Levels Of Tannins Research Articles

Production of low-tannin Hibiscus sabdariffa tea through D-optimal design optimization of the preparation conditions and the catalytic action of new tannase

Many tannase-based industrial applications are currently being developed to successfully break down tannins in teas and juices. However, so far, no study has demonstrated the potential application of tannase to reduce tannin levels in Hibiscus sabdariffa tea. The D-optimal design was utilized to predict the optimal conditions for maximizing anthocyanins and decreasing tannin content in Hibiscus tea. Then, the effects of Penicillium commune tannase were evaluated by examining the physicochemical parameters and α-amylase inhibitory action of untreated and treated Hibiscus tea, as well as quantifying catechin content changes using HPLC. Following treatment with tannase, the esterified catechins decreased by 8.91%, while the non-esterified catechins increased by 19.76%. Additionally, tannase significantly raised the total phenolic compounds by 8.6%. In contrast, the α-amylase inhibiting activity of Hibiscus tea decreased by ≈28%. As a novel member of the tea family, tannase offers an excellent means of conditionally producing low-astringency Hibiscus tea.

Effect of Soaking and Salt-Water Blanching on the Proximate, Antinutrients and Amino Acid Profile Composition of Cream Coloured Pigeon Pea Flours

The study was on the effect of processing: soaking and salt-water blanching and cooking on the proximate, anti-nutrient and amino-acid composition of cream coloured pigeon pea seeds’ flours. The proximate composition analysis showed significant (p>0.05) differences between the values obtained for crude protein, ash, fat, crude fibre, carbohydrates and moisture, in the raw/untreated and the processed pigeon pea. Healthy cleaned pigeon pea seeds (2.5kg) were divided into five portions of 500 g each. They were subjected to five different processing methods and coded AOP, BXY, CZK, DRN and EVT respectively. AOP represented the untreated flour; BXY represented salted and 1h boiled pigeon pea flour; CZK represented salted and 2h boiled pigeon pea flour; DRN represented 24h soaked and 1h boiled pigeon pea flour while EVT represented 2h boiled pigeon pea flour sample. The flours’ crude protein contents ranged from 19.54 to 21.68%, crude fat ranged from 2.40 to 3.96%; ash ranged from 3.48 to 5.20 %; fibre ranged from 9.45 to 10.19%, moisture ranged from 4.70 to 6.46 % while carbohydrates ranged from 50.48 to 57.49%. In the anti-nutrients’ assays, processing significantly reduced the levels of oxalate, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, cyanide and phytate. In addition to the significant differences, straight cooking without salt blanching or soaking yielded the highest levels of leucine, lysine, phenylaline, tryptophan, valine, methionine and histidine, 7 out of the 8 essential amino acids. The result of essential amino acid indices of the sample flours revealed that the flours are of good protein quality. This result also showed that straight-cooking yielded highest crude protein and highest levels of the essential amino acids. Also, processing generally lowered the levels of anti-nutrients in the pigeon pea seeds’ flours, thus making them safer for consumption. Salt-blanching yielded more softening and pastry product.

Characterization and potential use of olive pies from different extractions and industries in ruminant feeding

This work aimed to characterize coproducts from extra virgin olive oil extraction, its chemical composition and nutritive value of two olive cultivars (Arbequina and Koroneiki) in industries in Brazil Southern region. Sampling from cultivar Arbequina was done at two moments (time 0 and 48h post processing) and from cultivar Koroneiki, only at time zero was sampled. The composition of the two cultivars was different, as expected. Higher levels of carbohydrates (CHO) and lower levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contributed to improve in situ degradability (61.0 vs 43.5% ) of Koroneiki cultivar. Both co-products obtained on the day of processing showed high levels of lignin, which led to a lower level of in situ degradability of the NDF (21.1%). High levels of EE (19.4% DM), total phenols (FT; 1.8% DM), total tannins (TT; 1.11% DM) and TDN (72.7% DM) were also observed. These results demonstrate that the byproduct represents a potential source of lipids and phenolic compounds that can be used to adjust diets as well as the aggregation of functional molecules in meat and milk products. The care in obtaining and preserving the product is important because the material obtained 48 hours after the processing showed losses in the contents of CHO, CNF, FT and TT, which can impair its nutritional value and the potential of use.

