Level Of Tax Avoidance Research Articles

The Moderating Role of Corporate Governance in the Relationship Between Transfer Pricing and Tax Avoidance

This study investigates the relationship between transfer pricing (TP) and tax avoidance (TA), with corporate governance (CG) serving as a moderating variable. The research focuses on manufacturing firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2017 to 2022. The sample comprises 180 observations derived from 30 multinational manufacturing companies, selected through a purposive sampling technique based on specific criteria. Panel data regression analysis was employed, utilizing models both with and without the moderating variable. The findings indicate that TP positively influences TA, suggesting that transfer pricing practices are associated with higher levels of tax avoidance. However, the study also reveals that strong CG can mitigate the positive impact of TP on TA, thereby underscoring the moderating role of effective governance mechanisms. These results highlight the importance of robust CG in reducing tax avoidance practices facilitated through transfer pricing. This study offers practical recommendations for strengthening corporate governance and implementing stricter regulatory oversight of transfer pricing activities. By enhancing governance frameworks, policymakers and companies can better address the ethical and financial implications of tax avoidance in multinational enterprises. Keywords: transfer pricing, tax avoidance, corporate governance, multinational manufacturing compani

Do Financial Institutions Practice Less Tax Avoidance than Other Companies?

This study investigates whether financial institutions engage in greater tax aggressiveness compared to other sectors, addressing a significant gap in the literature by exploring sector-specific tax behaviors and their broader implications. The hypothesis suggests that financial institutions exhibit lower GAAP ETRs (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Effective Tax Rates) and CASH ETRs (Cash Effective Tax Rates) than non-financial companies. Using a robust dataset of 131,204 firm-year observations from publicly traded U.S. companies between 2000 and 2022, sourced from the Compustat database, the study employs advanced regression methods, including quantile regression, to analyze these dynamics. While traditional regression results indicate no significant difference in tax avoidance between financial and non-financial firms, quantile regression uncovers critical nuances. At higher levels of tax avoidance, financial institutions are less likely to engage in aggressive practices. The findings offer significant contributions to public policy by highlighting the role of reputational factors in moderating tax behaviors, providing policymakers with insights for designing regulations that balance tax compliance and competitiveness. For education, this study introduces real-world examples of sector-specific tax strategies, enabling educators to incorporate these findings into accounting and finance curricula to better prepare students for challenges in corporate governance and fiscal policy.

Analysis of Environmental, Social, Governance on Tax Avoidance in Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX)

Every business actor has different business characteristics, so that each company implements a different strategy. Business characteristics describe the industry in which business actors operate, based on the type of business carried out and the main function of each member in the company or business group. In the context of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG), determining business characteristics is done through functional analysis. Along with the development of the globalization era, international trade has a significant impact on the economy of a region, and can even affect the economy of a country. This research uses a qualitative method with a literature study approach and literature study, with the aim of analyzing the influence of ESG on tax avoidance. The data collected are scientific articles and international journals. The results show that companies that implement ESG have a higher level of tax avoidance compared to companies that do not implement ESG.

The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Tax Avoidance with the Moderating Role of Corporate Governance

Objective: This study explores the impact of corporate social responsibility on tax avoidance with the moderating role of corporate governance in Iraq. Research Method: The researcher selected a sample of companies listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange, numbering (33). Data was taken from 2012 to 2022, and the data was analyzed using the Eviews 9 program. Findings: Iraqi companies suffer from slight levels of tax avoidance by adopting social responsibility practices and disclosing corporate governance. Companies' commitment to corporate social responsibility would add value to the company. Commitment to corporate social responsibility leads to reducing tax avoidance. Conclusion: We note from the study that there is a weakness in applying social responsibility accounting. Corporate governance and the application of its principles impact paying taxes and preventing avoidance and evasion of paying them. CSR and taxation have the same goal of improving the well-being of society The results of this study indicate that the higher the level of CSR activities, the higher the company's responsibility for its tax obligations. Corporate social responsibility is the taking of responsibility by a company for its actions as well as encouraging the creation of a positive impact through its activities on the environment, customers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all members of the public who can be considered stakeholders.

The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Tax Avoidance in the Listed Companies on the Iraqi Stock Exchange

This study explores the impact of corporate social responsibility on tax avoidance in the Iraqi listed companies on the Iraqi stock exchange. The sample of companies include companies which are listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange, numbering (33). Data was taken for the years from 2016 to 2021, and the data was analyzed using multiple regression and panel data analysis.The results indicated (corporate social responsibility) that there is a negative relationship between corporate social responsibility and tax avoidness and Iraqi companies suffer from slight levels of tax avoidance through adopting social responsibility practices. We note from the study that there is a weakness in the application of social responsibility accounting. Commitment to corporate social responsibility leads to reduced tax avoidance. Among the conclusions is the clear weakness in the internal control systems of companies in terms of the extent of commitment to social responsibility and attempts to benefit from tax savings to achieve personal gains. The research came out with a set of recommendations, the most prominent of which is the need to strengthen the supervisory role to reduce tax evasion operations, as using social work as a means of tax evasion harms government revenues in the state’s general budget.

