Levels Of Essential Amino Acids Research Articles

Quantitative and qualitative feed restriction for broilers

The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of five feed restriction programs (FRP) on broiler performance and carcass yield. 425 Cobb 500® broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design with five FRPs and five replicates with 17 broilers. The FRPs were: Program 1 (P1): consumption ad libitum (AL) of control diet from 14 to 42 days; P2: quantitative restriction (QTR) of 10% of AL consumption from 14 to 28 days and AL consumption from 29 to 42 days; P3: AL consumption from 14 to 28 days and QTR from 29 to 42 days; P4: qualitative restriction (QLR) of 10% of the level of crude protein and essential amino acids from 14 to 28 days and AL consumption from 29 to 42 days; and P5: AL consumption from 14 to 28 days and QLR from 29 to 42 days. The broilers of the AL treatment gained more weight (p≤0.01), but had a similar FCR (P>0.05) compared to broilers submitted to QTR from 29 to 42 days. In addition, broilers fed QTR from 14 to 28 days presented a lower FI and a better FCR (p≤0.01) in relation to broilers fed QLR of 14 to 28 (P4) and 29 to 42 days (P5). The broilers fed QTR of 14 to 28 days diet presented a similar FCR as broilers fed AL. The 10% reduction in AL consumption of 14 to 28 d is a viable economical alternative to feed broilers up to 42 days of age.

Physiological and Molecular Characterization of the Differential Response of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) Cultivars Reveals Limiting Factors for Broccoli Tolerance to Drought Stress

Broccoli is a cruciferous crop rich in health-promoting metabolites. Due to several factors, including anthropogenic global warming, aridity is increasing in many cultivation areas. There is a great demand to characterize the drought response of broccoli and use this knowledge to develop new cultivars able to maintain yield under water constraints. The aim of this study is to characterize the drought response at the physiological and molecular level of different broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica Plenck) cultivars, previously characterized as drought-sensitive or drought-tolerant. This approach aims to identify different traits, which can constitute limiting factors for drought stress tolerance in broccoli. For this purpose, we have compared several physiological parameters and the complete profiles of amino acids, primary metabolites, hormones, and ions of drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive cultivars under stress and control conditions. We have found that drought-tolerant cultivars presented higher levels of methionine and abscisic acid and lower amounts of urea, quinic acid, and the gluconic acid lactone. Interestingly, we have also found that a drought treatment increases the levels of most essential amino acids in leaves and in florets. Our results have established physiological and molecular traits useful as distinctive markers to predict drought tolerance in broccoli or which could be reliably used for breeding new cultivars adapted to water scarcity. We have also found that a drought treatment increases the content of essential amino acids in broccoli.

Influence of Dietary Replacement of Fish Meal with Crayfish Shell Meal on the Skin Coloration, Muscle Texture, and Amino Acid Composition of Oujiang Color Common Carp Cyprinus carpio var. color

AbstractAn 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary replacement of fish meal with crayfish shell meal (red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii) on the skin coloration, muscle texture, and amino acid composition of Oujiang color common carp Cyprinus carpio var. color. One‐hundred‐eighty fish with average initial weight of 3.0 ± 0.5 g were fed with two isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (a control diet and a crayfish shell meal diet with 25% substitution of fish meal protein [CSM25]). At the termination of the feeding trial, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) values. Interestingly, one unexpected finding was the extent to which the highest value for total color difference (ΔE) was observed in caudal skin. The springiness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness of the muscle were not affected by the CSM25 diet in this study. Muscle hardness was decreased by dietary supplementation with crayfish shell meal, although this decrease was not significant. Notably, there were significant increases in the levels of threonine, leucine, and lysine in the CSM25 group. The current results indicate that crayfish shell meal can alter some essential amino acid levels in muscle. These findings might help others to better understand the influence of dietary replacement of fish meal with crayfish shell meal on skin coloration, muscle texture, and amino acid composition.