Heavy metal composition and phytochemical constituents of selected herbal remedies sold in open markets in Owerri metropolis, south east Nigeria

Heavy metal composition and Phytochemical constituents of selected herbal remedies sold in Owerri, South East Nigeria, were studied using standard laboratory procedures. Results obtained revealed that apart from proteins, all the phytochemicals studied were present in all the samples. High levels of phenol, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids and terpenoids were present in most of the samples. Total phenol values as high as 22900.88±1409.19 µg/ml and flavonoids 2644.89±6.94 µg/ml were recorded. Heavy metals identified in these samples included Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb and Hg. The concentration of Pb (0.081-0.124 ppm), Zn (0.045 -0.223 ppm), Cd (0.003 to 0.045 ppm) and the other heavy metals analyzed did not exceed the approved permissible limits. High levels of these heavy metals when consumed by humans can cause serious health issues. Also, the presence of high levels of phenolic acid, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids in samples is a strong indication of the therapeutic capacity of the samples. Therefore, it is important to ensure that this natural resource continues to be beneficial to the global health sector, it is important to set uniform standards and to monitor the quality of herbal treatments for dangerous ingredients.

Sorbet Made from Moringa Leaves and Red Guava as an Alternative for the Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Adolescent Girls

Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) contain high iron (Fe) but low bioavailability of Fe because it contains calcium and tannins. Vitamin C in red guava fruit (Psidium guajava) can increase Fe absorption. Sorbet made from red guava and Moringa leaves can be an alternative to overcome iron deficiency anemia in adolescent girls. This study aims to analyze the level of acceptance, levels of Fe, Ca, vitamin C, and tannins, as well as the bioavailability of Fe sorbet made from red guava and Moringa leaves. Sorbet consists of 5 formulas including, F1 (strawberry sorbet), F2 (red guava sorbet), F3 (Moringa leaf sorbet), F4 (red guava sorbet + 18% Moringa leaves), and F5 (red guava sorbet + 22% Moringa leaves). Acceptance level was tested with the hedonic method (appearance, smell, taste, and texture) and statistically analyzed using Friedman and Wilcoxon test. The Fe and Ca were analyzed using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) method, vitamin C and tannins were analyzed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometry methods. Fe bioavailability test was performed using the inverted bowel bag method. The level of preference for each attribute was significantly different (p < 0.05). The level of preference chosen was F2. The mean levels of Fe, Ca, vitamin C, and tannins in F4 were 0.95 ± 0.14, 5.91 ± 0.73, 26.29 ± 0.13, and 135.65 ± 0.91 mg/100 g. The mean levels of Fe, Ca, vitamin C, and tannins in F5 were 0.21 ± 0.29, 6.03 ± 0.67, 46.72 ± 0.69, and 87.76 ± 0.40 mg/100 g. The highest Fe bioavailability was F5 while the lowest was F3. The best formula based on the parameters of preference, Fe, Ca, vitamin C, and tannin levels, as well as Fe bioavailability, was sorbet F5.

KADAR TANIN, KALSIUM DAN FOSFOR SILASE KULIT PISANG KEPOK (Musa paradisiaca) DENGAN ADITIF GULA AIR

Banana peel is a potential alternative feed source, but its use is limited by its tannin content. Tannins bind proteins, and minerals and reduce protein digestibility. The experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of palmyra sugar liquid (PSL) on tannin, calcium, and phosphorus levels of banana peel silage. This study used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were GA0: banana peel without PSL, GA2: banana peel + 2% PSL, GA4: banana peel + 4% PSL, and GA6: banana peel + 6% PSL. A mixture of banana peels and PSL was put into a plastic jar while compacted. Then tightly closed and fermented for 21 days. Variables observed were the tannin, calcium, and phosphorus content of banana peel silage. The results showed that the PSL level had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on the tannin, calcium, and phosphorus content of kepok banana peel silage. The use of 4% water sugar can reduce tannin levels and has the highest levels of calcium and phosphorus of kepok banana peel silage. Key Words : Banana peel, Calcium, Fermentation, Phosphorus, Tannin

Nutritional Composition and Antinutrient to Mineral Molar Ratios of Selected Improved Common Beans Grown in Kenya

