Levels Of Incivility Research Articles

“He is the riskiest candidate standing on this stage”: social, verbal, and nonverbal aggression in the 2020 Democratic primary debates

U.S. presidential debates remain among the most watched political media despite their increasing levels of incivility. The 2020 Democratic primary debates were distinct as a record number of candidates sought to unseat a controversial Republican incumbent and fought against perceived party outsiders. This study content analyzes how Democratic candidates engaged in social aggression, a form of incivility attacking self-esteem and reputation with the goal to get ahead. Specifically, I examine how social, verbal, and nonverbal aggression were used by frontrunners and trailing candidates, whether populist candidates perpetrated aggression differently from non-populists, and differences by gender. Results revealed no significant differences in perpetrated aggression between the frontrunner and trailing candidates, nor between populists and non-populists. However, female candidates engaged in proportionally more social aggression than male candidates, who engaged in proportionally more verbal aggression than female candidates.

The Impact of Journalistic Cultures on Social Media Discourse: US Primary Debates in Cross-Lingual Online Spaces

This cross-lingual project examines how social media posts of Spanish- and English-language media impact incivility in user comments during the 2020 primary political debates in the United States. We analyzed Facebook posts of news organizations that hosted the debates and used a state-of-the-art machine-learning model to analyze the corresponding comments. Our findings reveal distinct journalistic cultures on the post-level: English-language media are significantly more likely to use interpretation while Spanish-language media employ more audience-engagement and factual reporting strategies. We argue that in order to understand incivility in social media discourse during political debates, we need to consider journalistic cultures: While interpretative reporting explains lower levels of incivility in the English-language discourse, factual reporting explains lower levels of incivility in the Spanish-language discourse. We suggest that we need to consider how features of news reporting (textual and visual) impact discourse quality directly but also indirectly via emotional arousal in comments.

Uncivil communication and epistemic trustworthiness concerns in public online discussions in response to scientists during the Covid-19 pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic illustrated important developments in science communication, with direct online interactions between scientists and the public. This study performs a content analysis of tweets (“N” = 6,000) directed at German virologists (“N” = 6) during the pandemic’s first year. It identifies substantial levels of incivility and trustworthiness concerns, which often co-occurred. These findings enhance our understanding of online communication dynamics in crises by showing how incivility and trustworthiness concerns are not only prevalent but also evolve in response to specific events and phases. This analysis provides insight into the complexities of public sentiment toward scientists during the pandemic.

How do algorithms influence platform workers’ behavior? Relationship between algorithmic autonomy support and platform workers’ stress and incivility

PurposeDrawing upon the needs–supplies fit theory, this study aims to examine how the expected and perceived algorithmic autonomy support (AAS) influences platform workers’ work stress and incivility, with a focus on the moderating role of self-direction.Design/methodology/approachUsing data collected from 422 platform workers in China through multiple waves, the model is tested through polynomial regression and response surface analysis.FindingsThe results indicate that a mismatch between expected and perceived AAS is associated with higher levels of incivility among platform workers, and this relationship is mediated by work stress. These findings are particularly salient when self-direction is emphasized.Practical implicationsThis study suggests that a universally high level of AAS may not necessarily reduce workers’ stress and incivility. Instead, it is important for platforms to ensure that their workers’ expectations of autonomy support are met and for workers to be given the space to exercise self-direction.Originality/valuePrevious studies have highlighted the need to pay attention to workers in mobile and ambiguous environments, and this study adds to this literature by focusing specifically on platform organizations and workplaces. This study provides valuable insights into the relationship between AAS, work stress and platform workers’ incivility.

Understanding news-related user comments and their effects: a systematic review

There has been growing interest in research on news-related user comments. Here we conduct the first systematic review of this literature—quantitatively and qualitatively (248 studies)—that covers the entire communication process (content analyses, surveys, experiments). Results indicate a focus on online news articles (vs videos) and little consideration for major social media platforms (Instagram, TikTok). Research often assesses incivility in comments but offers conflicting conclusions on the actual level of incivility in comment threads—and seldom considers how to effectively combat any incivility. We propose four priorities for future work: more comparative and longitudinal approaches; exploring social media and video content; examining platform design, content moderation and artificial intelligence; and implementing measures to reduce incivility and protect the integrity of journalism.