Enterocin Ent7420 and sage application as feed additives for broiler rabbits to improve meat carcass parameters and amino acid profile

The effect of enterocin (Ent)7420 and sage on rabbit meat carcass quality and amino acid (AA) conetnt was evaluated. Ninty-six Hyla male rabbits (35 days aged) were divided into experimental: E (Ent7420), S (sage), E + S (Ent7420 + sage) and control (C) groups. The additives were administrated in drinking water during 21 days. Time and time and treatment interaction effect were noted on carcass traits. The highest protein level was noted in rabbits LTL receiving Ent7420 in combination with sage. Essential (EAA) and non-essential amino acid (NEAA) levels increased in all experimental groups, with the highest EAAs in group E + S (E + S vs. E, S: P < 0.01; E + S, E, S vs. C: P < 0.001) and NEAAs in group E (E vs. S, E + S, C: P < 0.001). The dietary inclusion of Ent7420 alone and in combination with sage can improve the rabbit meat quality due to its higher protein, EAAs and NEAAs profile.

Nutraceutical Study on Maianthemum atropurpureum, a Wild Medicinal Food Plant in Northwest Yunnan, China.

Maianthemum atropurpureum (Franch) LaFrankie (Asparagaceae), called nibai in Tibetan or dongka in Drung or zhu-ye-cai in local Chinese, is a wild vegetable consumed by the Tibetan people and other ethnic groups in Northwest Yunnan, China. It is also a traditional medicinal plant used by different linguistic groups for antimicrobial purposes. However the nutritional and phytochemical compositions of this important medicinal food plant have not been well studied previously. In this study, the nutrient content for nibai was determined by the China National Standards (GB) methods, and the phytochemical analysis involved multiple chromatographic and spectral methods including LC-TOF-MS analysis. Dried nibai is a rich source of protein (ca. 24.6%), with 18 of the 21 common amino acids. The amino acid content of nibai can reach up to 17.9/100 g, with the essential amino acids as major contributors, corresponding to 42.3% of the total amino acids. Nibai contains rich mineral elements, dietary fiber, vitamins, β-carotene, carbohydrates, and lipids. The phytochemical content of nibai was examined by conventional isolation strategies, as well as HR-ESI-TOF-MS to detect and identify 16 compounds including nine steroid saponins and seven flavonoids. Among these compounds, uridine, adenosine, guanosine, and β-methyl-6-methyl-d-glucopyranoside were found from the genus Maianthemum for the first time. These results help to demonstrate that the local people’s practice of consuming Maianthemum atropurpureum is reasonable due to its high levels of vitamins, minerals, essential amino-acids, and phytochemicals. Nibai may be further developed in Tibet and surrounding regions, and beyond as a health food, nutraceutical, and/or dietary supplement product.

Autophagy and tumorigenesis.

Autophagy is a catabolic process that captures cellular waste and degrades them in the lysosome. The main functions of autophagy are quality control of cytosolic proteins and organelles, and intracellular recycling of nutrients in order to maintain cellular homeostasis. Autophagy is upregulated in many cancers to promote cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis. Both cell-autonomous autophagy (also known as tumor autophagy) and non-cell-autonomous autophagy (also known as host autophagy) support tumorigenesis through different mechanisms, including inhibition of p53 activation, sustaining redox homeostasis, maintenance of essential amino acids levels in order to support energy production and biosynthesis, and inhibition of antitumor immune responses. Therefore, autophagy may serve as a tumor-specific vulnerability and targeting autophagy could be a novel strategy in cancer treatment.

Effect of cage density on growth rate, carcass traits, muscle amino acid profile, and antioxidant biomarkers of commercial rabbits.

