Level Of Compensation Research Articles

The Design & Implementation of a Self-adaptive Hybrid Electric Skateboard

This paper proposes a novel electric skateboard control architecture to hybridize the skater's manual operation and electric motor drive. The proposed scheme does not need a handheld remote controller for steering; hence provides better man-machine coordination and enhances the safety of new skaters. For this purpose, a torque-speed control algorithm is designed to compensate for the manual acceleration force and rolling resistance by sensing the motor's speed, acceleration, and torque outputs. The compensation level is configurable according to the skater's comfortableness. The proposed electric control solution also enhances the battery mileage per charging and can be applied to various electric skateboards since it does not require a dedicated weight/pressure sensor to detect if the skater is on or off the board. The control scheme is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and experimentally verified by a controller based on C2000 DSP that supports sensorless brushless DC(BLDC) motor drive.

Developmental plasticity in thermal tolerance: Ontogenetic variation, persistence, and future directions.

Understanding the factors affecting thermal tolerance is crucial for predicting the impact climate change will have on ectotherms. However, the role developmental plasticity plays in allowing populations to cope with thermal extremes is poorly understood. Here, we meta-analyse how thermal tolerance is initially and persistently impacted by early (embryonic and juvenile) thermal environments by using data from 150 experimental studies on 138 ectothermic species. Thermal tolerance only increased by 0.13°C per 1°C change in developmental temperature and substantial variation in plasticity (~36%) was the result of shared evolutionary history and species ecology. Aquatic ectotherms were more than three times as plastic as terrestrial ectotherms. Notably, embryos expressed weaker but more heterogenous plasticity than older life stages, with numerous responses appearing as non-adaptive. While developmental temperatures did not have persistent effects on thermal tolerance overall, persistent effects were vastly under-studied, and their direction and magnitude varied with ontogeny. Embryonic stages may represent a critical window of vulnerability to changing environments and we urge researchers to consider early life stages when assessing the climate vulnerability of ectotherms. Overall, our synthesis suggests that developmental changes in thermal tolerance rarely reach levels of perfect compensation and may provide limited benefit in changing environments.

Pengaruh Kompensasi dan Kepuasan Kerja terhadap Turnover Intetion pada PT. Wahyu Nusantara Indah Putra Surabaya

The problem in this study is still the main priority related to turnover intention. This study aims to determine the effect of compensation and job satisfaction on turnover intention at PT. Wahyu Nusantara Indah Putra Surabaya. The data used is primary data, namely data collected through questionnaires distributed to 47 employees of PT. Wahyu Nusantara Indah Putra Surabaya. The sample used in this study were 47 employees of PT. Wahyu Nusantara Indah Putra Surabaya. This study uses an analytical technique in the form of a Partial Least Square (PLS) model which is a technique to construct a model that can be assumed when there are several factors. The measuring instrument used in this study is the Likert scale. The sampling technique used was saturated sampling technique. Based on the results of research conducted, it shows that the lower the level of compensation received by employees, the higher the turnover intention rate and the lower the level of job satisfaction, the higher the turnover intention.
 Keywords : Compensation; Job Satisfaction; Turnover Intention

Classification of Equity Instruments under IFRS 9: Determinants and Consequences

AbstractOne of the main differences between International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 9 Financial Instruments and International Accounting Standard (IAS) 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement is the classification and measurement of equity instruments that are financial assets. Under IFRS 9, a firm must measure acquired equity instruments at fair value through profit or loss (FVPL) unless the firm irrevocably chooses at initial recognition to measure those assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI). In this case, a firm must recognise all changes in FVOCI without the possibility of reclassifying these amounts into profit or loss. In this context, this study has two main objectives. First, it examines the frequency of firms that elect to classify equity instruments as FVOCI in the first year of IFRS 9 adoption and identifies the determinants of the decision to classify equity instruments as available for sale (AFS) (under IAS 39) or as financial assets at FVOCI (under IFRS 9). Second, it considers whether this choice has any influence on the value relevance of financial information. The results of a sample based on firms in the FTSE 100 and EURO STOXX 50 show that risk is the main determinant of the reclassification from AFS to FVOCI in the first year of IFRS 9 adoption, while the level of variable compensation for CEOs (for AFS) and the level of fair value hierarchy (for AFS and FVOCI) are the main determinants for the classification of equity instruments. Regarding the consequences of this change, the findings indicate that the prohibition of recycling for the FVOCI option under IFRS 9 leads investors to pay more attention to the changes in fair value as recognised in OCI.