Long-term tax strategy and corporate acquisition payment structure: An analysis based on the book-tax tradeoff theory

This study examines the relationship between corporate acquirers’ long-term tax strategy (i.e., past behavior) and their subsequent choice of an acquisition payment method (i.e., future behavior) based on a book-tax tradeoff analysis. We find that acquirers with a high (low) level of long-term tax avoidance are more likely to have cash (stock)-financed acquisitions. Political influence attenuates the significance of the above relationship. Among the acquirers who use cash-financed payment method, those who are less tax aggressive tend to include debt to finance their acquisitions, suggesting that debt and non-debt tax shields are substitutes for each other in acquisitions.

Managerial ability and tax avoidance adjustment toward the optimal level

ABSTRACT Highlighting managerial ability as a moderator of tax adjustment behaviour, this study finds that firms led by more capable managers exhibit slower adjustment speed of tax avoidance towards the optimal level. Furthermore, our findings remain robust after employing the propensity score matching and instrumental variable approaches. Cross-sectional analysis reveals that the negative association between managerial ability and tax avoidance adjustment speed is stronger for firms facing larger transaction costs and more complex operations. This implies that competent managers are more inclined to avoid incurring costs related to unwinding previous tax strategies, even when their firms deviate from the optimal level of tax avoidance.

The effect of shareholder pressure on stakeholder interests: Evidence from corporate tax avoidance

AbstractResearch on how shareholder pressure influences the interests of stakeholders has recently witnessed a sharp increase, but yields mixed findings. We revisit this question by investigating the impact of managers' attempts to meet or beat earnings expectations on corporate tax avoidance. Using a sample of Chinese listed firms during 2005–2022, we find that firms with earnings pressure are more tax‐aggressive. Furthermore, such a higher level of tax avoidance due to earnings pressure is associated with higher real activity management. Cross‐sectional analysis shows that the effect of earnings pressure on tax avoidance is weaker among firms with better environment, society, and governance performance, but becomes more salient for state‐owned enterprises, firms with higher financial constraints, and during periods when local officials are devoid of incentives for career advancement. Taken together, our study sheds light on the consequences of shareholder pressure stemming from capital markets on corporate tax policies, and provides implications for enterprises and policymakers concerning taxation in emerging markets.

Earnings Management, Tax Avoidance, and Profitability Among MNC’s in Indonesia

The study examines the influence of earnings management and tax avoidance on the profitability of parent multinational companies in Indonesia, except the financial sector, actively listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the research period. The research period used in this study starts from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2022. The research results were processed using panel data regression, the best model regression was random effect model. One independent variable, earnings management, was found not to significantly affect profitability. However, the study found that the level of tax avoidance has a positive and significant impact on company profitability. The size of the board of commissioners' independence as a moderating variable did not strengthen or weaken the independent variables simultaneously or partially against company profitability, but independence board of commissioners could significantly affect on profitability as independent variables. This is a quantitative research with hypothesis testing. The implications of this study state that there is a high tax aggressiveness in Indonesia due to the actions of multinational companies in global transactions, thus recommending that the government further evaluate current international tax policies.

Corporate digital transformation and tax avoidance: evidence from China

Digital transformation gives new impetus to corporate growth and influences corporate behavior. This study uses hand-collected digital transformation data on A-share listed non-financial enterprises in China from 2008 to 2019 to examine the relationship between corporate digital transformation and tax avoidance. Our findings suggest that the higher the corporate digital transformation, the lower the level of tax avoidance. This impact is more pronounced in firms with high equity incentives for management, a management team with a strong political background, and in firms located in provinces with a high willingness for government intervention and financial pressure from the government. The mechanism test shows that corporate digital transformation mainly decreases tax avoidance by reducing the agency costs of management and increasing media and analysts' attention to the firm. Thus, actively promoting digital transformation is one of the most important paths for guaranteeing a real and stable source of national tax revenue.

Dampak Dinamika Inflasi Dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Tingkat Penghindaran Pajak Pada 11 Sektor Industri Yang Listing Di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) Pada Tahun (2019-2022)

This study aims to determine the effect of inflation rate and company size on the level of tax avoidance. The population in this study are companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2019-2022. The sampling technique was purposive sampling method. Data analysis using SEM-PLS with the help of SmartPLS4 analysis tool. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the inflation rate has no effect on the level of tax avoidance, company size affects the level of tax avoidance. And the inflation rate and company size have no significant effect on the level of tax avoidance.