The objective of this work was to elucidate the impact of cage density on growth efficiency, carcass yield, and muscle amino acid profile of fattening rabbits. In total, 96 weaned rabbits were assigned into three cage densities: low cage density (LCD) = 1425 cm2/rabbit; medium cage density (MCD) = 850 cm2/rabbit; high cage density (HCD) = 625 cm2/rabbit. Compared with the HCD, the body gain and feed conversion ratio were better in the LCD and MCD groups (P = 0.003 and 0.004, respectively). The MCD and HCD groups had lower hot carcass weight (P = 0.012) and dressing percentage (P = 0.022) than the LCD group. Compared with the HCD group, the LCD and MCD groups exhibited greater serum GSH (P = 0.029) and SOD (P = 0.032), but significantly lower levels of serum cortisol and cholesterol (P = 0.001 and 0.026, respectively). Regarding the amino acid profile of longissimus dorsi and leg muscles, the LCD group had significantly higher levels of muscle lysine and threonine than the HCD and MCD groups (P˂0.05). The current study indicates that the MCD (850 cm2/rabbit) could maintain an acceptable growth performance, carcass traits, and welfare-related parameters. Furthermore, only the low cage density (1425 cm2/rabbit) may preserve the levels of essential (lysine, isoleucine, and threonine) and nonessential (histidine, proline, and glysein) amino acids in the longissimus dorsi and leg muscles of growing rabbits.

Comparison of the growth performance and nutritional qualities of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) with different stocking densities in rice-crab culture systems

This study investigated the comparison of the growth performance and nutritional qualities of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) with different stocking densities (D02: 0.2 inds/m2; D03: 0.3 inds/m2; D04: 0.4 inds/m2; D05: 0.5 inds/m2; D06: 0.6 inds/m2) in rice-crab culture systems. The result showed the D04 group crabs had higher gonadsomatic index (GSI), meat yield (MY), total edible yield (TEY), crude lipid levels of hepatopancreas and the crude protein levels of gonads than those of other groups crabs. The muscle and gonads of D04 group crabs had better essential amino acid (EAA) levels. The levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the hepatopancreas and gonads were significantly increased in the D04 group crabs compared with other groups crabs. The stocking density of D04 group has a more obvious promotion effect on the relative expression of molting and growth related genes compared with other groups. Taken together, it can generally be concluded that the male crabs raised by 0.4 inds/m2 have the highest nutritional quality even though they are not the largest crabs.

Interaction of CP levels in maternal and nursery diets, and its effect on performance, protein digestibility, and serum urea levels in piglets

Reduced protein levels in nursery diets have been associated with a lower risk of postweaning diarrhea, but the interaction with CP levels in maternal diet on the performance of the offspring remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of protein content in sow gestation and piglet nursery diets on the performance of the piglets until slaughter. This was studied in a 2 × 2 factorial trial (35 sows, 209 piglets), with higher or lower (H or L) dietary CP in sow diets (168 vs 122 g CP/kg) during late gestation. A standard lactation feed was provided for all sows (160 g CP/kg). For both sow treatments, half of the litters received a higher or lower CP in the piglet nursery diet (210 vs 166 g CP/kg). This resulted in four possible treatment combinations: HH, HL, LH and LL, with sow treatment as first and piglet treatment as second letter. For each phase, all diets were iso-energetic and had a similar level of essential amino acids. Ps*p is the p-value for the interaction effect between sow and piglet treatment. In the nursery phase (3.5–9 weeks of age), a tendency toward interaction between piglet and sow treatments with feed efficiency (Ps*p = 0.08) was observed with HH having the highest gain:feed ratio (G:F) (0.74 ± 0.01), LH the lowest (0.70 ± 0.01) and the other two groups intermediate. In the growing-finishing phase, an interaction was observed between the piglet and sow diets with decreased G:F for LH (Ps*p = 0.04) and a tendency toward interaction with increased daily feed intake for LH (Ps*p = 0.07). The sow diet showed a tendency toward a long-lasting effect on the dressing percentage and meat thickness of the offspring, which was higher for the progeny of H sows (Ps < 0.01 and Ps = 0.02, respectively). At 23 weeks, serum urea concentrations tended to be lower for the HH and LL groups (Ps*p = 0.07). Fecal consistency scores were higher at day 10–day 14 after weaning for piglets from L sows (Ps = 0.03 and Ps < 0.01, respectively). At day 7 after weaning, fecal consistency score was higher for piglets fed the higher protein diet (Pp < 0.01). At 8 weeks of age, the apparent total tract digestibility of CP (ATTDCP) interacted between piglet and sow diet (Ps*p = 0.02), with HH showing the highest digestibility values. In conclusion, the protein levels in sow late-gestation and piglet nursery diets interacted with feed efficiency, ATTDCP and serum urea concentrations in the nursery phase.