Effects of environmental regulation on rural livelihood diversification: Evidence from pastoral China

Previous studies on rural livelihood diversification primarily focused on its determinants and the role of cash transfers. However, little attention has been paid to the effects of environmental regulation schemes on rural livelihood diversification. This study ascertains the impact of China's Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy (GECP) on the income-generating activities and livelihood diversification of its rural recipients. We use a unique national representative survey of 722 herder households in pastoral China. A seemingly unrelated Tobit model is estimated to simultaneously account for the censored nature of the livelihood diversification of recipients and the correlation of error terms of the different livelihood activities. A latent class cluster analysis is performed to split samples into four clusters according to the characteristics of their livelihood strategies. We find a U-shaped relationship between livelihood diversification and GECP subsidies, such that the livelihood diversification index (excluding cash transfers) decreases or increases when the GECP subsidy is below or above 89,500 yuan, respectively. The present compensation levels are far below the turning point, implying that the scheme fails to achieve its objective of diversifying herders' livelihoods into off-farm sectors. Further, the herders' livelihood diversification index increased when cash transfers were included but decreased when they were excluded, reflecting the vulnerability of herders' livelihoods and their strong reliance on the compensation. Finally, the sub-group analysis reveals that cash transfers only influence the livelihood diversification of full-time, but not part-time, pastoralist households.

Level of Satisfaction, Motivation, Teacher Profession and Providing Financial Compensation in Improving Teacher Performance (Survey Conducted on Private High School Teachers in Tangerang City, Banten Province)

in this study aims to determine how big the relationship between satisfaction, motivation, the teaching profession and the provision of financial compensation partially or simultaneously on performance. The method of data collection is by distributing questionnaires to private school teachers in Tangerang City directly. The t-test shows that the magnitude of the Satisfaction Variable (X1) has a positive and significant effect (t-count Satisfaction 1.977. > ttable 1.65 and .0049 <0.05 on Performance, Motivation Variable (X2) has a positive and significant effect (t value of motivation 3519 > t table 1.65 and 0.0001 <0.05 on performance, the variable of the teaching profession (X3) has a positive and significant effect (the t-count value of the teaching profession is 3.664. > t-count) tables 1.65 and .0000 <0.05 the financial compensation performance variable (X4) has a positive and significant effect (t value 9.748 > t table 1.65 and 0.00000 <0.05 on performance and for the F test results, the results for the calculated F value are 94,925 with a significance value of 0.000 so that the calculated F value > F table or 94.925 > 3.87 or the significance level (sig) 0.000 <0.05, it can be concluded that there is a simultaneous influence between ionic satisfaction, motivation, the teaching profession and the competence of providing financial satisfaction on performance and the value of R2 y

Herdsmen's willingness to accept compensation for grazing ban compliance: Empirical evidence from pastoral China

Payment for ecosystem services (PES) has gained popularity in balancing environmental degradation and economic development. However, many of its key features, particularly price differentiation, are often not considered during design and implementation. Taking China's grassland ecological compensation policy as an example, we empirically examine herders' willingness to accept (WTA) compensation for grazing ban compliance, based on a survey dataset of 352 herder households in the pastoral areas of the Gansu and Qinghai provinces in China. A double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation design was adopted, with interval regression and bivariate probit models adjusted for potential bid anchoring utilized to obtain reliable WTA estimates. The results show that the mean WTA ranges between CNY 193 and CNY 274 per mu, which is significantly higher than the present universal compensation level. Herdsmen's WTA is significantly and positively associated with household size and having migrant worker family members, while it is negatively influenced by age, environmental perception , household income, and sandy soil. We suggest that the basic institution of China's grassland ecological compensation policy (GECP) should be reformed to allow price differentiation, bottom-up participation, and performance-dependent payments. • We examine herdsmen's willingness to accept (WTA) for grazing ban compliance. • A double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation design is adopted. • Estimated WTA is substantially larger than the current compensation level. • WTA decreases with herdsmen's environmental perception. • Price differentiation and bottom-up participation should be allowed.