A decline in common bean production has been ascribed to climate change. The adoption of improved beans aims to increase productivity, profitability, and consumption, thus reducing food and nutrition insecurity in the country. The aim of this study was to determine the proximate composition, antinutrient content, mineral content, and bioaccessibility of zinc and iron in two improved bean varieties grown in Kenya; Faida (biofortified) and RM 01 (drought tolerant)). The protein content of RM 01 (22.48%) was significantly higher than the Faida bean variety (20.90%). RM 01 bean variety had higher crude fat (4.20%) and crude fiber (4.31%) content compared to Faida which had 3.78% and 3.31% for crude fat and crude fiber respectively. Faida recorded significantly higher levels of iron (61.5 mg/kg) and zinc (26.8 mg/kg) content. Faida beans also had significantly (p< 0.05) high levels of phytates (11.70 mg/g) and tannins (4.39 mg CE/g). Phytate to iron ratio for Faida was 17.08 and RM 01 was 15.19 while the phytate-to-zinc ratio was 42.26 and 35.36 for Faida and RM 01 respectively. The RM 01 bean variety had iron bioaccessibility of 35% and zinc bioaccessibility of 65% compared to the Faida bean variety which had bioaccessibility of 29% and 42% for iron and zinc respectively. In conclusion, RM 01 variety is a better source of iron, zinc, and protein compared to the Faida variety.

Hepatopancreas-Intestinal Health in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Fed with Hydrolyzable Tannin or Rapeseed Meal.

This study evaluated the effect of dietary rapeseed meal (RM) and hydrolyzable tannin on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and determined the possible role of tannin on health when RM was added to the diet. Eight diets were formulated. Four were semipurified-diets with 0, 0.75, 1.25, and 1.75% hydrolyzable tannin (T0, T1, T2, and T3), and the other four were practical diets containing 0, 30, 50, and 70% RM (R0, R30, R50, and R70), which had similar tannin contents as semipurified-diets. After the 56 d feeding trial, the antioxidative enzymes and relative biochemical indexes showed a similar tendency in practical and semipurified groups. In hepatopancreas, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities increased with RM and tannin levels, respectively, while glutathione (GSH) content and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity increased. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased and decreased in T3 and R70, respectively. In the intestine, MDA content and SOD activity increased with RM and tannin levels, while GSH content and GPx activity decreased. The expression levels of interleukin 8 (IL-8) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were upregulated with RM and tannin levels, and the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) expression was upregulated in T3, whereas it was downregulated in R50. This study demonstrated that 50% of RM and 0.75% of tannin induced oxidative stress, injured hepatic antioxidant ability, and resulted in intestinal inflammation in grass carp. Therefore, the tannin in rapeseed meal cannot be neglected in aquatic feeding.

Electrospinning of gelatin/chitosan nanofibers incorporated with tannic acid and chitooligosaccharides on polylactic acid film: Characteristics and bioactivities

Electrospinning of gelatin/chitosan solutions incorporated with tannic acid (TA) and chitooligosaccharides (COS) at varying levels was performed on polylactic acid (PLA) films at a constant voltage of 20 kV with a feed rate of 0.5 mL/h. Nanofibers of gelatin/chitosan were incorporated with TA and COS as the sources of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. SEM images revealed that the gelatin/chitosan nanofibers (GC-NF) had diverse morphologies and diameters. The concentration of TA and COS had prominent effect on the morphology of the nanofibers. Bead-free and smooth nanofibers were formed at higher TA and COS levels. PLA films coated with GC-NF showed high antioxidant activity, especially at higher levels of TA and COS incorporated. The films also exhibited antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Selected GC-NF coated PLA films, having high antioxidant and antibacterial activities, were studied for mechanical and barrier properties. Water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength and elongation at break (EAB) of GC-NF coated PLA films were found to be improved when compared to PLA film. Moreover, light transmission of GC-NF coated PLA films was reduced and the films were cloudy in appearance. Characteristic peaks of functional groups in gelatin and chitosan were identified in the GC-NF coated PLA films using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Overall, PLA film coated with GC-NF incorporated with TA and COS, could be a potential active packaging alternative for food applications. • Bead-free and smooth gelatin/chitosan nanofibers were electrospun on PLA film. • Nanofibers were incorporated with tannic acid and chitooligosaccharides. • PLA films coated with nanofibers had high antioxidant and antibacterial properties. • Mechanical properties of PLA film were enhanced by coating with nanofibers.

