Levels Of Family Involvement Research Articles

Reasons for internationalisation of family business

Many businesses opt to expand internationally. The reasons for international expansion have been broadly addressed in existing literature and typically reflect economic or strategic objectives. However, a myriad of family objectives must also be considered in the case of family businesses. This paper aims to determine the motivations for family business internationalisation and their influence on international commitment in the context of family involvement. This work compares the significance of economic goals with the relevance of non-economic goals (e.g., strategic and family goals) to understand which contributes the most to a firm’s international success and growth. Focusing on international Spanish wine and olive oil businesses with various levels of family involvement, our results reveal that as family involvement increases, economic motivations become less important in justifying international strategy. Strategic and family motivations become more important in this context. We further conclude that family motivations contribute the most to international success among the three types of business motivations (economic, strategic, and family).

Patient perspectives on chronic kidney disease and decision-making about treatment. Discourse of participants in the French CKD-REIN cohort study

BackgroundLittle is known about psychological issues in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) facing transition to kidney failure and the involvement of their family in decision-making about kidney replacement therapy (KRT). This study investigated patients’ experience of their illness, their views on KRT choice and their perception of the influence of their relatives.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative study nested in the CKD-REIN prospective cohort study which included non-dialysis CKD patients from 40 nationally representative nephrology clinics. Among 1555 patients who returned a self-administered questionnaire, we used purposive sampling to select 50 participants who underwent semi-structured phone interviews with a psychologist.ResultsThe patients' mean age was 62.2 ± 12 years, 42% were women, and 68% had CKD stage 4–5. The analysis yielded four lexical classes: “illness rhythm”, “considering dialysis”, “family and transplantation”, and “disease, treatment choice and introspection”. When experiencing few or mild symptoms, patients tended to avoid thinking about CKD, for the prospect of dialysis was the most stressful part of their experience. Surprisingly, the importance of family appeared when they talked about transplantation decision-making, but not about choice of dialysis modality.ConclusionsCognitive avoidance seems common in patients with advanced CKD. Transplantation and dialysis decision-making appear to be two distinct processes, with different levels of family involvement. More research is needed to better understand the frequency and impact of cognitive avoidance on patients’ well-being and decision-making.Graphic abstract

Family involvement moderates the relationship between perceived recovery orientation of services and personal narratives among Chinese with schizophrenia in Hong Kong: a 1-year longitudinal investigation.

Family has been found to have an influential role on clinical and recovery outcomes of people with schizophrenia. While recovery-oriented services can facilitate service users to develop a rich and positive identity, it is unclear how different levels of family involvement may interact with recovery-oriented services in affecting personal recovery. The present study aimed to examine how family involvement moderates the relationship between perceived recovery-orientation of services and personal narratives of Chinese people in Hong Kong who had recent onset of schizophrenia spectrum disorder longitudinally. Multi-method approach (semi-structured interview, researcher ratings, self-report measures) was adopted. 167 participants completed assessments at baseline; 93 and 68 of them were retained at 6-month and 12-month follow-up assessment, respectively. Baseline perceived recovery orientation of services significantly predicted richer personal narratives at 6-month follow-up when baseline family involvement was optimal (B = 0.26, p = 0.03, 95% CI [0.02-0.48]). As to 12-month assessment, baseline perceived recovery orientation of services significantly predicted poorer personal narratives when family was perceived as under-involved at baseline (B = -0.45, p = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.88 to -0.07]). Without proper family involvement, recovery-oriented services could be ineffectual in facilitating the development of rich personal narratives for Chinese people in Hong Kong.

Implicación familiar en el bachillerato: una estrategia para favorecer la permanencia escolar

La familia y la escuela se configuran como dos espacios formativos por naturaleza, se espera que ambos colaboren a lo largo de los procesos escolarizados. Es amplia la literatura que corrobora la importancia de la relación familia-escuela durante la educación básica, sin embargo, son menos las investigaciones que abordan la temática desde la educación media superior o superior. Este trabajo presenta el desarrollo del concepto de implicación familiar en la educación y deja ver su importancia en el logro académico de los estudiantes de bachillerato, asumiendo que la familia sigue siendo importante por la etapa evolutiva que transitan la adolescencia, y por su papel estratégico para promover la permanencia escolar en este tipo educativo. Se retoma el modelo de Epstein en la clasificación de niveles de implicación familiar, así como en las prácticas familiares y escolares que dan lugar al logro académico de los estudiantes. A partir de lo anterior, se analizan algunas estrategias identificadas en la literatura que pueden ser de utilidad para las preparatorias mexicanas en la implicación de las familias en uno de sus mayores retos: la permanencia de los estudiantes en el bachillerato.