OPTIMIZATION OF CHARGE / DISCHARGE TIME OF ACTIVE FILTER CAPACITORS DURING VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS

A voltage regulator on capacitors has been developed for the control circuit of a parallel active filter based on dq-theory with a block of sliding averaging current in the current control circuit i_d. It contains a delay unit, a digital low-pass filter of the first order FIR or IIR (depending on the variant of the considered scheme) and the unit “sgn”, which stabilizes the output signal. The voltage control circuit on the capacitor can be implemented entirely in digital signal processing and used instead of the analog PID controller, which is much more effective if you need to adapt the circuit to the load mode. Most analog filters suffer from phase distortion when signals at different frequencies are delayed by different amounts. Although it is still present in digital IIR filters. FIR filters are usually designed as a “linear phase”, which means that the filter has no phase distortion. Phase distortions occur due to the fact that signals of different frequencies are delayed differently when crossing the filter. For IIR filters, it is necessary to enter an additional factor that will regulate the group delay, during which the filter will delay the signal of a certain frequency. If you do the same for the FIR filter, you will see a straight horizontal line, which means that all signals are delayed by the same amount, which is good and will provide better signal quality. The unit “sgn” does not affect the process of maintaining the voltage on the capacitors and the speed of transients, its role is to enhance the compensatory capacity of the voltage regulator by filtering the digital signal. The selected filter, by automatically stabilizing the voltage on the capacitor provides a stable charge / discharge process of the capacitor and a high level of compensation of higher harmonics without significant additional generation of active power in the network. When used in the context of real-time analog systems, the digital filter sometimes has a problematic delay (input-output time difference) due to analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion and smoothing. It is shown that by optimizing the charge / discharge time of the capacitor of the power active filter it is possible to achieve the minimum duration of the transient process with the minimum values of harmonic distortions.

Compensation Benchmarking, Compensation Convergence, and Executive Mobility: An Empirical Analysis

Compensation benchmarking has become a common practice for determining executive compensation in companies. The key motive for compensation benchmarking is to identify an appropriate way of compensating executives, with the primary goal of human capital retention. In this study, we argue that compensation benchmarking leads to convergence in executive compensation by directing attention and informational cues following two mechanisms: a) direct peer influence through the selection of compensation peers, and b) indirect peer influence through exposure to the same compensation peers. Using an extensive panel of executive compensation data of publicly traded U.S. companies we show that compensation benchmarking leads to convergence in executive compensation levels and mix and in turn reduces the likelihood of executive mobility to peer companies. We discuss theoretical and practical implications.

THE IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION, COMPETENCE, WORK ENVIRONMENT, WORK DISCIPLINE, AND COMPENSATION IN IMPROVING EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE

The State Civil Apparatus (ASN) is a professional group for employees who work in central government agencies and local governments. ASN performance assessment is conducted to ensure the objectivity of ASN coaching based on the achievement system and career system. The purpose of this study is to find out the influence of the level of education; competence; work environment; discipline of work; and compensation for the performance of the ASN of the Purbalingga Regency Regional Secretariat. Research methods use quantitative methods. Data retrieval techniques using surveys. The instrument used is a questionnaire. The results showed that the level of education, competence, work environment, compensation and work discipline had a positive effect on employee performance. The higher the level of education, the better the competence, the better the conditions of the work environment, and the better the compensation received and the better the employee's work discipline causes the better their performance

Efficiency improvement of a three-coil WPT system with rectified load based on a selected compensation capacitor

