Food Consumption Levels Research Articles

Relationship between pulmonary function and anthropometric measurements and body composition in young women

Purpose: This study was planned to evaluate the relationship between pulmonary function and some anthropometric measurements and body composition in healthy young women with different body mass index (BMI). 
 Materials and Methods: One hundred seventeen (n:117) women, aged between 19-30 years, participated in this study. Some anthropometric measurements of the participants (body weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference, and neck circumference) and body composition were evaluated by the researchers. 
 Results: There was no difference in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and FEV1/FVC values of individuals according to BMI classification. In terms of disease risk according to anthropometric measurements, no difference was found between the groups in the pulmonary function test values (except for the waist circumference). Participants whose waist circumference were 80-88 cm were found to have a significantly higher FEV1/FVC value than participants whose waist circumference were >88 cm. It was determined that there was a positive correlation between body weight, lean body mass, body fat mass, total body water values, and FVC, FEV1 values. 
 Conclusion: Differences in body composition and anthropometric measurements and pulmonary function assessment may be due to methodological and group-specific changes in the studies. Long-term studies that question the body composition of individuals, food consumption and physical activity levels, will be beneficial.

Sertifikasi Halal Sebagai Bagian Strategi Ekonomi Pemerintahan Shinzo Abe

ABSTRACT: During the Shinzo Abe goverment, Japan began to take part in the halal industry as a diversification of state revenues. The aims of this study is to analyse the background of Japanese halal product certification related to the economical strategy of the Shinzo Abe government. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The results show that there are various backgrounds why Japan conduct halal certification on its products, among others the decreasing of Japan population then resulting in a decrease in the level of food consumption, meanwhile Japanese Muslims and world Muslims have incerased sharply from year to year so that it has an impact on the increasing level of demand for halal products, the emergence of the trend of halal living, and the high world halal market. For this reason, Japan conducts halal certification for its products as a condition in order to be able to distribute its products not only domestically but also abroad. Various strategies were carried out by Japan in introducing its halal products, among others, by involving small and medium enterprises, foreign cooperation, various exhibitions, and various halal seminars and educations.

Livelihood pattern and food security of tribal people in a selected area of Bangladesh

Asset’s possession and food consumption level of tribal people in Bangladesh express their socioeconomic status. The study was conducted to analyze the socioeconomic characteristics, measure the livelihood assets, and determine the calorie intake level of the sample households. Primary data were collected through field survey using an interview schedule from 60 tribal households. Tabular analysis and capital asset pentagon from DFID livelihood framework were used for data analysis. Household consumption data were converted to per person per day calorie intake level. The major findings of the study were that about 41.67% of the respondents were being 15-29 years of age, 30% respondents’ education was in the secondary level, average family size was 5.81, 40% of the respondents were occupied with agriculture as their primary occupation, average annual income and expenditure were Tk. 258560 (US$3015.28) and Tk. 242373.50 (US$2826.51), respectively. The livelihood assets were moderate. About 83.34% of the respondents belonged to the poor category and rest 16.67% of the respondents belonged to non-poor category. About 98.33% and 96.67% respondents suggested that, if job opportunity increases and ensure proper education; then their socioeconomic improvement will be faster. So, government and other organizations need to come forward to create more employment opportunity and education facilities for improving their livelihood pattern and food security status.

Household income as a factor forming potential demand on the market of organic products

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the situation of households in terms of income, expenditure, food quality, consumption of individual products and to assess the potential development opportunities for organic products market. 
 Methodology / approach. The dialectical method of cognition, the systematic approach to the study of economic phenomena and processes, the monographic method (the analysis of scientific achievements of domestic and foreign scientists on the assessment of income, cost structure, quality of life) were used in the research. The abstract-logical method (for theoretical generalizations and formulation of conclusions), the economic-statistical method (when assessing the reliability of differences between groups of households), the graphic method (when constructing graphical images), correlation analysis (to make a correlation between the level of consumption of meat and meat products based on the amount of income in the households) were used among the special methods of research. To assess the actual state of affairs, the authors used data from the statistical observation regarding the level of income and expenditures of the population of Ukraine according to 2018, which was called “Anonymous microdata on the main indicators of income, expenditures and living conditions of households”. The total number of households that responded to questions about their income level was 7698 from 8051, or 95.6 %.
 Results. The article emphasizes that one of the important criteria for social protection is the quality of food supply in accordance with scientific norms and established standards. The income level and food consumption by households were compared. It was noted that in general the distribution of respondents in cash income levels was not considered to be normal. A clear correlation was established between the level of household income and the level of food consumption in both monetary and physical units. These differences were tested using the statistical method of t-test for comparing averages, which provided evidence of the difference between groups of households.
 Originality / scientific novelty. For the first time, the level of discrepancies in income and food consumption between households was assessed using the t-test method of comparison of averages, which allowed establishing statistically a significant difference between groups in these indicators. The assessment of the impact of household income on the level of expenditures and consumption of certain types of food products has been further developed with the identification of promising focus groups for consumers of organic products.
 Practical value / implications. The practical value of the results is that the identification of patterns allows to predict further trends in the level of consumption of certain types of food, particularly organic.