Navalny’s direct-casting: Affective attunement and polarization in the online community of the most vocal Russian opposition politician

Social media has a significant impact on the process of political polarization. Despite a large body of research on polarization and social media in democracies, studying this relationship in autocracies remains a niche field. This paper describes the content, composition, and behavioral patterns of discussions that take place on YouTube in the community of Russia’s most vocal opposition politician, Alexei Navalny. Based on a corpus of more than eight million comments, this study provides empirical evidence on the relatively short-term nature of affective attunement induced by a leader promising social changes within an authoritarian context. This discovery is manifested in the observation that periods of high public interest in Navalny’s activities are marked by a significant influx of new audience members into his community. However, the retention rate of this cohort of users was lower than that of the cohort of commenters, who started discussions during periods of lower public interest in Navalny’s activities. This conclusion applies not only to the entire set of commenters, but also to pro-government and anti-government users. According to the exploratory text analysis, the most common topics in discussions were praising Navalny’s activities, criticizing the government, and enticing people to share videos to change the minds of apolitical citizens or pro-government supporters. Finally, one of the affective polarization parameters, the degree of toxicity of discussions, is higher on Navalny’s community than on an apolitical celebrity’s YouTube channel, which establishes a baseline for the level of incivility.

Linking Workplace Incivility and Emotional Exhaustion: A Moderated Mediation Examination

Ignorance in cultivating a harmonious work culture and not addressing the negative misconduct at the workplace is highly undesirable for the organisations and taxing for individual and team-level performances. Drawing upon conservation of resources theory, a moderated mediation framework is hypothesised where workplace incivility predicts emotional exhaustion in employees, and organisational social capital is identified as a critical resource mediating the mechanism. In addition, irresponsible leadership is tested as a boundary condition influencing this relationship. A cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire collected data from a heterogeneous sample of 410 Indian service sector employees providing evidence for the hypothesised relationships. Results confirm that participants experiencing higher levels of incivility reported greater levels of emotional burnout. This outcome is affected by irresponsible leadership such that the higher the levels of irresponsible leadership, the more the social capital is undermined and emotional exhaustion rises in employees.

Attributions and perpetrators of incivility in academic surgery.

Although incivility has been described in other specialties, little is known about the attributes and perpetrators of it in academic surgery. The goal of this study was to identify attributes and commonly associated perpetrators of incivility experienced by trainees and faculty at academic surgery programs in the U.S. A web-based survey including the Workplace Incivility Scale (WIS) and questions regarding attributions and perpetrators of incivility was sent to trainees and faculty at academic institutions across the U.S. In addition to descriptive statistics, multivariable regression models were built to determine the impact of perpetrator type and number on overall incivility scores. We received 367 of 2,661 (13.8%) responses. Top three reasons for incivility were surgery hierarchy (50.1%), respondent's gender (33.8%) and intergenerational differences (28.1%). Faculty (58.6%), patients (36.8%), and nursing staff (31.9%) were the most reported parties responsible for incivility. Female surgeons reported experiencing incivility more frequently from all three top responsible parties (i.e., faculty, patients, and nurses) when compared to other gender identities. Additionally, those who reported faculty (β = 0.61, 95%CI 0.39-0.82) or nurses (β = 0.23, 95%CI 0.009-0.45) as perpetrators of incivility reported an increase in overall incivility scores. Incivility in surgery is frequently attributed to surgery hierarchy, gender, and intergenerational differences. Surgical trainees and faculty reported that faculty, patients, and nurses were the most commonly identified as responsible for uncivil events in the surgical workforce. Exposure to a greater variety of perpetrators of incivility increases overall levels of incivility, emphasizing the importance of eliminating incivility from all sources. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s44186-023-00129-1.