Plant Proteins and Exercise: What Role Can Plant Proteins Have in Promoting Adaptations to Exercise?

Adequate dietary protein is important for many aspects of health with current evidence suggesting that exercising individuals need greater amounts of protein. When assessing protein quality, animal sources of protein routinely rank amongst the highest in quality, largely due to the higher levels of essential amino acids they possess in addition to exhibiting more favorable levels of digestibility and absorption patterns of the amino acids. In recent years, the inclusion of plant protein sources in the diet has grown and evidence continues to accumulate on the comparison of various plant protein sources and animal protein sources in their ability to stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS), heighten exercise training adaptations, and facilitate recovery from exercise. Without question, the most robust changes in MPS come from efficacious doses of a whey protein isolate, but several studies have highlighted the successful ability of different plant sources to significantly elevate resting rates of MPS. In terms of facilitating prolonged adaptations to exercise training, multiple studies have indicated that a dose of plant protein that offers enough essential amino acids, especially leucine, consumed over 8–12 weeks can stimulate similar adaptations as seen with animal protein sources. More research is needed to see if longer supplementation periods maintain equivalence between the protein sources. Several practices exist whereby the anabolic potential of a plant protein source can be improved and generally, more research is needed to best understand which practice (if any) offers notable advantages. In conclusion, as one considers the favorable health implications of increasing plant intake as well as environmental sustainability, the interest in consuming more plant proteins will continue to be present. The evidence base for plant proteins in exercising individuals has seen impressive growth with many of these findings now indicating that consumption of a plant protein source in an efficacious dose (typically larger than an animal protein) can instigate similar and favorable changes in amino acid update, MPS rates, and exercise training adaptations such as strength and body composition as well as recovery.

Economic and Nutritional Values of Walnut: The Main Reason for Development of Walnut in Uzbekistan

This work systematically addresses the chemical composition, use, production and consumption of walnuts. The protein amino acid composition, fatty acid composition and vitamin contents of walnut kernel was analyzed. It was shown that walnut oils may be used to treat inflammatory processes and ulcers of the stomach and intestines and its therapeutic effect is associated with the presence of linoleic acid. The kernel cake remaining after the extraction of the oil contains a great deal of protein with high levels of essential amino acids. A delicious, useful and nutritious halva can be prepared from kernel cake. The kernel can also be used in the confectionery industry for the production of fillings for sweets, cakes, and chocolate. The review also describes the dynamics of walnut production, in the USA, Ukraine, Turkey, Iran, China, India, Brazil, Chile and the countries of the European Union as the largest producers. It also discusses that in Uzbekistan, walnuts were historically collected on farm plots as natural walnut forests, small plantations and household plots, but now there is an increased interest in improving walnut crops using the achievements of science and technology, as well as agrotechnical methods of cultivation. Using the work of scientists at the Uzbek Research Institute of Horticulture, Viticulture and Wine making the volume of production of this valuable product will increase in near future.

