Abstract
To determine micronutrient intake by dietary assessment is difficult because of high variations in habitual micronutrient intake. A nutritional biomarker can be an indicator of nutritional status with respect to intake or metabolism of dietary constituents. Recent validation studies have developed the urinary compounds as nutritional biomarkers to estimate nutrient intakes, and urinary nitrogen and sodium have been well established as nutritional biomarkers. Recent studies have conducted to establish urinary water-soluble vitamins as nutritional biomarkers to assess their intakes, and made the following findings to contribute to the establishment and effective use of urinary water-soluble vitamins as potential nutritional biomarkers. Only urinary vitamin B12 content reflects urine volume but not its intake. Eight of nine water-soluble vitamin levels in 24-hr urine increase in dose-dependent-manner, and are strongly correlated with vitamin intakes. Each urinary water-soluble vitamin level, except for vitamin B12, is positively correlated with the mean intake over the recent 2-4 days in free-living children, young and elderly. These findings suggest that urinary water-soluble vitamins can be used as nutritional biomarkers to assess their mean intakes in groups. Based on previous findings, the reference values for urinary water-soluble vitamins are proposed to show adequate nutritional status.
Highlights
To estimate nutrient intake and to determine nutritional status are important to maintain one’s health
Pharmacological dose of water-soluble vitamin intake such as vitamin B2 [8], nicotinamide [9] and biotin [10] dramatically increase urinary vitamin levels, a few study had studied about the relationship between several oral dose correspond to dietary intake and urinary excretion of vitamin C [11,12]
When estimated intake of water-soluble vitamins was calculated using mean recovery rate and urinary excretion values, estimated water-soluble vitamin intakes except vitamin B12 were correlated with 3-day mean intakes, and showed 91–107% of their 3-day mean intakes, except vitamin B12 (61-79%) (Table 1). These findings showed that urinary water-soluble vitamins reflected their dietary intake over the past few days, and could be used as biomarkers to assess their intakes in groups
Summary
To estimate nutrient intake and to determine nutritional status are important to maintain one’s health. Urinary excretion of water-soluble vitamins such as thiamin, riboflavin and niacin has been used for setting Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) in USA and Japan [5,6]. Recent studies have conducted to establish urinary water-soluble vitamins as nutritional biomarkers to assess their intakes.
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