Schematic Level Research Articles

Photoluminescence investigation in tungstate based materials

Tungstate based phosphor materials are very much promising because of their emerging application in various fields including optoelectronic devices, display devices, sensors, anti-counterfeiting, bioimaging, etc. In the present work, Er3+: MgWO4 phosphors have been synthesized via conventional solid state reaction method. The phase formation of the phosphors is confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The vibrational modes and phonon frequency of the prepared phosphors have been investigated by FTIR analysis. Upon 980 nm diode laser excitation, the Er3+: MgWO4 phosphors exhibit several upconversion (UC) emission bands peaking at ∼489 nm, ∼523 nm, ∼545 nm, ∼655 nm and ∼800 nm. The pump power dependent UC emission study of the Er3+: MgWO4 phosphors has been carried out. The responsible mechanisms for the UC emission in the present phosphors have been explained by schematic energy level diagram. The reason behind the concentration quenching phenomenon has been discussed. The CIE chromaticity coordinates of the present phosphors have been calculated using GoCIE software. Thus, the synthesized phosphors can be suitably applicable in NIR to visible upconverter, temperature sensing, security ink and solid state lighting purposes.

A 1.2V 0.2mW 27MHz CMOS limiting amplifier using cross-coupled active load structure

ABSTRACT This paper presents a 1.2 V 0.2 mW CMOS limiting amplifier (LiA) designed in both schematic and layout levels using 130 nm CMOS technology. A cross-coupled active load structure is used to provide high differential gain and low common mode gain for the design. A common mode logic (CML) to CMOS level conversion topology is used to convert the differential input signal into a single-ended output signal for the proposed design. The designed circuit generates clock signal and behaves effectively up to modulation index variation ≤0.3 for input signal variation up to 40mVp-p. A bandwidth of 27 MHz is chosen for the amplifier design and the measurement shows a differential gain of 60 dB with a power consumption of about 0.2 mW excluding power consumption in buffer stage.

Basic levels of categorization: A comparison of selected English and Polish verbs

The phenomenon of basic level concepts in cognition and categorization, so crucial in the cognitive account of natural language is typically accessed via what is perceptually the most outstanding phenomena represented in many languages, at least those rooted in Proto-IndoEuropean (specifically English and Polish) by nouns fulfilling the criteria of basic terms, originally established for classifying color vocabulary. These are prototypical examples in the category of nouns – relating to countable, material objects. Nominal representation, according to Langacker (1987) is indicative of a given stimulus being perceived and conceptualized as a thing, i.e., a region in one or more cognitive domains (conceptions) established in the speakers’ minds. This is a rather self-imposing construal of physical, countable stimuli, which meet the good gestalt criteria, such as animals, plants, and man-made objects of everyday use. The semantic scopes of nouns representing such phenomena seem to overlap to a relatively high degree across languages, especially related ones, such as English and Polish, and finding the precise equivalents within them does not pose particular problems. This is hardly the case when it comes to phenomena represented by verbs and classifiable as processes in Langacker’s cognitive, semantic account of the division of words into parts of speech. A comparison of the meaning of selected basic English verbs and their closest Polish counterparts reveals serious discrepancies in a number of cases. Thus, certain basic English verbs representing common, everyday physical activities prove to differ considerably from their Polish counterparts with regard to their respective levels of schematicity/ specificity of meaning, and, in consequence, the range of cognitive domains involved in their semantic scopes. This is the case of such equivalent lexemes as płynąć/pływać – swim; sail; flow; float or break – łamać; tłuc; rwać; drzeć. In both cases, one language is quite specific while the other is much more schematic as regards the actual cognitive domains activated by corresponding words and the degree to which that activation in the stimulated conceptual blends depends on the lexical context in which the respective words are used. This indicates that even related languages spoken by communities from similar cultural circles may codify considerably different construals of the same nonmaterial phenomena, specifically processes.