Multinomial Logistic Regression Model for Assessing Factors Associated with Junk Food Consumption of Secondary Level Students

Background: Globalization, economic progress, urbanization, and industrialization have ushered in considerable changes in lifestyles and diet regimes. Consumption of junk food has surged at a rapid pace nowadays. In Nepal, there is a lack of sufficient research regarding junk food practices and persuading factors for its consumption, among teenage students. It is a global concern and has threatened the health of many people.
 Objective: This research aims to explore the factors associated with junk food consumption among students of secondary level in Ratnanagar Municipality of Chitwan. 
 Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional research design consisting of 371 secondary level students, and selection based on primary data collection method by the researchers was used in this study. The data was analyzed using descriptive as well as an inferential statistical method. To find the association of different factors with junk food consumption levels (Low, Moderate, and High) multinomial logistic regression model (MLRM) was used, and the goodness of fit of the model was assessed.
 Results: The fitted MLRM satisfied the criteria of the diagnostic test including a test of goodness of fit, multi-collinearity test, and minimum criteria of the model utilization with the classification accuracy of 55%. The variables like family monthly income (OR=1.000011, C.I=1.000001 - 1.000020), students’ daily pocket money (OR=1.02, C.I=1.007 - 1.033), gender (OR=0.354, C.I= 0.179 - 0.7), knowledge regarding junk food consumption (OR=2.744, C.I=1.366 - 5.511), attitude towards food choice (OR=2.487, C.I=1.288 – 4.803), friend’s encouragement for junk food consumption (OR=0.178, C.I=0.045 – 0.701), and occupation of father (business) (OR=2.867, C.I=1.084 – 7.581) are seen to be significant to the model High versus Low consumption. Students’ daily pocket money (OR=1.012, C.I=1.002 – 1.023), knowledge regarding junk food consumption (OR=2.427, C.I=1.293 – 4.553), restrictive food parenting practice (OR=2.228, C.I=0.945 – 5.253), friend’s encouragement for junk food consumption (OR=0.252, C.I=0.067 – 0.944), recognition of marketing promotion strategy (OR=0.523, C.I=0.295 – 0.928), educational level of mother (lower secondary level) (OR=5.465, C.I=1.069 – 27.952), occupation of father (business) (OR=2.47, C.I=1.056 – 5.777) are seen to be significant to the model Moderate versus Low consumption.
 Conclusion: Study revealed that more than one-fourth of the sampled students were high consumers of junk foods. Many factors are associated with the consumption of junk foods. Thus, addressing the issue of increasing consumption, developing strategies & conducting different research in this field is the must. Concerned authorities should also pay special attention to this subject matter.

Dynamics of nutritional food consumption and expenditure patterns of Central Java population as welfare indicators to achieve sustainable development goals

This study aims to determine Central Java population welfare dynamics by looking at the pattern of expenditure and the nutritional and food consumption level. The data used is data on the expenditure and consumption of the Central Java population in 2016–2020. The data analysis method used is descriptive analytical. The study of expenditure patterns shows that during the period 2016–2020, the Central Java population welfare is increasing. Still, the population of rural areas is less prosperous than the population of urban areas. The welfare increase is also shown by decreasing the cereals group consumption. The analysis of the nutritional consumption level indicates that the energy and protein consumption level tend to increase during 2016–2020. The level of energy consumption is categorized as sufficient, and protein consumption level is categorized as good. In rural areas, energy consumption and energy consumption are higher than in urban areas; conversely, protein consumption and protein consumption in urban areas are higher than in rural areas.