Application of enriched Cyclops abyssorum divergens with mixed algal diet compared to Artemia franciscana for improving larval growth and body composition of Dicentrarchus labrax

Larval rearing techniques with suitable nursery feed should be prioritized for better survival and growth. We evaluate the potential use of Cyclops abyssorum divergens as a natural live food candidate instead of the costly traditional Artemia franciscana in the feeding strategy for Dicentrarchus labrax larvae. C. abyssorum divergens and A. franciscana were enriched with mixed valuable algae strains (Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis chuii, Chlorella marina and Nannochloropsis oculata) that were used in equal biomass proportions (1:1:1:1) on dry weight basis. Amino acids and fatty acid profiles were found to be highly significantly different in enriched C. abyssorum divergens (EC) compared to enriched A. franciscana (EA). The findings also revealed compensated deficiency in some amino acids such as histidine, isoleucine, and methionine in EC and also increased levels of total essential amino acids (EAA) in EC by 8.2 % more than that of EA. Further metabolizing of palmitic acid (C16:0) and bio-conversion of α- linolenic acid, ALA (C18:3 n-3) to high accumulation of DHA fatty acid lead to higher PUFAs contents in EC and lower levels in EA. Specific growth rates (SGR) and survival percentages (S %) of D. labrax were higher in larvae fed with EC compared to the lower values in EA. Moreover, analyzing final carcass composition revealed increased levels of DHA fatty acid attaining DHA/EPA ratio in fish-fed EC of 2.95 % (>1) compared to 0.90 % (<1) in larvae-fed EA. The elevated levels of the amino acids in the larvae-fed EC were a yardstick to the surged growth and survival rate of the examined species. The present study concluded that C. abyssorum divergens is the best promising candidate for Sea bass larvae-culture.

Plasma Amino Acids and Risk of Impaired Lower-Extremity Function and Role of Dietary Intake: A Nested Case-Control Study in Older Adults

Introduction: Amino acids are key elements in the regulation of the aging process which entails a progressive loss of muscle mass. The health effects of plasma amino acids can be influenced by dietary intake. This study assessed the prospective association between amino acid species and impaired lower-extremity function (ILEF) in older adults, exploring the role of diet on this association. Methods: This is a case-control design comprising 43 incident cases of ILEF and 85 age- and sex-matched controls. Plasma concentrations of 20 amino acid species were measured at baseline using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and incident cases of ILEF were measured after 2 years by means of the Short Physical Performance Battery. Conditional logistic regression models were used to assess longitudinal relationships. Results: After adjusting for potential confounders, higher levels of tryptophan were associated with a decreased 2-year risk of ILEF (OR per 1-SD increase = 0.64, 95% CI = [0.42, 0.97]), while glutamine and total essential amino acids were linked to higher ILEF risk (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = [1.01, 2.45]; OR = 1.89, 95% CI = [1.18, 3.03], respectively). Those with a lower adherence to a Mediterranean diet, a higher BMI, a higher consumption of red meat, and a lower consumption of nuts and legumes had an increased risk of ILEF associated with higher levels of essential amino acids. Discussion/Conclusion: Some amino acid species could serve as risk markers for physical function decline in older adults, and healthy diet might attenuate the excess risk of ILEF linked to essential amino acids.

Postprandial rise of essential amino acids is impaired during critical illness and unrelated to small‐intestinal function

BackgroundPostprandial rise of plasma essential amino acids (EAAs) determines the anabolic effect of dietary protein. Disturbed gastrointestinal function could impair the anabolic response in critically ill patients. Aim was to investigate the postprandial EAA response in critically ill patients and its relation to small‐intestinal function.MethodsTwenty‐one mechanically ventilated patients and 9 healthy controls received a bolus containing 100 ml of a formula feed (Ensure) and 2 g of 3‐O‐Methyl‐d‐glucose (3‐OMG) via postpyloric feeding tube. Fasting and postprandial plasma concentrations of EAAs, 3‐OMG, total bile salts, and the gut‐released hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) were measured over a 4‐hour period. Changes over time and between groups were assessed with linear mixed‐effects analysis. Early (0–60 minutes) and total postprandial responses are summarized as the incremental area under the curve (iAUC).ResultsAt baseline, fasting EAA levels were similar in both groups: 1181 (1055–1276) vs 1150 (1065–1334) μmol·L−1, P = .87. The early postprandial rise in EAA was not apparent in critically ill patients compared with healthy controls (iAUC60, −4858 [−6859 to 2886] vs 5406 [3099–16,853] µmol·L−1·60 minutes; P = .039). Impaired EAA response did not correlate with impaired 3‐OMG response (Spearman ρ 0.32, P = .09). There was a limited increase in total bile salts but no relevant FGF19 response in either group.ConclusionPostprandial rise of EAA is blunted in critically ill patients and unrelated to glucose absorption measured with 3‐OMG. Future studies should aim to delineate governing mechanisms of macronutrient malabsorption.