Who are the best performers? The environmental social performance of family firms

Despite that family businesses are a group of heterogeneous companies with different levels of family involvement in the business, research has given little attention to these important contingencies when discussing family business environmental social performance. Building on the socioemotional wealth (SEW) framework and using qualitative comparative analysis, we explore optimal configurations of governance antecedents that can catalyze the environmental social performance of family firms across Anglo-Saxon and non-Anglo-Saxon countries. Findings reveal two governance configurations that, regardless of the institutional setting, can catalyze the environmental social performance of family firms: 1) the combination of 100% family ownership, first generation leadership, high family presence on the board, and low family involvement in management; and 2) the combination of 100% family ownership, first generation leadership, high family involvement in management, and the presence of outside directors on the board. Specific configurations for non-Anglo-Saxon countries are also identified. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Who Decides: Me or We? Family Involvement in Medical Decision Making in Eastern and Western Countries.

Research suggests that desired family involvement (FI) in medical decision making may depend on cultural values. Unfortunately, the field lacks cross-cultural studies that test this assumption. As a result, providers may be guided by incomplete information or cultural biases rather than patient preferences. Researchers developed 6 culturally relevant disease scenarios varying from low to high medical seriousness. Quota samples of approximately 290 middle-aged urban residents in Australia, China, Malaysia, India, South Korea, Thailand, and the USA completed an online survey that examined desired levels of FI and identified individual difference predictors in each country. All reliability coefficients were acceptable. Regression models met standard assumptions. The strongest finding across all 7 countries was that those who desired higher self-involvement (SI) in medical decision making also wanted lower FI. On the other hand, respondents who valued relational-interdependence tended to want their families involved - a key finding in 5 of 7 countries. In addition, in 4 of 7 countries, respondents who valued social hierarchy desired higher FI. Other antecedents were less consistent. These results suggest that it is important for health providers to avoid East-West cultural stereotypes. There are meaningful numbers of patients in all 7 countries who want to be individually involved and those individuals tend to prefer lower FI. On the other hand, more interdependent patients are likely to want families involved in many of the countries studied. Thus, individual differences within culture appear to be important in predicting whether a patient desires FI. For this reason, avoiding culture-based assumptions about desired FI during medical decision making is central to providing more effective patient centered care.

Independent directors and family firm performance: does one size fit all?

How will the presence of independent directors affect family business performance? This question is still theoretically debated and empirically inconclusive. Because family businesses are a group of heterogeneous companies with different levels of family involvement in the business, the purpose of this paper is to empirically explore how the combination of different family business governance structures jointly shape the effect of independent directors on family business performance in an understudied Collectivist cultural setting. Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) on a sample of 74 Lebanese family firms this study finds that, depending on the family firm governance structure, the presence of independent directors on the board can lead to either positive or negative firm performance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Organizational culture and family business: A configurational approach

This paper adopts a configurational approach to explore the degree of matching among typologies of organizational culture and categories of family firm. Based on a sample of 491 Spanish firms with diverse levels of family involvement and using the organizational cultural assessment instrument (OCAI), results show that family owned and managed firms and professionally managed family are characterized by a clan culture typology while market and hierarchy cultures are more relevant in non-family firms. Potential determinants and consequences of these matches are explained and discussed.

Management of swallowing and communication difficulties in Down syndrome: A survey of speech-language pathologists

Purpose: To explore speech pathology services for people with Down syndrome across the lifespan.Method: Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) working in Australia were invited to complete an online survey, which enquired about the speech pathology services they had provided to client/s with Down syndrome in the past 12 months. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics.Result: A total of 390 SLPs completed the survey; 62% reported seeing a client with Down syndrome in the past 12 months. Most commonly, SLPs provided assessment and individual intervention for communication with varying levels of family involvement. The areas of dysphagia and/or communication addressed by SLPs, or in need of more services differed according to the age of the person with Down syndrome. SLPs reported a number of reasons why services were restricted.Conclusion: There is a need to re-assess the way that SLPs currently provide services to people with Down syndrome. More research is needed to develop and evaluate treatment approaches that can be used to better address the needs of this population.