Perceived Incivility and Stress of Final Year Nursing Students

Background: Incivility is disruptive behavior that can cause physiological or psychological distress to those involved and can escalate into a potentially dangerous situation such as serious suicidal tendency and engage in self-injury if left untreated. Incivility can be caused by a variety of factors, one of which is stress; however, stress can also be a cause of incivility. Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between incivility and stress among final-year nursing students. Methods: This study employed a quantitative research method using a correlation approach. The study used a simple random sampling. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman rank test. The instruments used in this study were the INE-R/Incivility in Nursing Education-Revision (Cronbach Alpha 0.881-0.876) and the PSS/Perceived Stress Scale (Cronbach Alpha 0.684). This study recruited 200 students, the majority of whom were female (87.5%). Result: This study revealed students' perceived levels of incivility (Mean 20.93, SD 6.67); perceived frequency of incivility (Mean 18.01, SD 5.18); and perceived stress (Mean 22.01, SD 4.01). Additionally, this study discovered significant relationships between students' perceived levels of incivility and stress (p value 0.010, r 0.283) as well as their perceived frequency of incivility and stress (p value 0.001, r 0.269). Conclusion: Incivility has been associated with stress levels in nursing students. It is critical for nursing education to foster a positive learning environment. This study provides evidence for a correlation between incivility and stress in nursing students who transitioned from blended to fully online learning due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Exploring Workplace Incivility and Bullying in Healthcare Workers in a South Florida Community Hospital

Introduction: Workplace incivility and bullying are concerning issues in healthcare with detrimental consequences for healthcare workers (HCW) and healthcare organizations. Organizational leaders’ recognition of incivility/bullying within healthcare organizations, and their sources, is imperative to prevent and/or address issues by creating “zero tolerance” work environments. The purpose of this cross-sectional, descriptive study was to explore HCWs’ experiences with incivility and bullying at a South Florida community hospital. Methods: A convenience sample of HCWs at a South Florida community hospital were recruited to voluntarily complete the Nursing Incivility Scale. Results: A sample of 325 HCWs responded to the survey. The results showed general incivility as the highest source across all HCWs, with certified nursing assistants having the highest level of incivility across all sources (general, nurse, supervisor, physician, and patients). Correlative analysis showed statistically significant relationships between several sources of incivility (general, supervisor, physician, and patient; r = .250 to .390) for those reporting past experiences with incivility/bullying, and healthcare role and physician incivility (r = -.224). Independent t tests and one-way ANOVA showed statistically significant differences. Of note, compared to other HCW roles, registered nurses reported physicians as their highest source of incivility. Discussion: Workplace incivility/bullying is a serious issue in healthcare across all disciplines and roles, requiring healthcare organization leaders’ awareness and subsequent interventions to prevent and address its occurrence. The results of this study provide necessary insight for hospital organization leaders as they endeavor to create and nurture “zero tolerance” work environments. Keywords: workplace incivility, workplace bullying, workplace violence, zero tolerance

Virtue ethics in health care teams; its time has come: Review of the nursing virtue ethics literature.

To summarize and evaluate the nursing virtue ethics literature, examine how virtue ethics has been applied to health care teams, offer a new framework to guide understanding and development of virtuous health care teams and offer recommendations to nurse leaders. With the unprecedented levels of incivility and turnover in the post-COVID-19 world, virtue ethics may provide an innovative approach for nursing leaders working to rebuild healthy practice environments. An integrative review yielded articles from eight databases using PRISMA guidelines. Level of evidence and quality were assessed using the Johns Hopkins tools. Virtue ethics has been of interest to the health care community predominantly as a concept. Most articles focused on debating whether virtue ethics belongs in nursing. Virtue ethics offers a creative strategy for leaders to attract and retain nurses. There is a dearth of research on virtue ethics and nursing. One study empirically uncovered and validated a framework for virtue ethics in health care teams. To rebuild strong health care teams, nurse leaders can model virtue ethics using an empirically derived framework while coaching their teams to do the same. Doing so holds the promise of reengaging staff and rebuilding healthy practice environments.