A full factorial design to investigate interactions of variable essential amino acids, trace minerals and vitamins on Atlantic salmon smoltification and post transfer performance

To contribute in knowledge for the development of safe, efficient and sustainable functional salmon diets, we ran a feeding trial applying a 23 full factorial design to investigate combined effects, on Atlantic salmon smoltification and post transfer performance, of variable supplementation levels of essential amino acid (Lys, Met, Thr and Arg), essential trace mineral (Zn, Fe and Se) and vitamins (E, C and astaxanthin as provitamin A) premixes in low fishmeal diets, using crystalline amino acids, organic trace minerals and synthetic vitamins, respectively. The nutrient levels used in our study were chosen to meet the known requirements of fish reflecting the variation in commercial feeds. Fish performance, nutrient digestibility, skin, and intestinal health were evaluated in Atlantic salmon parr-smolt, the latter by means of qPCR, global transcriptomics, and immunohistochemistry. The results revealed the potential for significant improvement of salmon post smoltification growth by simultaneous dietary level increase of Met, Lys, Thr and Arg (5% higher body weight increase). Significantly negative effect on fish post transfer growth and survival (22.5 % lower body weight growth and 2.6 times higher mortality) was observed in the high dietary vitamin supplementation treatments which was not present in the simultaneous high trace mineral and vitamin supplementation treatments (8% higher body weight increase and 2.8 times lower mortality in the high trace mineral supplementation treatments). In the high trace mineral supplemented dietary treatments was also observed improved FCR (8.5 %) and a further improvement in performance was seen in the treatments with simultaneous high essential amino acid and trace mineral supplementation levels (12.6 % higher body growth increase). Redox-sensitive gene and extracellular matrix components’ gene transcription effects and compensatory mechanisms on protein and energy metabolism, immune modulation, skin repair systems and erythropoiesis were observed by transcriptomic and histological analyses in response to the variable dietary essential nutrient levels.

Comparative evaluation of nutritional value and flavor quality of muscle in triploid and diploid common carp: Application of genetic improvement in fish quality

Hybridization can combine the advantages of different strains to produce new varieties, which may also improve the quality of fish. Triploid common carp (3n = 150) were derived from the female diploid common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) (2n = 100) crossing with the male allotetraploid (4n = 200). Nutritional value and flavor quality were investigated in triploid and diploid common carps fed with the same diet for 13 weeks. Results indicated that the triploid common carp exhibited significantly higher levels of crude protein, essential and total amino acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3), total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and the ratio of n-3 to n-6 PUFAs in muscle than the diploid common carps (P < 0.05). Additionally, the concentration of sour and bitter amino acid in the muscle of triploid common carp significantly decreased than that in diploid (P < 0.05). Triploid common carp had significantly higher concentration of salt amino acid (P < 0.05) and kept unchanged the content of sweet and umami amino acid than diploid (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the characteristic volatile compounds which including styrene, ethylbenzene, butylated hydroxytoluene, 1-octen-3-ol and (Z)-β-ocimene were screened in the muscle of diploid and triploid common carps, of which styrene and 1-octen-3-ol were the odor-active compounds. Triploid common carp had significantly higher concentration of styrene and 1-octen-3-ol than diploid (P < 0.05), of which 1-octen-3-ol was the highest odor-active compound in triploid. These findings demonstrated that the triploid common carp had improved nutritional and flavor quality, which provided a novel insight for the application of hybridization in fish quality improvement.