Earnings Management and Tax Minimization: Comprehensive Analysis of Book-Tax Differences in Indonesia

The research aims to investigate the relationship between earnings management strategies, specifically Accrual Earnings Management (AEM) and Real Earnings Management (REM), and abnormal book-tax differences (ABTD). A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing multiple regression models, descriptive statistics, model testing, classical assumption testing, and hypothesis testing through Eviews 12 software on a sample of 671 observations from 61 companies listed on the IDX from 2011 to 2021. The results reveal a significant positive relationship between ABTD and both AEM and REM through overproduction. However, no significant relationship was found between REM and abnormal operating cash flow. Interestingly, a strong negative correlation was discovered between tax avoidance and earnings management through discretionary spending. These findings suggest that accrual management practices are associated with higher levels of tax avoidance, while discretionary spending for earnings management tends to decrease it. The implications of this study provide insights into potential earnings management techniques that can enhance corporate efforts to reduce tax payments and maximize profits while serving as a warning for potential tax avoidance activities.

Does Environmental Uncertainty Play Moderating Role in Relation Between Business Strategy and Tax Avoidance

This research aims to analyze the effect of implementing a company's business strategy on the level of tax avoidance with environmental Uncertainty as a moderating variable. The population in this research is manufacturing companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019-2022. The sampling technique used purposive sampling and obtained 91 companies. This quantitative research uses secondary data in the form of annual reports of manufacturing companies. The model used is panel data regression with a Random Effect (RE) testing model. This research produced three critical findings. First, the prospector strategy has a significant positive effect and is more aggressive in tax avoidance than the defender and analyzer strategies. Second, the defender strategy negatively and less aggressively influences tax avoidance compared to the prospector and analyzer strategies. Third, the relationship between business strategy and tax avoidance is moderated by environmental Uncertainty because it can strengthen the relationship between prospector strategy and tax avoidance and weaken the relationship between defender and analyzer strategies and tax avoidance. (weakening) Moreover, it can positively moderate the relationship between prospector strategy and tax avoidance (strengthening).

Pelatihan Penghitungan PPh Final Tarif 0.5% Sesuai Peraturan Pemerintah No.55 Tahun 2022 pada Pelaku Usaha UMKM di Kepulauan Banda Neira, Kabupaten Maluku Tengah

The untapped potential for taxation in Indonesia is still quite high, one of which is "underground economy" activities which have not been identified because the original transactions are using cash. Apart from that, taxpayers' knowledge is still subsided, which results in a combination of high levels of tax avoidance and evasion. Provides knowledge related to tax reporting, as well as financial reporting understandability to some of entrepreneurs is an urgent activity to deal with, is the responsible of academics to lowering this gap. Based on a pre-survey of 23 entrepreneurs, it was found that none of them had a NPWP (Taxpayer Identification Number) and had never had association with tax agencies. This PKM is held in intermediary with the learning of tax ability for entrepreneurs who have certain Gross Income with a maximum limit of 4.8 billion per year. By providing facilities from the government through a classification of 0.5% rate of the DPP. It is an opportunity for entrepreneurs to submit taxes. The results of the PKM result that most of the material has been enlightened, but the issue of this PKM can be seen from the compliance of entrepreneurs with tax obligations, which is expected in a more acceptable way in the future.

The effect of tax avoidance on earnings persistence: evidence from China

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings persistence in the light of a developing economy, with the main focus on China.Design/methodology/approachIn the analysis, the author conducts a survey on the tax avoidance situation of Chinese listed companies from 2012 to 2020. Then, a multivariate regression analysis is performed in order to analyse the relationship between corporate tax avoidance and earnings persistence.FindingsThe findings of the present study show that tax avoidance has a significant positive effect on earnings persistence. However, when the degree of tax avoidance is high, the “risk effect” of tax avoidance exceeds the “value effect”, and tax avoidance will reduce the persistence of earnings. This conclusion is even more prominent when the company is non-state-owned. Further research shows the increase of institutional investors’ shareholding ratio can improve “value effect” of tax avoidance, lessen “risk effect” of tax avoidance, and positively affect the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings persistence.Practical implicationsThis study provides evidence for investors to understand the dual effect of tax avoidance on earnings persistence. The results may have implications for regulatory bodies. They can provide a better understanding of the corporate governance role of institutional investors in curbing opportunistic tax avoidance.Originality/valueThis study enriches the research on tax avoidance effects by analysing the impact of tax avoidance on earnings persistence. This study also compensates for the shortcomings of analysing earnings persistence mainly from the perspective of tax differences in the past, and promotes the study of the corporate governance effects of institutional investors under different levels of tax avoidance.