ABSTRACT In the existing pieces of literature about the three-coil wireless power transfer (WPT) system, a three-coil structure is proposed to increase the efficiency compared to the two-coil WPT system. The cross-coupling among three coils, compensation capacitor of the repeating coil (RPC) and the rectified load are considered incompletely. The circuit model of a three-coil WPT system with rectified load is developed by taking the cross-coupling of all coils and the compensation capacitor of RPC into consideration in this paper. The relationship among system efficiency, compensation level, and rectifier load is deduced. The detailed mathematical analysis and compensation capacitor selection of RPC are investigated to improve the system efficiency. An experimental study demonstrates that the selected compensation capacitor of RPC achieves a higher efficiency than resonant compensation in a three-coil WPT system with different cross-coupling conditions and rectifier load conditions. System efficiency is promoted from 73.9% (resonant compensation capacitor for RPC) to 84.2% (selected compensation capacitor for RPC).

Physiological responses and adjustments of corals to strong seasonal temperature variations (20-28°C).

Temperature is a key driver of metabolic rates. So far, we know little about potential physiological adjustments of subtropical corals to seasonal temperature changes (>8°C) that substantially exceed temperature fluctuation experienced by their counterparts in the tropics. This study investigated the effect of temperature reductions on Montastraea cavernosa and Porites astreoides in Bermuda (32°N; sea surface temperature ∼19-29°C) over 5 weeks, applying the following treatments: (i) constant control temperature at 28°C, and (ii) temperature reduction (0.5°Cday-1) followed by constant temperature (20 days; acclimatization period) at 24°C and (iii) at 20°C. Both species decreased photosynthesis and respiration during temperature reduction as expected, which continued to decrease during the acclimatization period, indicating adjustment to a low energy turnover rather than thermal compensation. Trajectories of physiological adjustments and level of thermal compensation, however, differed between species. Montastraea cavernosa zooxanthellae metrics showed a strong initial response to temperature reduction, followed by a return to close to control values during the acclimatization period, reflecting a high physiological flexibility and low thermal compensation. Porites astreoides zooxanthellae, in contrast, showed no initial response, but an increase in pigment concentration per zooxanthellae and similar photosynthesis rates at 24°C and 20°C at the end of the experiment, indicating low acute thermal sensitivity and the ability for thermal compensation at the lowest temperature. Respiration decreased more strongly than photosynthesis, leading to significant build-up of biomass in both species (energy reserves). Results are important in the light of potential poleward migration of corals and of potential latitudinal and species-specific differences in coral thermal tolerance.

Association between Cerebrovascular Risk Factors and Collateral Compensation in Chronic Symptomatic Intracranial Vertebrobasilar Stenosis

Introduction: The level of collateral compensation plays a pivotal role in chronic symptomatic intracranial vertebrobasilar stenosis (IVBS). This study aimed to evaluate the association between cerebrovascular risk factors and collateral compensation in chronic symptomatic IVBS. Methods: This single-center cross-sectional study retrospectively reviewed 238 patients with angiographically demonstrated IVBS and divided them into good collateral compensation (GCC) group (collateral grade: 3–4, n = 110) and poor collateral compensation (PCC) group (collateral grade: 0–2, n = 128). The demographic information, laboratory tests, and clinical data of the two groups were compared and assessed using univariate logistic regression. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to analyze the independent related factors of collateral compensation. Results: Hyperlipidemia, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were significantly different between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that HDL (odds ratio [OR]: 1.134, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.081–1.190), FBG (OR: 0.945, 95% CI: 0.925–0.964), and hyperlipidemia (OR: 0.261, 95% CI: 0.129–0.527) were statistically independent related factors of collateral compensation. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis provided cutoff values of 34 mg/dL and 135 mg/dL for HDL and FBG associated with GCC and PCC. Conclusion: Higher HDL levels are associated with higher incidence of GCC, whereas higher FBG levels and hyperlipidemia are associated with higher incidence of PCC.