Comparing the efficacy of forage combinations with different hydrolysable and condensed tannin levels to improve production and lower methane emission in finisher lambs

For determining the efficiency of forage combinations with varying tannin levels in small ruminants, an experiment was conducted on 36 finisher Malpura lambs. Animals were divided into 3 groups (T1, T2 and T3) of 12 each and fed ad libitum complete feed blocks consisting 65, 30 and 5 parts concentrate, roughage and molasses, respectively.The roughages added were 15 parts Vigna sinensis hay and 15 parts Ziziphus nummularia leaves in T1, 15 parts Vigna sinensis hay and 15 parts Acacia nilotica leaves in T2, 15 parts Ziziphus nummularia leaves and 15 parts Acacia nilotica leaves in T3 feed blocks. The content of total tannin was 0.78, 2.37 and 2.9 (g/100 g dry matter) in feed blocks of T1, T2 and T3 group, respectively. Dry matter intake was reduced (P < 0.05) with increasing level of tannins in the diet. Nutrient digestibility and balance of nitrogen were higher in lambs of T2 group as compared to T3. However, total volatile fatty acid production and population of methanogens and protozoa were reduced in T2 and T3 groups than T1. Loss of metabolizable energy through methane was 3.1 and 1.8% lower in T2 and T3, respectively than T1 which subsequently resulted in higher (P < 0.05) microbial nitrogen synthesis in T2 and T3 groups. The average daily gain and feed conversion ratio was significantly improved in T2 and T3 groups as compared to T1. In Longissimus thoracis muscle, higher (P < 0.05) content of n-3 fatty acids was observed in T2 and T3 groups, whereas in adipose tissue lower (P < 0.05) content of saturated fatty acids and higher (P < 0.05) mono unsaturated fatty acids were found in T2 group. From the present findings it can be concluded that feeds blocks consisting Vigna sinensis hay and Acacia nilotica leaves with tannin level of 2.37% is most promising in terms of methane mitigation, higher microbial nitrogen synthesis and weight gain, improved feed conversion and enhanced functional carcass attributes in finisher lambs.

Untargeted metabolomic profiling of fresh and dried leaf extracts of young and mature Eucalyptus globulus trees indicates differences in the presence of specialized metabolites.

Aqueous extracts from Eucalyptus globulus leaves contain a wide variety of specialized metabolites, mainly polyphenols and appreciable amounts of volatile compounds, which are responsible for their diverse biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and allelopathic features. For this reason, several studies have been conducted to explore the composition of E. globulus leaf extracts for multiple therapeutic and commercial applications. However, so far, the available bibliographic reports only refer to the chemical composition of extracts prepared with leaves from mature trees, leaving much to clarify about the composition of juvenile eucalyptus leaf extracts. Furthermore, there is no consensus regarding the type of leaves, fresh or dried ones, to be used in the extraction procedure, considering the highest recovery of biologically active compounds. In this sense, this study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of aqueous extracts prepared with fresh and dried leaves from young and mature E. globulus trees. For this, leaf biomass from young and mature E. globulus trees was collected in three distinct places from a forest area, and after oven-drying a portion of the leaves, an extraction in hot water was carried out, followed by GC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS analyses. The results revealed that the maturity of eucalyptus trees and biomass drying significantly influenced the volatile and non-volatile composition of the aqueous extracts. Accordingly, while fresh leaf extracts of young trees had great levels of hydrolysable tannins, extracts prepared with fresh leaves from mature trees presented a wide range of terpenes. When dried leaf material was used, extracts had notorious contents of amino acids derivatives, C13 norisoprenoids, fatty and other organic acids. Overall, this study showed, for the first time, that plant maturity (young vs mature) and pre-processing (fresh vs dried) of foliar biomass of E. globulus trees need to be considered in the preparation of leaf aqueous extracts depending on the desired purposes, since major changes in what regards biologically active compounds were found.