The influence of family involvement on tax aggressiveness of family firms

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to analyze the tax aggressiveness among family firms considering their different levels of family involvement. Based on the family influence on power, experience, and culture approach proposed by Astrachanet al.(2002), this study examines to what extent the heterogeneity among family firms generates distinctive (and unique resource) combinations of family involvement that explain different levels of tax aggressiveness.Design/methodology/approach– A sample of 282 small and medium-sized family enterprises and a structural equation modeling approach have been used to study simultaneously the effects of family influence through the power, experience, and culture dimensions of tax aggressiveness in family firms.Findings– The family influences the business’ tax aggressiveness in different ways. As such, the greater the family experience, by the incorporation of second and subsequent generations, the greater the tax aggressiveness; in contrast, greater family power in terms of firm ownership and management negatively affects tax aggressiveness. Additionally, greater alignment of the family and business culture does not exert a significant effect on tax behaviors of family firms.Practical implications– Tax aggressiveness is a complex activity that should be managed from a global point of view in family firms. Managers should compensate for the negative influence of family governance on tax aggressiveness with the positive effect of the family generations in order to obtain proper and balanced tax management that contributes to the sustainability of family firms.Originality/value– This study contributes to the understanding of tax behavior heterogeneities among family firms by going further than most research (usually based mainly on comparative ownership aspects between large, publicly quoted family and non-family firms), considering some other more representative factors of family small and medium-sized enterprises, where the influence of characteristics of family management, family generation, and family values can be the main determinants of the firm taxation policies.

Language outcomes for children with cochlear implants enrolled in different communication programs

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to (a) compare language outcomes in pediatric cochlear implant users enrolled in three different communication programs: sign and spoken language, auditory–oral, and auditory–verbal therapy, and (b) examine factors influencing language outcomes.MethodsPost-implant standard scores on language assessments of receptive vocabulary, auditory comprehension, and expressive communication were collected from files of 42 children with prelingual hearing loss who were implanted by 3;6 years of age. Early intervention history, device details, and demographic information were obtained for each child. Family involvement was evaluated using a rating scale.ResultsAfter adjusting for potential covariates, there were no significant differences in language outcomes across the three groups. Overall, there was a large degree of variability with some children achieving below average scores and others achieving above average scores. Age at diagnosis of hearing loss and family involvement were significantly associated with language outcomes.ConclusionRegardless of the type of communication approach received, children diagnosed with hearing loss at an early age and children with a high level of family involvement had better post-implant language scores than children diagnosed later and with lower levels of family involvement. These findings emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and highlight the contribution families make to the language outcomes of children with cochlear implants.

Family‐focused physical activity, diet and obesity interventions in African–American girls: a systematic review

SummaryObesity interventions that involve family members may be effective with racial/ethnic minority youth. This review assessed the nature and effectiveness of family involvement in obesity interventions among African–American girls aged 5–18 years, a population group with high rates of obesity. Twenty‐six databases were searched between January 2011 and March 2012, yielding 27 obesity pilot or full‐length prevention or treatment studies with some degree of family involvement and data specific to African–American girls. Interventions varied in type and level of family involvement, cultural adaptation, delivery format and behaviour change intervention strategies; most targeted parent–child dyads. Some similarities in approach based on family involvement were identified. The use of theoretical perspectives specific to African–American family dynamics was absent. Across all studies, effects on weight‐related behaviours were generally promising but often non‐significant. Similar conclusions were drawn for weight‐related outcomes among the full‐length randomized controlled trials. Many strategies appeared promising on face value, but available data did not permit inferences about whether or how best to involve family members in obesity prevention and treatment interventions with African–American girls. Study designs that directly compare different types and levels of family involvement and incorporate relevant theoretical elements may be an important next step.

Exploring Differences in Family Involvement and Depressive Symptoms across Latino Adolescent Groups

This study investigated the association between family involvement and depressive symptoms among a sample of 187 Dominican, Mexican, and Central American adolescents from the Longitudinal Immigrant Student Adaptation Study. The study used the transactional stress model as its theoretical foundation. Findings from a multiple regression model suggest that low levels of family involvement were significantly related to higher levels of depressive symptoms for Dominican youths but not for Mexican or Central American youths. Latina adolescents were significantly more likely to have higher rates of depressive symptoms than their male counterparts. Research and practice implications are discussed.

The Level of Family Involvement in the Nursing Care of Hospitalized Geriatric Patients in Two Teaching Hospitals in South Western Nigeria

The medical care of the elderly has not been given the necessary attention by the health care drive of the Nigerian government. To encourage government and her health facilities to focus on the care of the elderly, this paper evaluates the extent to which nursing care can be used to meet the needs of hospitalized geriatic patients and the extent to which family members are involved in this care. The Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife and the Wesley Guild Hospitals Ilesha were used as case studies. In all, 85 elderly patients in the adult wards were administered with questionnaires and interviewed to elicit the needed information. Data generated was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The paper observed that majority of the hospitalized elderly perceived the following as their nursing care needs: selfcare, mobility, elimination, care of pressure areas and measurement of vital signs. Levels of family involvement in their care was also observed to be statistically significant in following aspects, bathing [2 = 5.403, df= 1 p= 0.02], dressing [χ2 = 5.914, df= 1 p= 0.015], changing of position in bed [χ2 = 3.931, df= 1 p= 0.000] and movement on the ward [χ2 = 5.4903, df= 1 p= 0.015]. Arising from these findings, the paper concluded that the level of family involvement in the nursing care of their hospitalized elderly persons was relatively high and by implication these hospitalized elderly patients were receiving more of unskilled and non-professional nursing care, with the probably outcome of prolonged hospitalization and its adverse psychosocio-economic effects.