Articulating the Optimal Features of a Good Muslim Wife: Some Qur’anic expressions that Affiliate with the Woman’s Perfect, Metaphysical and Real Worlds

This small-scale study investigates the optimal features of good Muslim woman. It aims to describe, interpret, and explain the rhetorical features of the properties the Qur’anic discourse (QD) maintains for both sexes and those it excludes for the good Muslim woman. The study benefits from corpus, i.e. text, linguistics for data collection. It also applies a critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach to the Quotes collected from the Noble Qur’an (NQ). The paper builds on Van Dijk’s 1998 model of analysis at the syntactic, semantic and schematic levels of the properties identified for a good Muslim woman. It has been found that the QD assigns ten properties to describe a good Muslim man and woman; they include submission, belief, obedience, truthfulness, faithfulness, humbleness, alms giving, fasting, chastity, and turning to Allah. Among these, the QD exclusively and inclusively lists ‘being resigned, believing, always turning to Him, being devoted to worship, fasting’, and ‘being a widow or a virgin’ as general semantic features for a good Muslim wife. It has been concluded that the properties identified for a good Muslim woman have directive, informative, meta-linguistic and affective functions. They are part of the sociology of Islam which accommodates the ontological principle of creating women as a different sex having other roles to play with the deontological theory of moral obligation to obey freely the other sex. The Qur’anic engineering tactfully goes beyond reconciling both sexes’ needs and roles to repair some social norms established and entrenched against the woman who has already experienced marriage before.

A New Extremely Low Power Temperature Insensitive Electronically Tunable VCII-Based Grounded Capacitance Multiplier

In this brief, a new circuit topology to realize an electronically tunable grounded capacitor multiplier with extremely low power consumption and low supply voltage requirement is investigated. The proposed circuit uses an electronically tunable second generation voltage conveyor (VCII) and a single floating capacitor. Owing to the translinear principle, current gain of VCII is varied through a control current and, as a result, the value of simulated capacitor is also varied. Favorably the obtained gain is temperature insensitive. Both of the required supply voltage and control currents are very low because all transistors are biased in subthreshold region: therefore, electronic tunability is achieved while the power consumption is kept at very low value. In addition, the circuit realization is very simple since only twelve transistors are required. Simulation results, performed at schematic level in 0.18 $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS technology and supply voltage of ±0.3V, are presented. It is shown that a multiplication factor from 1 to 100 is possible while the power consumption varies from 10 nW to 67 nW.

Luminescence properties of TlAlF4 crystal

A single crystal of TlAlF4 is grown by a self-seeded vertical Bridgman-method. The measured powder X-ray diffraction pattern is compared with the standard JCPDS pattern and found to be in good agreement. The crystal structure and cell parameters are calculated and refined by Rietveld refinement analysis. The optical absorption spectrum is measured and the characteristic spectral properties of Tl+ bands are studied. The temperature dependent photoluminescence (PL) excitation and emission spectra are measured in the temperature range of 10–300 K. The doublet structure of Tl+ ion A excitation bands (A1, A2) are observed and correlated with absorption bands. The excitation under both bands yields the same broad emission band in the range of 330–500 nm with the maximum peak at around 390 nm in room temperature. At low temperatures, this emission band is well resolved into two emission bands with maximum at 371 and 404 nm for separate excitations of 227 and 236 nm, respectively. The schematic configuration coordinate energy level diagram for emission of Tl+ ion is also proposed. Low temperature thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) were carried out and analysed the trap depth (E) and frequency factor values. The mechanisms of the processes, responsible for the emission band and formation of defects pairs of the type of Tl0–Vk center have been discussed in detail manner.

Fabrication and characterization of perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) solar cells

Perovskite material has emerged as an attractive strategy to efficiently convert light into electricity. We are using organic–inorganic–halide CH3NH3PbI3 as a heart of solar cells with the device structure: FTO/compact TiO2/mesoporous TiO2/perovskite/spiro-MeOTAD/Au. The 1.51 eV energy bandgap is in the perovskite material which is great for power conversion efficiency. We are studying the degradation of perovskite solar cell device in the presence of UV light and white light, for a clear understanding of degradation we are measuring I–V characteristics and dielectric properties under various conditions. The schematic energy level diagram shows that electron–hole transport in the tuneable energy band of the intermediate layer of the device. Due to high light absorption, photovoltaic and diffusion length properties of perovskite is the most appropriate material for solar cell application.

A 3.3V, 24dBm CHT Integrated CMOS 180nm Power Amplifier for NB-IoT Application

In this project, a 180 nm capacitive harmonic termination (CHT) CMOS-based power amplifier (PA) is designed for the Narrow-Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) application. The PA's aimed operating frequency is between 1.9 GHz and 2.1 GHz. At schematic level simulation, the PA provides a power gain of 14 dB and a compressed output power of 24 dBm. With a resulting peak OIP3 of 33 dBm, the average power added efficiency (PAE) achieved is 40 %. The CMOS PA operates with a biasing gate voltage of 1.2 V under the voltage headroom of 3.3 V. The CHT CMOS PA provides good efficiency with negligible trade-off between linearity and output power.