“Phyto-Chemical and Antiviral Study on Glycyrrhiza Glabra, Phyllanthus Amarus and Solanum Nigrum Against Hepatitis C Virus”

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a serious public health concern that affects millions of people worldwide, causing liver cirrhosis and Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While there are no effective anti-HCV vaccines, the availability of potent anti-HCV drugs has streamlined the management of viral hepatitis and its complications. There are currently many DAA's available to help keep HCV infections under control. DAA's, on the other hand, are known to cause untoward side effects in addition to being expensive. Furthermore, DAA's role in treating drug-resistant HCV is known to be difficult. These facts necessitate the development of newer anti-HCV drugs, which are currently being pursued. Looking for alternative drugs from natural resources is one approach to discovering novel anti-HCV drugs. In this study, we evaluated the anti-HCV and phytochemical properties of extracts derived from G. glabra, S. nigrum and P. amarus. The anti-HCV activity of plant extracts was tested on the FL-J6-JFH replicon system and found a strong anti-HCV activity elicited by S. nigrum aqueous extract (IC50-95.8µg/ml) followed by G. glabra methanolic extracts (IC50-97µg/ml). All plants had comparable levels of flavonoids, tannins, phenols, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, according to phytochemical analysis. Our study disclosed a novel plant i.e., S. nigrum as an effective drug against HCV.

Bioactive compounds, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and antioxidant potentials of ethanolic leaf fraction of Sida linifolia L. (Malvaceae)

This study investigated the bioactive compounds, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, and antioxidant properties of the ethanolic leaf fraction of Sida linifolia (ELFSL). The in vitro anti-inflammatory study employed membrane stabilization, phospholipase A2, platelet aggregation, albumin denaturation, and protease inhibition assays. Intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared carrageenan solution (0.1 mL of 0.01 g/mL), undiluted egg albumin (0.1 mL), acetic acid (0.6 % (v/v) (10 mL/kg bw), and formalin solution (0.02 mL of 1 % v/v) into mice hind paw, were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive mechanisms, respectively. In vitro antioxidant potentials were determined using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), ferric reducing power (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assays. Varying quantities of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, and alkaloids, were detected in the fraction. GC-FID phytochemical profiling of ELFSL revealed a high level of epicatechin, moderate levels of catechin, kaempferol, flavone, naringenin, rutin flavanones, tannins, sapogenins, proanthocyanidin, and steroids, and small amounts of sparteine, resveratrol, and lunamarine. The ELFSL exerted excellent dose-dependent in vitro anti-inflammatory activities comparable with standard drugs (aspirin/prednisolone). The LD50 test showed safety up to 5000 mg/kg body weight (per oral) ELFSL. Interestingly, mice pre-administered various doses (200, 400, 600 mg/kg bw, po) of ELFSL showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction in edema, writhing, and time spent licking paw in all phases compared with control and were at par with 100 mg/kg bw (po) aspirin. The result also registered good concentration-dependent antioxidant potentials for ELFSL and was comparable to standards (gallic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene, and ascorbic acid). These imply that ELFSL possesses excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-nociceptive potentials mediated by peripheral and central mechanisms.

Effects of Dietary Tannic Acid on Growth, Digestion, Immunity and Resistance to Ammonia Stress, and Intestinal Microbial Community in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Tannic acid (TA) has great potential as a new feed additive. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary TA on growth, digestion, nonspecific immunity, and resistance to ammonia stress and intestinal microbiota in Litopenaeus vannamei. The shrimp were fed diets containing different levels of TA: 0 mg/kg (TA-0), 200 mg/kg (TA-200), 400 mg/kg (TA-400), and 800 mg/kg (TA-800) for 56 days, followed by acute ammonia stress for 48 h. The results showed that dietary TA increased the survival rate of the TA-800 group. Dietary TA could improve the morphology of the hepatopancreas and intestinal tissues. After feeding different levels of TA for 56 days, the activities of amylase (AMS) and trypsin (Tryp) were increased, but the activity of lipase (LPS) was decreased. The activities of T-AOC, SOD, and PPO were higher in the hepatopancreas of the three TA treatment groups (p &lt; 0.05). When shrimp were exposed to ammonia stress for 48 h, the activity of immune enzymes (LZM, T-AOC and SOD) and the expression levels of immune genes (LZM, proPO and Cu/Zn-SOD) were higher in the three TA treatment groups (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, dietary TA also changed the composition of intestinal microflora by increasing the abundance of Planctomycetes, but decreasing the abundance of Bacteroides and Proteobacteria. The abundance of Rhodopirellula, Ruegeria, and Rhodobacter were higher, but that of Paracoccus, Algoriphagus, Cellvibrio, Flavobacteriaceae, and Bacteroides were lower in response to dietary TA. These results revealed that dietary TA had a positive effect on growth and intestinal microbial composition and enhanced the immune response to ammonia stress in shrimp. Therefore, TA can be a potential natural alternative antibiotic substitute for feed additives in shrimp, and the appropriate supplemental dosage is 400–800 mg/kg in the diet.

Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of hydromethanolic and aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Phlomis crinita.

Phlomis crinita is a plant species of the family Lamiaceae including more than 100 perennial herbs, shrubs, and sub-shrubs species native to the Mediterranean, Central Asia, and India. This species is commonly a good natural source of various secondary metabolites. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine phenolic content and antioxidant activity of hydromethanolic (PC ME) and aqueous extracts (PC AQE) of aerial parts of P. crinita. Total polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins were quantified, respectively by the methods of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, aluminum trichloride (AlCl3) and Bate-Smith method. The in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and ABTS•+ radical scavenging, β-carotene-linoleic acid, reducing power and ferrous ion chelating activity assays. PC ME showed high level of tannins (132,13 ±0.68 µg TAE/mg extract) and total phenolic content (82.71±0.79 µg GAE/mg extract), in addition a marked inhibiting oxidation activity of β-carotene/ linoleic acid (74.10%) was observed. Results showed also a higher iron-chelating activity of PC ME (0.20 mg/mL) compared to PC AQE (0.046 mg/mL). The plant extracts revealed a significant antioxidant activity as evidenced by the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.103 mg/mL for PC ME and 0.144 mg/mL for PC AQE) for DPPH assay and (IC50 = 0.0130 mg/mL for PC ME and 0.0187 mg/mL for PC AQE) , as well as the PC ME exhibits higher reducing power (IC50 =0.288mg/mL) than PC AQE (0.296 mg/mL). As a result, P.crinita is suggested as a promising and effective therapeutic medicinal plant for the treatment of several diseases.

Frequency of Tea Consumption among Iron Deficient Pregnant Women

Anemia in pregnancy is a fundamental problem that affects not only the life of the mother, but also the life of the child. Iron deficiency has become one of the most important public health problems, and its prevalence is rising in both developing and developed countries. Objective: To determine the frequency of tea consumption by pregnant women with iron deficiency. Study Design: A Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: The study was held in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi for six months from 26th October 2020 to 26th April 2021. Methods: Data were collected prospectively after oral consent was obtained from the patients. 145 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Simple descriptive statistics like mean and standard deviation are used to depict quantitative data, whereas frequency and percentage are used to represent qualitative characteristics. To examine the impact of effect modifiers on the outcome variable, stratification was done. A chi-square test was employed after stratification, and a p value of &lt;0.05 was deemed significant. Results: A total of 145 pregnant patients were enrolled in the study. In our study, the mean age and gestational age were 32.26±8.74 years and 18.45±4.22 weeks. 912 (63.24%) and 53 (36.86%) of 145 pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia consumed tea and did not drink it. Conclusion: This study suggests that tea consumption is quite common in our society and plays an important role in iron deficiency anemia. In light of the test results, prompt identification and treatment are recommended. Keywords: Pregnancy, Iron deficiency anemia, Tannin levels and Tea consumption

Mixed pulp formulations of jambolan and acerola for the foam-mat drying process

Jambolan is a fruit with a sweet taste, slightly bitter and astringent, with a purple color. Acerola is a popular fruit in Brazil, rich in vitamin C. Both stand out for the high content of antioxidant compounds, whose importance has generated growing interest. In view of this, the present work was carried out with the objective of elaborating formulations with the mixed pulp of jambolan and acerola, incorporating foam promoting additives for drying by the foam-mat drying method and evaluating them for the beat time, density, volumetric expansion (overrun) and foam stability according to the beat time and physicochemical characteristics. Three formulations were made with the mixed pulp, all containing 1% albumin combined with 0.5% xanthan gum, 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose and 0.5% guar gum. The formulations were analyzed for stability, density, volumetric expansion, beating time, between 5 and 30 minutes, layer thickness, water content and volume drained at temperatures of 50 to 80 ºC. All the elaborated foams were suitable for drying by the foam-mat process; the best results of density, beating time, overrun, stability (volume drained), drying time and yield were obtained with the albumin/guar gum combination, followed by albumin/CMC; the incorporation of additives and the foaming mixture changed the composition of the formulations in relation to the mixed pulp (control), increasing the TSS/TTA ratio, the protein content and reducing the levels of ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids and carotenoids, yield, shorter drying time, water content in dry base and wet base.