The Role of Quality Service Systems in Involving Families in Mental Health Treatment for Children with Severe Emotional Disturbances.

Family involvement in the planning and execution of mental health treatment has been shown to positively influence child outcomes; however, there is wide variability in the levels of involvement by families. The current study investigated the influence of child, family caregiver, service system, and community factors on the level of family involvement in the mental health treatment of children with severe emotional disturbances (SED). While prior work in this area has primarily focused on family and child characteristics, the current study adds to the knowledge base by also exploring factors associated with the quality of service delivery that may influence levels of family involvement. The current study is a secondary analysis of existing data from the Impact Study of Medicaid in Mississippi and Tennessee (Brannan & Heflinger, 2006) that used in-depth interviews with parents and case review ratings. One hundred thirty-six children and adolescents who received Medicaid coverage for mental health treatment in Mississippi and Tennessee were the focus of this study that assessed child and caregiver characteristics at the beginning of the study and rated service system factors six-month after the study began. Results of the multiple regression analysis revealed the quality of the service delivery system had the most influence on level of family involvement. Results suggest that levels of family involvement may have less to do with caregiver health, or other family characteristics, and more to do with the quality of the service delivery system.

Partnership Programs in U.S. Schools: Their Development and Relationship to Family Involvement Outcomes

This study examined data from over 300 U.S. schools on their efforts to develop high quality programs of school, family, and community partnerships. Analyses show that elementary schools, schools with greater support from parents, teachers, and the community; and schools that evaluated progress reported higher quality partnership programs over time. Higher quality programs were associated with wider implementation of parent-child interactive homework, higher levels of parent volunteering, and more parents on school decision-making committees. Results identify factors that could help schools develop quality partnership programs and suggest that these programs translate into higher levels of family involvement in students’ learning.

Interactive Homework in Middle School: Effects on Family Involvement and Science Achievement

The purpose of this intervention study was to examine the effects of weekly interactive science homework on family involvement in homework, student achievement, and homework attitudes. Sixth- and 8th-grade students (N = 253) participated in the 18-week study. Six classes of students completed TIPS (Teachers Involve Parents in Schoolwork) assignments with directions for family and parent involvement. Four classes completed noninteractive homework (no family involvement directions). Interactive students reported significantly higher levels of family involvement than did noninteractive students. Students in both groups who more regularly involved family members completed more assignments; TIPS students turned in more accurate assignments than did non-TIPS students. TIPS students also earned significantly higher science report card grades. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that TIPS interactive homework affects family involvement in homework, science attitudes, and student achievement in the middle grades.

Family involvement, problem and prosocial behavior outcomes of Latino youth.

To explore the relations between familial factors and behavioral outcomes in Latino adolescents using a youth development framework. A convenience sample of Latino youth (n = 446) completed an anonymous survey. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the associations between levels of family involvement and problem and prosocial behavior outcomes. Higher levels of parental monitoring and familial connectedness were consistently associated with less problem-behavior involvement. Sociocultural encouragement was consistently associated with more prosocial-behavior involvement. The family context is critical to the prevention of problem behaviors and the promotion of prosocial behaviors among Latino adolescents.

Using the Levels of Family Involvement Model with Religious Professionals

Serving as a religious professional is a complex task with a wide variety of demands and responsibilities. This variety contributes to a professional identity that requires the fulfillment of a number of roles. The Levels of Family Involvement (LFI) model (W. J. Doherty, 1995) offers a structure for helping clergy ascertain which roles may be most beneficial to a family in a given set of circumstances, as well as which roles are beyond their training and mission. The LFI is offered as a guideline for helping clergy select modes of intervention and identify areas for personal and professional development. Case examples are offered to illustrate the model.

The prediction of short-stay psychiatric inpatients

In a study of 252 consecutive, non-repeating psychiatric admissions at a community hospital, patients who were hospitalized for six days or less were identified. Using the Severity of Psychiatric Illness, these cases were predicted with both a sensitivity and specificity of about 75 %. Short-stay patients were more acutely suicidal, had greater substance abuse complications, tended to be resistant to the treatment program, and had lower levels of family involvement. Programming and policy implications of these findings are discussed.