Incubation qualities of eggs and the level of protein ingredients in the blood of embryos and goslings by optimizing the level of tryptophan in the diet of geese of the parent flock

The results of studies on the effect of synthetic tryptophan supplements to goose feed during the reproductive period on the incubation qualities of eggs, the level of total protein, albumin and α-, β- and γ-globulins in the blood of embryos and newborn goslings are presented. The study was conducted on four groups of geese-analogues of the Obroshyn gray breed group during the 3-month period (January ‒ March). The control group did not receive synthetic tryptophan supplements. The level of this amino acid in this group of geese in accordance with current regulations in Ukraine was 0.16 g per 100 g of feed. To the diet of birds 2, 3 and 4 experimental groups were additionally administered, respectively, 0.04; 0.09 and 0.14 g of synthetic tryptophan per 100 g of feed. As a result of research it was found that increasing the level of tryptophan from 0.16 g to 0.30 g per 100 g of feed due to its synthetic analogue in the diet of geese during egg-laying significantly improves the incubation quality of eggs and has a positive effect on protein levels. daily embryos and 5-day-old goslings. It is shown that the most pronounced effect on improving the quality of hatching eggs and optimizing the effect on the level of protein in the blood of embryos and goslings reveals the content of tryptophan in feed during intensive laying of geese in the amount of 0.25 g per 100 g of feed. Studies have shown that the quality of hatching eggs and the content of total protein, albumin and α-, β- and γ-globulins in the blood of embryos and newborn goslings has a pronounced positive effect on the level of tryptophan in the diet of geese during intensive laying. In particular, increasing the amount of this essential amino acid in goose feed during the reproductive period from 0.16 to 0.30 g due to its synthetic analogue improves such incubation qualities of eggs as: egg-laying, weight, length, width, egg shape index, strength and thickness eggshells, and increases in the serum of 25-day-old embryos and 5-day-old goslings contents of total protein, albumin and α-, β- and γ-globulins (P &lt; 0.05). It is shown that the most pronounced positive effect on the optimization of protein ingredients in the serum of both embryos and goslings was found for the content of tryptophan in the feed of geese of the parent flock in the amount of 0.25 g per 100 g of feed. The results show that increasing the level of such essential amino acids as tryptophan in goose feed during intensive egg-laying from 0.16 to 0.25 g per 100 g of feed activates the synthesis of egg components in the ovary of birds, improves their quality and has a stimulating effect on the biosynthesis in hepatocytes of embryos and newborn goslings of total protein, its albumin, α-, β-globulin fractions and immune γ-globulins.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) protein as a prospective plant‐based ingredient: a review

SummaryChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most grown and consumed pulses and it is traditionally commercialised as seeds, flour or canned foods. In the frame of alternative protein sources, chickpea emerged as a rich source of dietary proteins (17–22%) that can be dry‐ or wet‐extracted. The application of chickpea proteins as food ingredients is still in the early stages, where their properties and how they interact within food matrices are scarcely studied. Therefore, this review provides recent advances in processing, characteristics and applications of chickpea proteins. Nutritionally, these proteins have various biological activities, adequate levels of essential amino acids and protein digestibility. Technologically, their bland flavour, neutral taste and light colour make them suitable ingredients for new products development including noodles, breads, cookies and sausages. Chickpea proteins and particularly hydrolysates are a promising alternative to be used more broadly as functional ingredients.