Level of Food Consumption by Population of Sverdlovsk Region (Budget Surveys in 1986—1990)

Issues related to the level of consumption by the population of the USSR in the “perestroika” period of its history are considered. In order to conduct an objective historical analysis of the problem, the authors used materials from the funds of three archives, some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. It is emphasized that the second half of the 1980s was crucial for the Soviet Union, becoming the last five years in its difficult history. The results of a comparative analysis of food consumption by the population of the Sverdlovsk region in the study period are presented. A clear discrepancy between the level of consumption of a number of food products by the population of the Middle Urals and the norms of their scientifically grounded rational consumption is determined. The emphasis is made on the fact that in the diet of Soviet citizens there was always a very shortage of vegetables, melons, fruits and, to some extent, fish products. It is proved that the chronic underconsumption of these products was to a certain extent “compensated” by the increased consumption of sugar, confectionery and dairy products, and in the difficult 1940s–1950s — bakery products and potatoes. It is concluded that it is not necessary to overly dramatize the “material” factor in the development of disintegration processes that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Involvement of 20-hydroxyecdysone on feeding behavior and carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes in the adult stage of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum

Since the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, feeds on starch, α-amylase is an important enzyme for hydrolyzing carbohydrates into sugar to meet energy demands. It has been reported that 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) involve in the regulation of α-amylase in the red flour beetle. Injection of 20E decreased α-amylase activity in dose- and time-dependent manner. α-Amylase activity in males and females showed different patterns responding to 20E. Adults injected with high concentrations of 20E (300–500 ng/insect) had low levels of food consumption leading to a decrease in body mass. Interestingly, glucose levels in treated adults increased significantly in parallel with the increase in trehalase activity in both males and females. 20E down-regulated Amylase (TcAmy), while Trehalase-1 and -2 (TcTre-1 and -2, respectively) genes were up-regulated. Taken together, 20E caused a decrease in α-amylase activity directly at the level of gene expression and indirectly by repressing food consumption and causing low ingestion levels. However, understanding the mechanism(s) by which feeding behavior suppression is caused by 20E in the red flour beetle needs to be examined in the future.

Financial Distress Pada Perusahaan Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia

Companies engaged in the food and beverage business have a very high chance of success in running their business, given the increasingly high level of food and beverage consumption for the community. Information based on financial ratios needs to be improved in other forms of financial analysis to ascertain the future risk level. The purpose of this study is to analyze financial distress for food and beverage sub-sector companies listed on conventional stocks and Islamic stocks on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2015-2020. Financial distress analysis uses the Altman Z-Score bankruptcy prediction approach. The results of the study indicate that companies that experience accounting losses do not necessarily experience financial distress. Companies whose shares are listed on the Sharia stock index tend to experience healthier financial conditions and do not experience financial distress. Sharia shares of food and beverage sub-sector companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange have good resistance to financial distress. This is supported by the high and stable value of Inti Agri Resources' shares compared to the shares of other companies.

Food consumption according to degree of food processing, behavioral variables, and sociodemographic factors: Findings from a population-based study in Brazil

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the consumption levels of foods at different degrees of processing and their associations with sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of Brazilian adults. MethodsThis is a cross-sectional, population-based study involving 976 adult individuals (ages 20 to 59 y) of both sexes, living in the municipality of Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Participants were selected using a probabilistic sampling technique. Consumed foods were categorized into four groups: unprocessed or minimally processed foods, processed culinary ingredients, processed foods, and ultraprocessed foods. Associations were tested using linear regression. ResultsUnprocessed and minimally processed foods accounted for 61.3% of the total energy intake and were positively associated with age and negatively associated with level of education (β = −6.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] [−10.16 to −3.57]) and sedentary behavior (β = 3.24; 95% CI [−5.88 to −0.61]). Ultraprocessed foods accounted for 23.6% of the total energy intake, and consumption was negatively associated with age and positively associated with sedentary behavior (β = 0.005; 95% CI [0.00008–0.01]) and tertiary education (β = 5.42; 95% CI [2.71–8.13]). ConclusionsUltraprocessed foods contribute more to the daily energy intake of younger individuals, and ultraprocessed food consumption is positively associated with sedentary activity and level of education.