Mechanics of Sociolinguistic Variation and Pragma-stylistic Inclination in the Qur'anic Discourse

This paper explores the extent to which the Qur'anic discourse helps realize social variation from both a pragmatic and stylistic perspective. It theorizes that individuals coming from different functional and dysfunctional families often show a good degree of dissimilarities in their responses and behaviors. Thus, the paper aims to check whether these individual differences are reflected in the Noble Qur'an or not. It is also intended to examine mechanics of linguistic variability in the holy Script of Islam to mirror the various individual proclivities and tendencies. Data collection has been carried out through a concordance process in which certain key words in context (KWIC) related to kinship, such as brother, father, mother and clan, and family-resemblance categories, such as Jews, Christians, believers and Sabians, are listed in a corpus. The study applies a critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach to the data collected. Therefore, it builds on Van Dijk's (1998) model of critical analysis at the syntactic, semantic and schematic levels. It has been found that the Qur'anic discourse mirrors variation among individuals from a stylistic, pragmatic and socio-pragmatic perspectives. Mechanics of linguistic variation in performance has included mainly shifting language styles and functions, re-ordering the relevant arguments in harmony with the context under discussion, qualifying speech to tell the truth and (accordingly) to address norms of polite address, and selecting certain figures of speech that help ideas to flow easily and beautifully.

Making do

Abstract This paper argues that the cognitive usage-based model enhanced by a complexity theory perspective can provide useful insights into L2 learners’ non-target-like use of L2 phraseological chunks. Firstly, L2 chunks are conceptualized here as L2 complex form-meaning mappings subject to developmental schematization and entrenchment, as well as productive cut-and-paste mechanisms. Traces of these mechanisms at community level are interpreted as emergent patterns, a complexity theory concept in line with the cognitive usage-based model. Next, learner expressions for two task-elicited notions (depositing money and donating money) in a community of L2 English learners (N = 167; L1 Dutch) are analyzed for emergent patterns at different levels of schematicity. The findings indicate that L2 phraseological chunks are not constructed from a target-like initial exemplar that becomes entrenched or schematized. The paper concludes that within the cognitive usage-based model this is a major impeding factor in L2 learners’ target-like use of L2 phraseological chunks.

Argument structure, conceptual metaphor and semantic change

AbstractIn contrast to grammaticalization studies of lexical verbs changing into auxiliaries, the realm of semantic changes associated with lexical verbs is an understudied area of historical semantics. We concentrate on the emergence of verbs of success from more semantically concrete verbs, uncovering six conceptual metaphors which all co-occur with non-canonical encoding of subjects in Indo-European. Careful scrutiny of the relevant data reveals a semantic development most certainly inherited from Indo-European; hence, we reconstruct adat-‘succeeds’ construction at different levels of schematicity for Proto-Indo-European, including a novel reconstruction of a conceptual metaphor,success is motion forward, and the mapping between this metaphor and the verb-class-specific argument structure construction. Hence, this article offers a systematic analysis of regularity in semantic change, highlighting the importance of predicate and argument structure for lexical semantic developments.

“Reporting or Interpreting?”—A Discoursal Study of Broadcasts on NBA Games in China

From the perspective of empirical discourse analysis, this paper identifies the site broadcasters’ roles and cognitive blending process in NBA (National Basketball Association) broadcasts in China. The authors find that NBA broadcasters chiefly interpret the information they have obtained from sports sites and interviews with the coaches and players, employing various interpreting strategies, such as commentary, amplification, supplementation and restructure. Cognitively, the language that NBA broadcasters applied reveals their cognitive blending process of interpreting techniques, strategies, sports knowledge and attitudes towards the games, of who take up different roles to fulfill different communicating purposes, all of which project various cognitions on NBA games. Despite the fact that one role might make certain linguistic behaviors prevail over the others, especially their interpreting role, NBA site broadcasters coordinate it with other roles properly through which they present different levels of translational and constructional schematicity, thus yielding a coherent and constructional working mode of NBA broadcasting practice in China.