Optimization of making process of api-api (Avicennia marina) mangrove leaves stew with response surface methodology analysis

The leaves of the A. marina have the potential to be developed into functional foods such as tea. It contains alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, triterpenoids and glycosides, with antioxidants, antimicrobials, antifungals and antibiotics potential. This study want to examine the effect of oven duration and stewing duration on the stewing quality of A. marina leaves and to determine the optimum oven duration and stewing duration using analysis of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The lower limit of the oven time used is 2 hours and the upper limit is 6 hours, while the lower limit for stewing is 5 minutes and the upper limit is 15 minutes. Analysis of the data carried out is a test for tannin levels, antioxidant activity test and hedonic test. Data of tannins and antioxidant activity processed using Software Design Expert 11. The progam suggests formulate with oven duration is 4 hours and stewing duration is10 inutes. The result of the tannin test are prdictd to produce 2.8676% and antioxidant activity 1.282 ppm. The desirability value is 0.961. that means the resulting formula is matchs.

Nutritional composition of some selected, unprocessed amaranth grain (Amaranthus spp) varieties in Nigeria

The Amaranth grain is highly nutritious, yet it is hardly utilized in Nigeria. This study seeks to evaluate the nutritional composition of the various Amaranth grains available locally within the country. Five identified varieties were obtained from a research institute in Nigeria and a variety from the market in Ondo State, Nigeria. The six varieties were sorted separately and cleaned manually prior to grinding into flour and then subjected to chemical analysis which included proximate content, minerals, and anti-nutritional composition. An investigation of the constituting proximate, minerals and anti-nutritional compositions of the grain flours was conducted, using standard procedures. Proximate composition was determined using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods, carbohydrates were determined by difference, energy content was determined using bomb calorimetry model, mineral analysis were done using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and flame photometer while the anti-nutrients were determined using potassium permanganate titration method and spectrophotometrically. The results were analyzed using ANOVA (p ˂ 0.05) which showed significant difference between the moisture content of the market sample and other types (9.50 – 12.13%). Also, the fat and crude fibre contents of Amaranth grain flour ranged from 5.84 to 21.06 % and 0.61 to 2.07 %, respectively. Though the protein contents of the flour samples were not significantly different (14.36 – 16.03%) from each other, the mineral composition (calcium 193.34 – 247.91 mg/100g, magnesium, 65.59 – 73.48 mg/100g, manganese 6.13 – 13.24 mg/100g, sodium 360 – 435 mg/100g) was relatively high. The anti–nutrient composition showed that the varieties were low in phytate and the values ranged from 0.21 –1.74 mg/100g, the oxalate level of the varieties averaged 15.02 mg/100g for the six samples, the tannin level ranged from 9954.6 to 13565 mg/100g. The study showed that Amaranth grain flour is potentially a food commodity item for value addition either by its lone use or in composite flour formulation. Key words: Amaranth grain flour, Proximate analysis, Protein content, Minerals, Anti–nutrients, Nigeria

Production of leaf protein concentrates from cassava: Protein distribution and anti-nutritional factors in biorefining fractions

Nowadays, cassava leaves are mostly treated as a byproduct of cassava root production, yet this readily available biomass is rich in protein with a balanced content of amino acids. Cassava leaves therefore represent a promising, underutilized biomass for extraction of proteins. The purpose of this study was to provide updated information on the feasibility of producing cassava leaf protein concentrate for use in feed and food. In this context, protein concentrates were refined from cassava leaves using different precipitation methods and the refining process evaluated with focus on protein, amino acids and selected antinutritional factors. Crude protein was mainly distributed to the press cake and protein concentrates during the two processing steps, i.e., pressing and precipitation, and between 21% and 26% (w/w) of leaf crude protein was recovered in the concentrates. After drying, these contained 40–45% crude protein with an amino acid profile comparable to soybean and tolerable levels of tannins (>1% of TS) for feed purposes. However, the refining process did not significantly reduce the cyanogenic potential, i.e., the total amount of releasable HCN, which accumulated in the dried protein product to around 150–250 ppm. This lies significantly above the 10–50 ppm deemed safe for food and feedstuff by several food safety authorities. Based on these results, extraction of leaf protein from cassava appears promising, but additional research is required to evaluate its full potential, especially in relation to its use in food products.