Customers Awareness and Purchase Behaviour towards Organic Food

Organic food may be a safer and healthier alternative to conventional food, particularly in COVID19 pandemic conditions where stay-at-home arrangements may encourage the willingness to plan, select, and prepare more nutritious foods in order to strengthen the immune system or maintain fitness. However, organic food consumption is relatively still low even in countries with a well-established organic food market. A similar pattern is happening in Malaysia, where there is an increase in organic farms throughout the years, yet the consumption level is very disappointing. Therefore, this study is conducted to explore customers awareness and purchase behaviour among Malaysian customers. A questionnaire survey is used to collect data from the members of consumer association. Data from 403 respondents are collected, analysed and discussed in the study. This study found out that most Malaysian food buyers are aware of organic food and buy organic food. Most food buyers understand organic food as natural food. The key reason for buying organic food is health-related. In comparison, the main reason for not buying organic food is the price itself. This study will contribute to the body of knowledge regarding Malaysian organic food consumers. The findings of this study can be utilised to understand the Malaysian organic food market better and, simultaneously, lead to the development of the organic food market and the organic food consumption level in Malaysia.

Resilience and Conflict: Evidence from Mali

Exploring the contextualized relationship between conflict and household resilience is a key element of policymaking under the Humanitarian and Development nexus. This paper provides new evidence on conflict and resilience from resilience-enhancing projects in Mali’s Central Sahel cross-border area. In particular, it explores the presence of determinants of resilience that explains conflict exposure; investigates the adoption of conflict-specific coping mechanisms and explores contextual specificities of local resilience capacity. The findings show that certain types of agricultural households have a higher probability of exposure to conflict, while no evidence of public transfers (e.g., cash transfers) increasing the level of exposure to conflicts is found. The results also show that there are elements which explain the adoption (or lack thereof) of coping mechanisms against conflict: social networks play an essential enabling role, as well as education, the level of food consumption, and to some extent, access to public transfers. Finally, the results suggest that female-headed households need more support in order to engage in coping strategies. This paper suggests that resilience-enhancing interventions and analysis require deeper knowledge of the context, paying special attention to the drivers of conflict and coping strategies adopted by households.

Abstract P164: Risk Factors Of Undiagnosed Diabetes And Hypertension In Arkansas

Introduction: Hypertension and diabetes are issues in the US especially in the south. In Arkansas, an estimated 797,000 adults have prediabetes and are at risk for diabetes. We aimed to assess cardiometabolic risk factors and impact of nutrition-related indicators in self-identified diabetes and hypertension patients and those at risk. Method: Data were analyzed from the 2008 Arkansas Cardiovascular Health Examination Survey (n=1,383), which used probability sampling to obtain a representative sample of Arkansas residents. A self-report survey was administered on health history, socioeconomic status (SES), lifestyle, and diet. Blood biomarkers were measured and compared for those who self-reported diabetes or hypertension with those who were at risk. Results: We used t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables with statistical significance at p<0.05. We hypothesized that participants with undiagnosed diabetes or hypertension had less access to care (SES as a surrogate) and worse health behavior than the diagnosed groups. Significant differences in SES, behaviors, nutrients, and biomarkers were observed between healthy vs. both diagnosed and undiagnosed groups. Surprisingly, we found that undiagnosed groups had higher average food security than the diagnosed groups. Also, some of the health behaviors including alcohol consumption were 5-6 fold higher among the undiagnosed and healthy groups as compared to currently diagnosed diabetes group. Moderate physical activity was about 2 fold higher among the healthy (5.5 hours/week) as compared to undiagnosed hypertension group (3 hours/week). In addition, the currently diagnosed groups seem to have some improved dietary habits based on higher levels of vegetable and fruit consumption and lower blood cholesterol. We have also found that both the healthy and undiagnosed diabetes groups had above normal or high triglyceride levels. Conclusion: Undiagnosed diabetes and hypertension do not have serious symptoms, but are dangerous health conditions. From our findings, targeted education should be implemented among all people, especially on access to food, vegetable and fruit consumption, alcohol use, physical activity, cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Association between Ultra-processed Food Consumption and Dietary Intake and Diet Quality in Korean Adults