Evaluation of the optimum dietary essential amino acid pattern for adult pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)

The optimum levels of essential amino acids (EAAs) are required to be maintained in fish feed for obtaining normal body protein synthesis and muscle growth. This study aimed to determine the optimum dietary EAA pattern for adult pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) by the amino acid (AA) deletion method. A total of 165 adult fish of 1109.83 ± 14.26 g (initial body weight ± standard deviation) were equally distributed among 11 treatments in a recirculation aquaculture system. Each of the 11 treatments consisted of three randomly arranged replicates (tanks) and 5 fish were stocked per tank. During the 60-day experimental period, fish were fed with 11 diets including a control diet (CD) and 10 EAA limiting diets (LDs) two times daily until apparent satiation. The body nitrogen (N) retention and weight gain in fish fed with EAA LDs was lower (P < 0.05) than the CD. The feed efficiency in fish fed with CD was similar (P > 0.05) to most EAA LDs, except arginine and histidine LDs. The specific growth rate in fish fed with tryptophan, arginine and histidine LDs was different (P < 0.05) as compared to the CD. Based on the present N retention data obtained through the AA deletion method, the optimum pattern of dietary EAAs estimated in relation to lysine requirement (100%) was as follows: arginine 72.16%; phenylalanine 40.83%; histidine 30.15%; isoleucine 53.01%; leucine 81.71%; methionine 24.97%; threonine 58.20%; tryptophan 9.13% and valine 54.69%.

Do Growing Rabbits with a High Growth Rate Require Diets with High Levels of Essential Amino Acids? A Choice-Feeding Trial.

Simple SummaryTwo diets were designed to investigate the effect of the growth rate on amino acid requirements in growing rabbits: M diet (with medium levels of amino acids, following current nutritional recommendations for growing rabbits) and H diet (with high levels of lysine, sulphur amino acids and threonine compared with current nutritional recommendations). Performance, nutrient retention and digestibility (faecal and ileal) trials, as well as a choice-feeding test were conducted. We found no differences in animal performance, nutrient retention and digestibility parameters between diets, but the animals showed a preference for the M diet, expressed by a high intra-individual repeatability in preference. Our results provide useful information and nutrition tools to move towards precision protein nutrition in growing rabbits.As a consequence of the genetic selection process in growing rabbits, there are currently fast-growing animals exhibiting an average daily gain that may exceed 45 g/d. The protein requirements of these animals, namely amino acid requirements, may differ from animals with low growth rates. The objective of this work was to evaluate growth performance, the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD), the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids and nutrient retention of fast-growing rabbits when they had access to a diet with high levels of amino acids and/or a diet formulated with current nutritional recommendations in a choice-feeding trial. To this end, two diets were formulated: the M diet following current nutritional recommendations for growing rabbits (including 8.1, 5.8 and 6.9 g/kg dry matter (DM) of total lysine, sulphur amino acids and threonine, respectively) and the H diet with higher levels of total lysine, sulphur amino acids and threonine (9.4, 6.6 and 7.8 g/kg DM, respectively). A total of 220 weaned rabbits, from a paternal line selected for the growth rate, had free access to the M diet, the H diet or both (MH) diets from 28 to 63 days of age. The CTTAD of DM, crude protein and gross energy from 49 to 53 days of age as well as the AID of amino acids of the diets at 63 days of age were determined. Protein, amino acids and energy retained in the empty body from 28 to 63 days of age were also registered. No significant differences in growth performance, CTTAD, AID and nutrient retention between dietary treatments were observed. However, animals fed the H diet showed a higher AID of cysteine (p < 0.05) and higher threonine retention (p < 0.05) compared to the M diet. As regards the choice-feeding trial, MH animals showed a higher feed intake of the M diet compared to the H diet (+8.61%; p < 0.001), and furthermore, more than 50% of the animals preferred the M diet throughout the experimental period (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that animals with high growth rates do not show significantly higher productive traits when fed the H diet compared to the M diet. As regards choice feeding, MH animals were capable of choosing their preferred diet, showing high intra-individual repeatability in preference for the M diet. It would be interesting to continue studying this behaviour of choice based on amino acid levels.