Executive compensation and the financial performance of Polish listed companies from the corporate governance perspective

Research background: The level of compensation earned by CEOs and the relationship between executive pay and companies? performance is one of the most widely studied issues in the corporate governance literature. Studies conducted in the last several decades have provided evidence that CEO pay should be aligned with accounting financial measures. Purpose of the article: The main purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship between executive compensation and organizational financial performance. In particular, the effect of net income and comprehensive income as the accounting measures of financial performance on executive compensation is compared. Methods: The research comprised listed companies on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE). The role and effect of accounting financial measures on executive compensation are analyzed based on three regression models. The period of analysis spanned ten years, from 2009 to 2018. Findings & value added: There are three conclusions that can be drawn from the study. Firstly, executive compensation in the analyzed companies largely depends on the accounting measures of financial performance, based on net income and comprehensive income (excluding ROE). Secondly, its level is significantly and positively influenced by the company?s size, Tobin?s Q ratio, debt ratio, and dividend rate. Thirdly, comprehensive income has a stronger effect on executive compensation than net income. Our findings add some potentially noteworthy dimensions to the economic literature on corporate governance, which is especially important to apply in the CEE region and other emerging economies. The Anglo-American assumption of corporate governance and executive compensation policy might not be suitable for the realities in much of the world.

Projecting the Economic Impact of Compensating Living Kidney Donors in the United States: Cost-Benefit Analysis Demonstrates Substantial Patient and Societal Gains

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to show how the US government could save approximately 47 000 patients with chronic kidney failure each year from suffering on dialysis and premature death by compensating living kidney donors enough to completely end the kidney shortage. MethodsSupply and demand analysis was used to estimate the number of donated kidneys needed to end the kidney shortage and the level of compensation required to encourage this number of donations. These results were then input into a detailed cost-benefit analysis to estimate the economic value of kidney transplantation to (1) the average kidney recipient and their caregiver, (2) taxpayers, and (3) society in general. ResultsWe estimate half of patients diagnosed with kidney failure each year—approximately 62 000 patients—could be saved from suffering on dialysis and premature death if they could receive an average of 1½ kidney transplants. However, currently there are only enough donated kidneys to save approximately 15 000 patients. To encourage sufficient donations to save the other 47 000 patients, the government would have to compensate living kidney donors approximately $77 000 (±50%) per donor. The value of transplantation to an average kidney recipient (and caregiver) would be approximately $1.5 million, and the savings from the recipient not needing expensive dialysis treatments would be approximately $1.2 million. ConclusionsThis analysis reveals the huge benefit that compensating living kidney donors would provide to patients with kidney failure and their caregivers and, conversely, the huge cost that is being imposed on these patients and their families by the current legal prohibition against such compensation.

An improved strategy for out-of-step oscillation separation devices based on apparent impedance angle applied to a series compensated line

AbstractOut-of-step oscillation separation devices based on apparent impedance angle trajectory are widely used in the power grid in China, and their reliability is of great importance. In this paper, the influence mechanism of series compensation on apparent impedance angle trajectory is analyzed. It reveals that series compensation capacitors reduce the equivalent impedance angle and consequently the apparent impedance angle cannot pass through all four zones, resulting in the risk of failure for the separation devices. A revised method of apparent impedance angle based on compensation principle is discussed, and then an improved out-of-step oscillation detection criterion is proposed. In view of the fact that the apparent impedance angle at the moment of maximum current is equal to the equivalent impedance angle during an oscillation process, a practical algorithm based on the compensated apparent impedance angle is proposed. RTDS tests are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the new criterion, considering transmission lines with a high series compensation level.