Race, Incivility, and Perceptions of Racial Discrimination

We integrate selective incivility theory (Cortina, 2008) and attributional ambiguity theory (Crocker & Major, 1989) to examine the relationships among race, experienced incivility, perceived racial discrimination, and social integration. Based on the core tenet of selective incivility theory, we expect employees of color to experience higher levels of incivility than White employees. We further propose that social integration in the workgroup decreases experienced incivility, but only for employees of color as it minimizes social categorization processes. Based on attributional ambiguity theory, we then propose race to moderate the positive relationship between experienced incivility and perceived racial discrimination such that the relationship is stronger for employees of color than for White employees. To test these hypotheses using specific incidents of incivility, we collected weekly data from 150 staff at a U.S. university for six consecutive weeks. The results indicated no race differences in the experience of incivility. Further, social integration in the work unit decreased experienced incivility for employees of color only. Finally, for employees of color, but not White employees, there was a strong positive relationship between experienced incivility and perceived racial discrimination. These findings advance our understanding of selective incivility theory and connect incivility to perceptions of racial discrimination. We offer practical recommendations for reducing perceived discrimination and building more inclusive work environments for racial minorities.

Impact of incivility and psychological capital on nursing students’ transition shock

BackgroundTransition shock experienced by nursing students during their clinical practicums is a relevant and worrying issue; however, the factors influencing these transitional challenges have not been fully investigated. AimThis study examined the relationship between incivility experiences, psychological capital, and transition shock among nursing students during their clinical practicums. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The participants were 202 third- and fourth-year nursing students recruited from two nursing schools in Korea. Data were collected via questionnaire. A hierarchical linear regression was used to examine the relationship between incivility experience, psychological capital, and transition shock among the participants. FindingsThe mean score for nursing students’ transition shock was 2.42 on a 4-point scale. Higher levels of incivility and lower levels of psychological capital were associated with higher levels of transition shock among nursing students. DiscussionNursing students experienced transition shock during their clinical practicum. Considering the negative impacts of transition shock, nursing educators should support nursing students to cope with their transition from school to a real-world clinical setting by addressing incivility, and by enhancing psychological capital. ConclusionStrategies and programs aimed at reducing incivility towards nursing students and improving psychological capital within the nursing curriculum should be implemented to help students effectively cope with transition shock during their clinical practicums.

Assessing Levels and Forms of Incivility and Deliberative Quality in Online Discussions on COVID-19: A Cross-Platform Analysis

Studying incivility in online discussions is a crucial research endeavor, especially in light of a pandemic, as user comments have been shown to be an important source of information and basis for opinion formation. Scholars are increasingly interested in studying incivility from a comparative perspective. This study contributes to this strand of literature by investigating incivility in user comments on the news website and Facebook site of the Austrian newspaper Der Standard. A content analysis (N = 240) was employed to identify forms and levels of incivility in user comments on topics related to COVID-19. Results show Facebook comments to be significantly less uncivil than user comments on the newspaper's website. Moreover, differences regarding the prevalence of the dimensions of incivility on the two platforms were identified. Finally, results suggest that incivility does not necessarily go hand in hand with lower levels of deliberative quality. Implications for news organizations and democracy are discussed.

Nurses’ viewpoints on incivility in nursing in Iran

BackgroundIncivility behaviors in work environments are a serious threat and lead to shame and endanger the health of nurses and patients. AimThe purpose of this study was to evaluate nurses' viewpoints on Incivility behaviors in clinical setting in Bam University of Medical Sciences. MethodThis descriptive cross-sectional study was done on 221 nurses working in Pasteur Hospital in Bam. Data were collected through a demographic questionnaire and Nursing Incivility Scale by census sampling after obtaining the consent of the participants. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 software using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc and Spearman correlation tests with 95% confidence interval. ResultThe results of this study showed that the mean score of uncivil behavior among nurses was 85.99 ± 27.26. The most uncivil behaviors in nurses were related to interaction with patients and visitors (20.79 ± 8.01), and the lowest uncivil behavior was related to interaction with supervisors (13.46 ± 6.29). Results indicated that nurses experience moderate levels of Incivility. ConclusionReligious differences as one of the determinants of the occurrence of Incivility can lead to job pressures and job dissatisfaction. Therefore, specific attention should be paid to the factors that lead to the emergence of uncivil behavior in nurses' work environment. With training of religiosity, the strengthening of religious beliefs and religious conciliatory, it is possible to reduce the incidence of uncivil behaviors.