BackgroundFood environments have changed rapidly, and the global interest in ultra-processed foods has increased. Ultra-processed foods are typically energy dense, high in sugars and fat, and low in fiber, protein, minerals, and vitamins. ObjectiveThis study aimed to estimate the energy contribution of ultra-processed foods in the diet of Korean adults and to examine the association between ultra-processed food consumption and dietary intake and diet quality. DesignThis study is a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2018). Participants/settingsA total of 16,657 adults aged ≥19 years who completed a 1-day 24-hour recall. Main outcome measuresAbsolute and relative intake of energy and nutrients were measured and dietary quality was assessed using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI). Statistical analysisMultiple regression models adjusted for sociodemographic variables were used to examine the association between quintiles of ultra-processed foods dietary energy contribution and dietary intake and quality. ResultsMean reported daily energy intake was 2,031 kcal, with 25.1% of calories coming from ultra-processed foods. Mean energy contribution from ultra-processed foods ranged from 3.6% kcal (Q1) to 52.4% kcal (Q5). Energy contribution of ultra-processed foods was positively associated with reported intake of daily energy, total sugars, and total and saturated fat and inversely associated with reported intake of carbohydrates, fiber, minerals, and vitamins. Both sodium and potassium were negatively associated with percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods. However, the sodium-to-potassium ratio was high regardless of quintile of energy contribution from ultra-processed foods, and the ratio was positively associated with percentage of total energy from ultra-processed foods. Although the KHEI score was inversely associated with percentage of daily energy from ultra-processed foods, all levels of ultra-processed food consumption were associated with poor diet quality. ConclusionsThe ultra-processed foods consumption of Korean adults accounted for one fourth of daily energy intake, and a higher dietary energy contribution from ultra-processed foods was associated with poorer dietary intakes and a lower dietary quality. Further studies are needed to understand factors influencing selection and consumption of ultra-processed foods and to identify effective strategies to promote healthy food choices.

Regional specific features of the consumer sector of the economy

Subject. This article discusses the development of meat food market in Russia. Objectives. The article aims to define trends in the development of the meat industry, forecast the meat food consumption in Russia, and analyze the effect of various factors on the meat food consumption level. Methods. For the study, we used a statistical analysis. Results. The article presents the forecast of meat food consumption until 2023 and describes the dependence of meat consumption on a number of factors. Conclusions. Changes in consumer behavior patterns are affecting the meat food market. The direct relationship between the real incomes of the population and the level of consumption has a significant impact on the demand for meat products.

Minimum Dietary Diversity and Its Associated Factors Among Infants and Young Children in Ethiopia: Evidence from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (2016)

Background: Adequate infant and young child feeding during the first 1000 days of life is very essential to improve child health, survival, growth and development through adequate minimum dietary diversity (MDD). Hence, this study aimed to assess MDD and its multi-level factors among infants and young children aged 6-23 months in Ethiopia. Methods: Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS-2016) data were used to identify both individual and community-level factors. Weighted samples of 2,962 children were eligible and a multi-level regression model was used for the analysis. Finally, factors with a P-value of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of MDD among children in Ethiopia was 13.67%. According to this study, the significant associated factors at the individual level were having a mother who attended higher education (AOR=2.72, (95%CI; _1.54-4.80)) and secondary education (AOR=1.68, (95% CI; _ 1.06-2.68)), mother’s agricultural occupation (AOR=1.57, (95% CI_, 1.06-2.31)) and living in the household with richest wealth index (AOR=3.20, (95%CI; _1.74-5.91)). And at the community level children residing in Benishangul (AOR=3.38, (95%CI; _ 1.75-6.51)), Oromiya (AOR=2.99 (95%CI_1.63-5.48)), Addis Ababa (AOR=2.62, (95%CI_1.32-5.22)), and Amhara (AOR=0.25, (95% CI; - 0.09-0.64)) regional states were getting adequate MDD. Conclusion: Educational and occupational status of the mother, wealth index and region were significantly associated with MDD. Therefore, addressing the above factors will help the level of diversified food consumption among children. Funding Information: Funding is not applicable for this study. Declaration of Interests: All authors declared that no competing interest in this study. Ethics Approval Statement: To conduct this study, ethical approval letter for the use of the EDHS data set gained from the Measure DHS (ORC MACRO). No information was obtained from the data set disclosed to any third person.

Socioeconomic determinants for the changing food-related scarce water uses in Chinese regions

Identifying the critical socioeconomic drivers of food-related scarce water uses at the provincial level is conducive to the formulation of region-specific policies. However, existing studies have not quantified the effects of regional socioeconomic factors on food-related scarce water uses in China. This study used the environmentally extended multi-regional input-output analysis and structural decomposition analysis to explore the socioeconomic determinants for the changing food-related scarce water uses in Chinese regions during 2007–2012. The results showed that the decrease of scarce water use intensity in the North Coast and Northwest (e.g., Hebei and Xinjiang) is the most effective way to reduce scarce water uses, contributing 11.5 and 11.4 billion tons of scarce water use reductions, respectively. It is also critical for Hebei, Shandong, Henan, and Xinjiang to focus on the improvement of local production structures. Moreover, reducing excessive food consumption and optimizing dietary patterns in developed coastal regions (e.g., Guangdong and Shanghai) can effectively reduce national water scarcity. For example, 4% reduction of the food consumption level in Guangdong would lead to 11% reduction of induced scarce water uses. Furthermore, it is essential to consider the interprovincial trade in food-water-related policy-making. The strengthening of interregional cooperation is also highlighted for sustainable food and water resource management in China.