Reconstructing the ditransitive construction for Proto-Germanic: Gothic, Old English and Old Norse-Icelandic

AbstractThe semantic range of ditransitive verbs in Modern English has been at the center of linguistic attention ever since the pioneering work of Pinker (1989.Learnability and cognition: The acquisition of argument structure. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press). At the same time, historical research on how the semantics of the ditransitive construction has changed over time has seriously lagged behind. In order to address this issue for the Germanic languages, the Indo-European subbranch to which Modern English belongs, we systematically investigate the narrowly defined semantic verb classes occurring in the ditransitive construction in Gothic, Old English and Old Norse-Icelandic. On the basis of data handed down from Proto-Germanic and documented in the oldest layers of the three Germanic subbranches, East, West and North Germanic, respectively, we show that the constructional range of the ditransitive construction was considerably broader in the earlier historical stages than now; several subclasses of verbs that could instantiate the ditransitive in early Germanic are infelicitous in the ditransitive construction in, for instance, Modern English. Taking the oldest surviving evidence from Germanic as point of departure, we reconstruct the ditransitive construction for an earlier proto-stage, using the formalism of Construction Grammar and incorporating narrowly defined semantic verb classes and higher level conceptual domains. We thus reconstruct the internal structure of the ditransitive construction in Proto-Germanic, including different levels of schematicity.

Phonological schematicity in multilingual constructions: A diasystematic perspective on lexical form

This article discusses the role of intra-word phonological schematicity in multilingual constructicons from a Diasystematic Construction Grammar perspective. It argues that, in particular with communities that use two or more typologically similar and/or closely related languages, many lexical elements (e.g. cognates) exhibit regular sound correspondences that can be analysed as consisting of different types of phonological schemas. In this view, there is a division of labour between schematic constructions that specify the words' referential meaning and others that specify their belonging to one of the “languages”, with language-specificity defined as a pragmatic property of constructions. The focus is on the question whether generalizations at this level of schematicity and abstraction are cognitively real and what can count as evidence for their existence from a usage-based perspective.

Behavioral modeling and characterization of designed high-speed transceivers

An approach is proposed for designing high‑speed transceivers for serial channels using replacing part of the transceiver path with its high‑level behavioral model obtained from calculations over a limited time interval of the devices under study in the CAD type of the end‑to‑end design at the schematic level, and in one of the mathematical CAD. The use of behavioral models defined in this way and a specialized program written in the mathematical CAD weakens the contradiction between the accuracy of the results obtained and the modeling time. This contributes to obtaining more complete statistical information in the process of transceivers design without the need to perform accurate but extremely labor‑intensive calculations of a complex model of the transceiver path at a schematic level, relevant at the final design stage.

Single-Stage Operational Transconductance Amplifier Design in UTBSOI Technology Based on gm/Id Methodology

The downscaling of complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) technology is approaching its limits imposed by short-channel effects (SCE), thereby multi-gate MOSFETs have been proposed to extend the scalability. Ultrathin-body silicon-on-insulator (UTBSOI) transistor is one of the dual-gated devices which offers better immunity towards SCEs. In this paper, two designs have been proposed for single-stage operational transconductance amplifiers (OTA) using the CMOS and UTBSOI. The CMOS based OTA (CMOS-OTA) has been designed where sizing (W/L) of the constituting MOSFETs have been evaluated through gm/Id methodology and the same OTA topology has been simulated using UTBSOI (UTBSOI-OTA) considering the same W/L. The DC simulation is carried out over the BSIM3v3 model to store the operating point parameters in the form of graphical models. The mathematical expressions for performance specifications have been applied over the graphical models to evaluate the required W/L. Individual comparisons between the two proposed designs have also been carried out for further applications. Based on simulation results at the schematic level, the UTBSOI-OTA has higher DC gain of 33.26% and lesser power consumption of 2.81% over the CMOS-OTA. Moreover, comparative analysis of performance parameters like DC gain and common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), have been compared with the best-reported paper so far. In addition to this, the UTBSOI-OTA has been applied to practical integrator circuits for further verification.

Studies on luminescence properties of double perovskite deep red phosphor La2ZnTiO6:Mn4+ for indoor plant growth LED applications

A non-rare-earth doped double perovskite La2ZnTiO6:Mn4+ phosphor with the single-phase was prepared by solid-state reaction. The composition and the distribution of La2ZnTiO6:0.5%Mn4+ phosphor was confirmed by the scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The optical band gap of La2ZnTiO6 was analyzed by density functional theory using the CASTEP code, which matched well with the result of diffuse the reflectance spectra (DRS). The excitation spectra of La2ZnTiO6:Mn4+ show two broad bands with peaks at about 342 nm and 504 nm. Emissions characteristic of Mn4+ ions from 650 nm to 750 nm were observed, with the 4Eg→4A2g transition near 708 nm. The result of the temperature-dependent photoluminescence shows good thermal stability and the luminous mechanism is explained by schematic energy level diagram of Mn4+ ion. Above all, a significant overlap was found between the far-red emission band of La2ZnTiO6:0.5%Mn4+ and the absorption spectrum of the phytochrome PFR, indicating that La2ZnTiO6:Mn4+ phosphor has great potentiality to be used as indoor plant artificial light.