The association between the practice environment and selected nurse educator outcomes in public nursing education institutions: A cross-sectional study

AimThe purpose of this study is to describe the association between the practice environment and nurse educator outcomes (burnout, engagement, incivility, job satisfaction and intention to leave) in public nursing education institutions in the Gauteng province of South Africa. BackgroundThe practice environment holds the most promise for recruiting and retaining a qualified and engaged nurse workforce; however, the association between the practice environment and nurse educator outcomes has been relatively unexplored. DesignCross-sectional design. MethodsThe Gauteng province was purposively selected, as it has the highest number of public nursing education institutions in South Africa. All-inclusive sampling was applied to public nursing educations institutions in Gauteng province (N = 6) and then to Heads of Department (N = 30; n = 17) and nurse educators (senior lecturers [N = 162; n = 45] and lecturers [N = 257; n = 80]). Data were collected during March to November 2018. The data were collected using the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index; Maslach Burnout Inventory - Educators Survey; Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES); Incivility in Nursing Education-Revised (INE-R); job satisfaction and Propensity to Leave Scale. ResultsThe results show that nurse educators are an aging population, with limited numbers having master’s and doctoral qualifications. The most job dissatisfaction is regarding wages (M=2.0; SD 1.07); appreciation, recognition and rewards for good work (M=2.1; SD 1.01); and opportunities for advancement (M=2.2; SD 1.01). The nurse educators do not experience their public nursing education institutions as having a positive practice environment. Nurse educators experienced high levels of work engagement, moderate levels of burnout and low levels of incivility, that were highly correlated with the subscale of foundations of quality outcomes. They experienced moderate levels of job satisfaction but did not intend to leave their places of employment, which was highly correlated with the subscale of manager’s ability, leadership and support. ConclusionsA positive practice environment improves nurse educator outcomes. The subscale of foundations of quality outcomes and manager’s ability, leadership and support had the most impact on nurse educator outcomes, thus quality teaching practices should be cultivated and recognised; and managers must have the necessary skill and knowledge to lead effectively, while also including nurse educators in decisions that impact them and involving them in the affairs of the nursing education institution. There is a shortage of qualified nurse educators globally and in South Africa and urgent attention must be given to factors that influence the recruitment and retention of nurse educators. Twitter abstractThe practice environment holds the most promise for recruiting and retaining a qualified and engaged nurse educator workforce, especially regarding foundations of quality outcomes and manager’s ability, leadership and support.

Authentic Leadership to Support Nurses: Educate, Empower, Elevate, and Enjoy.

Authentic Leadership to Support Nurses: Educate, Empower, Elevate, and Enjoy.

Is subtle toxicity worse for racial-ethnic minority employees? The impact of coworker incivility on employee well-being

ABSTRACT The restaurant industry is often described as a toxic workplace due to high levels of incivility and bullying among employees. This paper presents a study investigating the negative influence of workplace incivility conducted by coworkers on employee engagement and employee well-being, and whether these relationships may be stronger for those in racial-ethnic minority groups. Employing a sample of hourly restaurant employees in the United States, we found that workplace incivility negatively impacts engagement and that engagement mediates the relationship between workplace incivility and well-being. Furthermore, those who identified as being in a racial-ethnic minority group perceive the effect to be more detrimental. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

U.S. presidential debates 1948–2020: an issue of formality and respect

This article investigates the level of formality in presidential debates. Using content analytic techniques, this study documents trends in address terms (ranging from the use of honorific titles to interpersonal insults) in presidential debates from 1948 to 2020. An availability sample of 241 debates (94% of all presidential primary and general election debates), including 21,857 coding units, reveal an overall decline in formal communication via the use of appropriate honorific titles and subsequent growth in informal and disrespectful references. Incivility spiral theory offers an interpretative framework that links the increase in informal patterns of communication to the growing level of incivility in debate discourse. Within this framework, it is speculated that a shift toward informality could be linked to a larger incivility spiral that will continue into the future. Beyond the link to incivility, it is also argued the shift toward informality may have a range of unique negative consequences.

Fear of Crime among Mongolians in the Ulaanbaatar Metropolitan Area

This study is about fear of crime, which is one of the most important topics in the criminological research.The study tested an integrated model in structural equation modeling method by using both SPSS and AMOS. Those who perceive higher levels of incivility were found to be more fearful of crime. Policies to reduce fear of crime and implications for future research were discussed based on the findings.