Caloric Restriction and Hypothalamic Leptin Gene Therapy Have Differential Effects on Energy Partitioning in Adult Female Rats.

Dieting is a common but often ineffective long-term strategy for preventing weight gain. Similar to humans, adult rats exhibit progressive weight gain. The adipokine leptin regulates appetite and energy expenditure but hyperleptinemia is associated with leptin resistance. Here, we compared the effects of increasing leptin levels in the hypothalamus using gene therapy with conventional caloric restriction on weight gain, food consumption, serum leptin and adiponectin levels, white adipose tissue, marrow adipose tissue, and bone in nine-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats (n = 16) were implanted with a cannula in the 3rd ventricle of the hypothalamus and injected with a recombinant adeno-associated virus, encoding the rat gene for leptin (rAAV-Lep), and maintained on standard rat chow for 18 weeks. A second group (n = 15) was calorically-restricted to match the weight of the rAAV-Lep group. Both approaches prevented weight gain, and no differences in bone were detected. However, calorically-restricted rats consumed 15% less food and had lower brown adipose tissue Ucp-1 mRNA expression than rAAV-Lep rats. Additionally, calorically-restricted rats had higher abdominal white adipose tissue mass, higher serum leptin and adiponectin levels, and higher marrow adiposity. Caloric restriction and hypothalamic leptin gene therapy, while equally effective in preventing weight gain, differ in their effects on energy intake, energy expenditure, adipokine levels, and body composition.

Resiliencia, ansiedad y hábitos alimentarios de la población amazónica sur-oriente antes y durante la pandemia

Objective:&nbsp;To determine the relationship between resilience, anxiety and eating habits of the south-eastern Amazonian population before and during the pandemic in 2020.&nbsp;Methods:&nbsp;Relational, quantitative and qualitative descriptive, the sample consisted of 150 inhabitants aged 30 to 45 years. The instrument used was the STAI: state-trait anxiety inventory, the data were processed with SPSS-25, analysis of significance and difference of means was performed, non-parametric test and post-test significant differences (Wilcoxon test for related samples ).&nbsp;Results:&nbsp;In adults, State-Trait Anxiety was greater than 65%, a bilateral significance of p = 0.01 was obtained, indicating that anxiety was related to resilience. Food consumption before the pandemic was classified: natural 60%, processed 40% and ultra-processed 0%; During confinement, the consumption of processed foods was 53.33% and ultra-processed 20%. The level of food consumption before and during the pandemic shows a difference, being significant of p &lt;5%. The level of anxiety before and during the pandemic, obtaining a significant of p &lt;5%. Conclusions: State-Trait Anxiety was greater than 65% in adults. Anxiety was related to resilience. There is a significant difference in the type of food consumed, in anxiety levels, before and during the Covid-19 pandemic, in the inhabitants of the South-Eastern Amazon. The consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods, before the pandemic, was 40% and during the pandemic this consumption has increased to 73%, therefore the consumption of food was high in fat and sugar content.

Perbedaan Durasi Tidur dan Asupan Makan pada Anak Stunting dan Tidak Stunting Usia Sekolah

Stunting is a chronic malnutrition problem caused by inadequate nutritional intake for a long time, resulting in growth disorders in children that is height is lower than the standard age. The physical growth of children is greatly influenced by nutritional intake and activity in children. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in sleep duration and food intake on the incidence of stunting in elementary school children. This was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. This research was conducted in Kecamatan Tampan Sidomulyo Timur in February-August 2019. The sample of this study was 90 elementary school children who met the inclusion criteria. The independent variables in this study were sleep duration, food intake and the dependent variable was stunting. The data collection consists of weighing, height measurement, food recall 2x24 hours to determine the level of food consumption, and interviews by filling out a modified Children's Sleep Habit Questioner (CSHQ) questionnaire. Data analysis used an independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that there was no difference in sleep duration between stunting and non-stunting children (p-value=0,954) and there was a difference in energy and protein intake between stunted and non-stunting children (p-value=0,004 and p-value=0,036). Children who have inadequate protein and energy have a greater risk of stunting. Further researchers need to test the difference in sleep duration between stunted and non-stunted children.