160 cm. A single 24-h urine sample was collected 1 d after the completion of a validated, self-administered comprehensive diet history questionnaire to measure water-soluble vitamins or metabolites. The average intake of each water-soluble vitamin was ≍ the estimated average requirement value and adequate intake for the Japanese Dietary Reference Intakes in all life stages, except for vitamin B6 and folate intakes during pregnancy. No change was observed in the urinary excretion levels of vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, biotin or vitamin C among stages. Urine nicotinamide and folate levels were higher in pregnant women than in control women. Urine excretion level of vitamin B1 decreased during lactation and that of pantothenic acid decreased during pregnancy and lactation. These results provide valuable information for setting the Dietary Reference Intakes of water-soluble vitamins for pregnant and lactating women.

Water-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies in Complicated Peptic Ulcer Patients Soon after Ulcer Onset in Japan

We investigated over time whether contemporary Japanese patients with complicated peptic ulcers have any water-soluble vitamin deficiencies soon after the onset of the complicated peptic ulcers. In this prospective cohort study, fasting serum levels of water-soluble vitamins (vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, C, and folic acid) and homocysteine were measured at 3 time points (at admission, hospital discharge, and 3 mo after hospital discharge). Among the 20 patients who were enrolled in the study, 10 consecutive patients who completed measurements at all 3 time points were analyzed. The proportion of patients in whom any of the serum water-soluble vitamins that we examined were deficient was as high as 80% at admission, and remained at 70% at discharge. The proportion of patients with vitamin B6 deficiency was significantly higher at admission and discharge (50% and 60%, respectively, p<0.05) than at 3 mo after discharge (10%). In conclusion, most patients with complicated peptic ulcers may have a deficiency of one or more water-soluble vitamins in the early phase of the disease after the onset of ulcer complications, even in a contemporary Japanese population.

Plasma concentrations of water-soluble vitamins in metabolic syndrome subjects

Vitamins B1 (thiamine), B3 (niacin), B6 (pyridoxine), and C (ascorbic acid) are vital for energy, carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism and in the regulation of the cellular redox state. Some studies have associated low levels of water-soluble vitamins with metabolic syndrome and its various components. This study aims to determine the plasma concentrations of vitamins B1, B3, B6, and C in Nigerians with metabolic syndrome and in healthy controls. One-hundred subjects with metabolic syndrome were recruited into the study. One-hundred controls were age - and sex-matched. Blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, concentrations of plasma glucose, lipid profile, and vitamins B1, B3, B6, and C were estimated. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.0. The mean plasma vitamins B1, B3, B6, and C concentrations of subjects were significantly lower than that of controls (P = 0.001, 0.05, 0.045, 0.001 respectively). Fourteen percent and 32% of subjects had inadequate vitamins B1 and C status, respectively. Vitamin B6 was lower (P = 0.001) and vitamin C was higher (P = 0.012) in female than in male subjects. Thiamine, niacin, pyridoxine, and ascorbic acid levels were lower in subjects than in controls. Pyridoxine was also lower and ascorbic acid was higher in female than in male subjects.

Twenty-four-hour urinary water-soluble vitamin levels correlate with their intakes in free-living Japanese schoolchildren

To examine the association between 24 h urinary water-soluble vitamin levels and their intakes in free-living Japanese schoolchildren. All foods consumed for four consecutive days were recorded accurately by a weighed food record. A single 24 h urine sample was collected on the fourth day, and the urinary levels of water-soluble vitamins were measured. An elementary school in Inazawa City, Japan. A total of 114 healthy, free-living, Japanese elementary-school children aged 10-12 years. The urinary level of each water-soluble vitamin was correlated positively to its mean intake in the past 2-4 d (vitamin B1: r = 0·42, P < 0·001; vitamin B2: r = 0·43, P < 0·001; vitamin B6: r = 0·49, P < 0·001; niacin: r = 0·32, P < 0·001; niacin equivalents: r = 0·32, P < 0·001; pantothenic acid: r = 0·32, P < 0·001; folic acid: r = 0·27, P < 0·01; vitamin C: r = 0·39, P < 0.001), except for vitamin B12 (r = 0·10, P = NS). Estimated mean intakes of water-soluble vitamins calculated using urinary levels and recovery rates were 97-102 % of their 3 d mean intake, except for vitamin B12 (79 %). The results show that urinary levels of water-soluble vitamins, except for vitamin B12, reflected their recent intakes in free-living Japanese schoolchildren and could be used as a potential biomarker to estimate mean vitamin intake.

Biotin Requirements Are Lower in Human Jurkat Lymphoid Cells but Homeostatic Mechanisms Are Similar to Those of HepG2 Liver Cells1–2

The following proteins are candidates for maintaining biotin homeostasis in humans: the biotin transporters sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT) and monocarboxylate transporter 1, the biotinyl-protein ligase holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS), and the lysine-ϵ-biotin hydrolase biotinidase. Liver cells are supplied through the portal vein with high levels of water-soluble vitamins compared with those of peripheral tissues. We hypothesized that the mechanisms of biotin homeostasis are qualitatively and quantitatively different in cells derived from human liver (HepG2 cells) and lymphoid tissues (Jurkat cells). Cells were cultured in biotin-defined media, representing deficient (D), normal (N), and supplemented (S) individuals. Biotinylation of carboxylases depended on biotin availability in both cell types, but HepG2 cells required 3 times more biotin than Jurkat cells to maintain normal levels of holocarboxylases. The expression of biotin transporters was less in both types in medium S compared with cells in media D and N; in contrast, the expression of HCS was higher in cells in medium S compared with the other cells. The abundance of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA was lower in cells in medium D than cells in media N and S. The enrichment of biotinylated histones was higher at the SMVT promoter 1 in HepG2 and Jurkat cells in medium S compared with the corresponding cells in media D and N, presumably repressing the SMVT gene. The mechanisms of biotin homeostasis are qualitatively similar but quantitatively different in HepG2 and Jurkat cells; HCS, histone biotinylation, and biotin transporters play a role in homeostasis in both.

Twenty-four-hour urinary water-soluble vitamin levels correlate with their intakes in free-living Japanese university students

We examined the association between 24-h urinary excretion of water-soluble vitamin levels and their intakes in free-living Japanese university students. The design used was cross-sectional study. A total of 216 healthy, free-living male and female Japanese university students aged 18-27 years voluntarily participated in this study, of which 156 students were eligible for this assessment. All foods consumed for 4 consecutive days were recorded accurately by a weighed food record method. A 24-h urine sample was collected on the fourth day, and the urinary levels of water-soluble vitamins were measured. Each urinary water-soluble vitamin level, except for vitamin B(12), was correlated positively with its mean intake in the recent 2-4 days (vitamin B(1): r=0.42, P<0.001; vitamin B(2): r=0.43, P<0.001; vitamin B(6): r=0.40, P<0.001; vitamin B(12): r=0.06, P=0.493; niacin: r=0.35, P<0.001; niacin equivalents: r=0.33, P<0.001; pantothenic acid: r=0.47, P<0.001; folate: r=0.27, P=0.001; vitamin C: r=0.44, P<0.001). Mean estimated water-soluble vitamin intakes calculated from urinary levels and recovery rates showed 91-101% of their 3-day mean intakes, except for vitamin B(12) (61%). These results showed that urinary water-soluble vitamin levels, except for vitamin B(12), reflect their recent intakes in free-living Japanese university students, and could be used as a potential biomarker to estimate mean vitamin intake.