A Novel 0.5 V MCML D-Flip-Flop Topology Exploiting Forward Body Bias Threshold Lowering

This brief presents ultra low-voltage CML D-latch and D-Flip-Flop (DFF) topologies in deeply scaled CMOS technologies, able to operate at a supply voltage as low as 0.5 V (no other CML DFFs are able to operate at such a low supply voltage). The topology is based on a modified version of the Folded D-Latch, recently proposed by the authors. In this brief a detailed analysis on the minimum supply voltage allowed by the proposed topologies and a comparison with the one of the other low voltage topologies is also included. Post layout Simulations referring to a commercial 28 nm CMOS process and schematic level simulations adopting 14 nm predictive technology models are provided. They show the heavy advantages of the improved Folded DFF with respect to the state of the art.

LIDAR DATA ANALYSES FOR ASSESSING THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE SO-CALLED BATHS-CHURCH IN HIERAPOLIS OF PHRYGIA (TR)

Abstract. The LiDAR technology has aroused considerable interest in the field of structural study of historical buildings, aimed at the structural assessment in the presence of different states of stresses and at the evaluation of the health status.The interest is due mostly by the ability of generating models of the built structures being able to predetermine different levels of schematization, two-dimensional and three-dimensional, in order to be able to perform evaluation processes assigning simplified geometric contents that correspond to the physical reality of the artefacts.This paper intends to report some results of these experiences applied in archaeological domain, to the so-called Baths-Church at Hierapolis in Phrygia (Pamukkale, TR). In particular, the generation of accurate models from dense clouds and their reduction to models with simplified geometries too, is explored, with the further aim of testing automated strategies for features detection and editing process that leads to appropriate models for visual and analytical structural assessment. The accuracy and density parameters of the LiDAR clouds will be analysed to derive orthophotos and continuous mesh models, both to obtain the best results from the application of research algorithms such as region growing to detect blocks, and to allow visual analysis on digital models and not on site.The ability to determine with high accuracy both the size and the anomalies of the wall systems (out of plumb and other rotation or local mechanisms of collapse), together with the possibility of identifying the lay of the individual drywall blocks and also the signs of cracks and collapses, allow deriving suitable models both for FE (Finite Elements) analysis and DE (Discrete Elements) analysis, as well as analytical ones.

Energy Transfer from Ce3+ to Tb3+ /Dy3+ /Mn2+ in Ca9 Ga(PO4 )7 Phosphors: Synthesis, Structure and Tunable Multicolor Luminescent Properties.

A series of Ca9 Ga(PO4 )7 :Ce3+ /Tb3+ /Dy3+ /Mn2+ phosphors with tunable color, in which Ce3+ acts as the sensitizer, was synthesized. Energy transfer (ET) from Ce3+ to Tb3+ /Dy3+ /Mn2+ was investigated in detail. Tb3+ /Dy3+ /Mn2+ single-doped Ca9 Ga(PO4 )7 can exhibit green, yellow, and red emission, respectively. Incorporating Ce3+ into a Tb3+ /Dy3+ /Mn2+ single-doped Ca9 Ga(PO4 )7 phosphor can remarkably promote the luminous efficiency of the Tb3+ /Dy3+ /Mn2+ ions. This enhancement originates from an efficient ET from Ce3+ to Tb3+ /Dy3+ /Mn2+ . The ET was validated by luminescence spectra, decay dynamics, and schematic energy levels. Moreover, the intensity ratio of red emission of Mn2+ to violet emission of Ce3+ was analyzed based on energy-transfer and lifetime measurements. In Ce3+ -Tb3+ , Ce3+ -Dy3+ , and Ce3+ -Mn2+ doped Ca9 Ga(PO4 )7 , the emitting color changed from violet to green, yellow, and red, respectively, which indicates the potential use of this new tunable phosphor in UV light-emitting diodes.