Can Tax Avoidance Improve The Positive Relationship Between Intellectual Capital And Firm Value?

This study examines the effect of intellectual capital on firm value with tax avoidance as moderation in health sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the COVID-19 pandemic. CTTOR is employed to find the level of tax avoidance, VAIC is used to find the value of intellectual capital, and Tobin's Q is used to find the firm value. The data used is company financial statement data from 2020 to 2022 using multiple linear regression analysis methods. The type of data is cross-section data and ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation technique. The sample was determined using a purposive sampling technique with a total research sample of 43 data. This study concluded that intellectual capital does not affect firm value. However, after moderation with tax avoidance, the interaction between intellectual capital and tax avoidance has a negative effect on firm value. Therefore, tax avoidance can moderate the effect of intellectual capital on firm value by reducing the negative effect of intellectual capital on firm value during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of this study can be additional information for the Indonesian Capital Market Supervisory Authority (OJK) and the Tax Authority (DGT) in making rules regarding tax avoidance. OJK can also make policies regarding reporting the company's intellectual capital in one account to make it easier for novice investors to understand. DGT can utilize this research to evaluate corporate tax avoidance.

IRS Enforcement and Voluntary Tax Disclosure

ABSTRACT Although voluntary tax disclosures can improve firms’ information environments and reduce financial statement users’ costs of processing complex tax information, they can also inform tax authorities about tax avoidance strategies. This study explores the content of voluntary tax disclosures during quarterly earnings announcements and conference calls to examine the effect of IRS enforcement on managers’ voluntary tax disclosure decisions. We estimate a negative relation between IRS enforcement and voluntary tax disclosures that is concentrated in the subset of firms with high levels of tax avoidance. These results are consistent with managers having concerns about the potential costs of voluntary disclosures to tax authorities. In supplemental analysis, we find results consistent with voluntary tax disclosures benefiting analysts, but at the cost of increasing IRS attention. Collectively, our results suggest an unintended negative effect of IRS enforcement on the information environment. Data Availability: Data are available from the sources cited in the text. JEL Classifications: H25; M41; M48.

How does the heterogeneity of institutional investors influence corporate tax avoidance? The moderating role of family ownership

PurposeThis study provides new insights into the relationship between the heterogeneity of institutional investors (IIs) and corporate tax avoidance (CTA). It also investigates whether family ownership moderates this relationship.Design/methodology/approachBased on a sample of 200 French-listed firms from 2008 to 2017, we use the generalized method of moment (GMM) estimator proposed by Arellano and Bover (1995) and developed by Blundell and Bond (1998) to address endogeneity and omitted variable concerns.FindingsThe results show that passive IIs are associated with an increase in the level of tax avoidance. However, active ones significantly decrease the levels of tax avoidance practices. Moreover, we show that institutional activism is not sufficient to control managerial actions, particularly in the context of controlled family businesses. The results suggest that families may expropriate the rights of minority shareholders through a controlling coalition with passive IIs.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has several practical implications. First, the results are useful for policymakers who should constrain passive IIs to provide only one service (asset management). Second, this study may sensitize family owners to the need to cooperate with active IIs that are effective in monitoring the firm. In particular, families should be willing to sacrifice some of their socioemotional wealth to promote a balanced ownership structure, which is important for responsible and effective corporate governance.Originality/valueThis paper extends previous research by investigating the heterogeneity of IIs in terms of horizon, ownership and control. In addition, this paper sheds a new light on how family firms behave regarding tax avoidance practices in the presence of active and passive IIs.

Family Ownership, Corporate Governance Quality and Tax Avoidance: Evidence from an Emerging Market—The Case of Jordan

This study examines the impact of family ownership on tax avoidance decisions. This study further investigates the effects of corporate governance quality on the relationship between family ownership and tax avoidance. We construct a sample of non-financial firms listed on the ASE for the period 2015–2021. The results demonstrate that family-owned firms have high levels of tax avoidance. This result supports the private-benefit expropriation hypothesis. Regarding the mediating effect of corporate governance variables, the results suggest that large audit committees and audit committees that meet more frequently curb attempts by family owners to avoid paying tax.

Controlling Shareholders' Value and Corporate Tax Avoidance*

AbstractThis paper investigates whether and how controlling shareholders' value (i.e., the concentration of controlling shareholders' wealth within a business group) affects corporate tax planning using Korean chaebols. We find that firms with high controlling shareholders' value engage in a lower level of tax avoidance than other affiliates in the business group. We also find that controlling shareholders' concern about the costs of tax avoidance (i.e., regulatory penalties and reputational damages) are potential mechanisms that prevent firms with high controlling shareholders' value from aggressive tax planning. Lastly, we provide the value implication of tax avoidance for firms with high controlling shareholders' value.