OPTIMIZATION OF CHARGE / DISCHARGE TIME OF ACTIVE FILTER CAPACITORS DURING VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS

A voltage regulator on capacitors has been developed for the control circuit of a parallel active filter based on dq-theory with a block of sliding averaging current in the current control circuit i_d. It contains a delay unit, a digital low-pass filter of the first order FIR or IIR (depending on the variant of the considered scheme) and the unit “sgn”, which stabilizes the output signal. The voltage control circuit on the capacitor can be implemented entirely in digital signal processing and used instead of the analog PID controller, which is much more effective if you need to adapt the circuit to the load mode. Most analog filters suffer from phase distortion when signals at different frequencies are delayed by different amounts. Although it is still present in digital IIR filters. FIR filters are usually designed as a “linear phase”, which means that the filter has no phase distortion. Phase distortions occur due to the fact that signals of different frequencies are delayed differently when crossing the filter. For IIR filters, it is necessary to enter an additional factor that will regulate the group delay, during which the filter will delay the signal of a certain frequency. If you do the same for the FIR filter, you will see a straight horizontal line, which means that all signals are delayed by the same amount, which is good and will provide better signal quality. The unit “sgn” does not affect the process of maintaining the voltage on the capacitors and the speed of transients, its role is to enhance the compensatory capacity of the voltage regulator by filtering the digital signal. The selected filter, by automatically stabilizing the voltage on the capacitor provides a stable charge / discharge process of the capacitor and a high level of compensation of higher harmonics without significant additional generation of active power in the network. When used in the context of real-time analog systems, the digital filter sometimes has a problematic delay (input-output time difference) due to analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion and smoothing. It is shown that by optimizing the charge / discharge time of the capacitor of the power active filter it is possible to achieve the minimum duration of the transient process with the minimum values of harmonic distortions.

Occupational stress: evidence from industries affected by COVID-19 in Japan

BackgroundThis study provides objective evidence on the impact of COVID-19 based on employee occupational stress reported from 13 different industries, and examines the determinants of employee psychological well-being. As the economic and social impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic continue, governments should consider industry-level differences when making support decisions concerning public resource allocation to corporations. However, little evidence exists regarding the differences in occupational stress across industries.MethodsEmployee occupational stress data (N = 673,071) was derived from workers in Japan from 2018 to 2020. The sample comprises workers from 13 industries, including civil services, service industry (other), real estate, medical/welfare, wholesale/retail, academic research, and accommodation/restaurant business. A logit model is employed to investigate the differences in employees’ psychological well-being before and during the pandemic.ResultsIn 2020, 11 out of 12 industries had significantly worse occupational stress compared to employees engaged in civil services. Over 23% of employees from the wholesale/retail and accommodation/restaurant industries were observed as high-stress employees. Improved compensation policies supporting these industries are suggested. In contrast, reduced occupational stress was found among employees in the transportation/postal and information/communication industries. Among the 13 industries, aside from high job demands, tough inter-person relationships in the workplace became the most significant stressors during the pandemic.ConclusionsThe results confirm that the pandemic has had a heterogeneous effect on employee occupational stress across industries, thus suggesting that the level of compensation given to different industries during the COVID-19 pandemic should be discussed and approved by the Japanese government. Additionally, support for the wholesale/retail and accommodation/restaurant industries during the pandemic should be improved.

Technological Fit and the Market for Managerial Talent

AbstractWe show that the similarity of a firm’s technological expertise with that of other firms affects managerial labor market outcomes. Using each firm’s patent portfolio to estimate its technological expertise, we find that its similarity in technological expertise with other firms is strongly related to the benchmark group used for CEO compensation and job transitions. Furthermore, we show that a firm’s CEO pay is positively associated with the CEO compensation levels of technologically similar firms. Our results thus demonstrate the crucial role of technological similarity in determining the value of outside options and the boundaries of the managerial labor market.

A finite difference method on irregular grids with local second order ghost point extension for solving Maxwell's equations around curved PEC objects

A new finite difference method on locally perturbed rectangular grids has been developed for solving electromagnetic waves around curved perfect electric conductors (PEC). This method incorporates the back and forth error compensation and correction method (BFECC) and level set method to achieve convenience and higher order of accuracy around complicated PEC boundaries. A PDE-based local second order ghost cell extension technique is developed based on the level set framework and then BFECC is applied to further improve the accuracy while increasing the CFL number. Numerical experiments are conducted to validate the properties of the method.