Levels Of Censorship Research Articles

Lost in subtitling: do Arabic satellite TV channels and DVDs speak the same language?

Subtitling taboo comedy has recently emerged as one of the most complex issues in audiovisual translation in the Arab world. Translating this genre across language and cultural barriers demands meticulous attention to the norms and expectations of the target viewers’ culture. However, despite the growing interest in this area, further research is necessary to understand this phenomenon and its mechanisms. Therefore, this paper delves into this thorny issue and investigates the various levels of censorship and their frequency in the Arabic subtitles displayed on satellite TV channels and DVDs. The corpus analysed consists of 16 episodes from seasons 9, 10, and 11 of the American sitcom Two and a Half Men aired on MBC4, one of the most prominent Arabic TV channels, and the DVD version of these episodes. A comparative linguistic analysis was conducted on the original dialogues of the selected episodes and their Arabic subtitles, highlighting instances of censorship and identifying the strategies employed. The results of the analysis indicate that Arab subtitlers have implemented a more rigorous censorship approach in rendering taboo language, such as sexual references and swear words on TV channels compared to DVDs. Based on descriptive translation studies, the analysis reveals that Arab subtitlers working for MBC4 relied on three main strategies of censorship: euphemisation, semantic mistranslation, and omission. Furthermore, it is observed that the satellite channel has implemented rigorous censorship protocols pertaining to homosexuality, leading to the omission of certain scenes altogether. This action was taken to avoid any potential discomfort or offence to Arab viewers. It is evident that dominant ideologies and relevant censorship practices play a significant role in modifying the linguistic and visual content of the original sitcom, hindering the target viewers from following the storyline of the episodes and grasping the intended humour.

Passing on the “whistle”: Users’ creative engagement with platform censorship in an online relay campaign in China

The advances and proliferation of social media technologies have not only empowered Chinese users with more opportunities for opinion expression and public participation, but also provided the censors with increasingly sophisticated means to monitor and control the public discourse. In this game of cat and mouse, Chinese censors and users are intertwined with each other as new forms of censorship and counter-censorship stimulate both sides to further develop tactics to compete with each other. Drawing on (social) media discourse analysis, this study examines the strategies users adopted in an online relay campaign to keep a censored article alive on WeChat Public Accounts. The analysis highlights three major forms of creative strategies including textual reproductions, multi-semiotic and multimodal reproductions, and technically encoded forms. It also underscores platform censorship as a particular level of censorship where the platform takes responsibility for removing sensitive or perceived sensitive posts and content. This study adds to the growing literature that examines creative strategies of censorship engagement and a more nuanced understanding of the multi-layered online censorship mechanism in China.

Tracing a Female History of the Theatre in Spain: From la nueva mujer moderna to the Backlash and Beyond

The history of women in the Spanish theatre from the early twentieth century to today not only reflects the evolution of the stage, but also charts the social and political transformation of Spain. Despite their absence from many anthologies and histories, it is evident that women played a significant and innovative role in the theatre. Offering a panoramic view of women in the Spanish theatre, this article observes certain patterns in their theatrical practice and choice of themes. In addition, it highlights the reception of their plays and, in particular, their interactions with the State at the level of censorship.

Overt censorship, self-censorship, and gender bias: an examination of high school journalism students and controversial media topics

ABSTRACT Prior research into student journalism has indicated that a willingness to self-censor was a stronger predictor than other intrinsic concerns or external threats when it came to covering controversial topics. A recent examination of high-school students, however, found that gender served as both a predictive factor in a reticence to publish controversial content and a source of perceived overt censorship actions. Seeking to provide parsimony to this issue, this study examined online survey results from 142 high-school journalists (n = 142) in relation to controversial topics, self-censorship, and overt censorship. Findings indicate that topics pertaining to sexuality remain the most controversial and that gender directly correlated with reports of overt censorship. In addition, congruity between the gender of the student and adults in a supervisory role showed diminished levels of censorship and reports of a willingness to self-censor.

Efeito da censura sobre a função de incidência cumulativa na presença de riscos competitivos na análise de sobrevivência.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of censorship on the estimation of cumulative incidence in the presence of competing risks. For this, sets of survival times with competing risks considering different levels of censorship (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) were simulated. The simulation was based on the cause-specific hazard and the exponential distribution was used. For the simulation of the censorship times, the uniform distribution was used. In addition to the different levels of censorship, different values were considered for the cause-specific hazard in the two simulated competing events. Comparisons between the incidence curves of the uncensored data set and the set with different percentages of censorship were performed. We also compared the estimates of the cumulative incidence function based on the theory of competing risks with that obtained by using the Kaplan-Meier estimator. The results indicate that censorship percentages as well as the relation between cause-specific hazard affect the cumulative incidence. 

Classification in Non-linear Survival Models Using Cox Regression and Decision Tree

Classification is the most important issues that have gained much attention in various fields such as health and medicine. Especially in survival models, classification represents a main objective and it is also one of the main purposes in data mining. Among data mining methods used for classification, implementation of the decision tree due to its simplicity and understandable and accurate results, has gained much attention and popularity. In this paper, first we generate the observations by using Monte-Carlo simulation from hazard model with the three degrees of complexity in different levels of censorship 0 to 70%. Then the accuracy of classification in the Cox and the decision tree models is compared for the number of samples 1000, 5000 and 10,000 by area under the ROC curve(AUC) and the ROC-test.

Legal questions on financial market abuse

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to underline the impact that globalization of financial markets has on national punishment policies. The US financial crisis has strongly affected consumers’ lives, but the focus of this research is on the national provisions against the illegal and unfair behaviour of economic actors, with special regard to a phenomenon that took place abroad, but whose effects came to light in many different countries. Design/methodology/approach – Different methodological approaches, both deductive and inductive, are combined in the present paper, together with comparative and philosophical insights on national Court decisions and scholar writings. Findings – As European Union (EU) member States experts are discussing about a lex mercatoria for the financial markets to govern the EU integration process, this study highlights some questions concerning mainly three aspects: the level of censorship; forms and nature of responsibility; punitive models and their micro- and macro-economic effects. Originality/value – The study offers insights into the possible answers in terms of criminal and private law remedies to fight financial market abuse in a global dimension, through the use of general principles of contractual and tort law, which are common among EU member State, as culpa in eligendo, culpa in vigilando, duty of information, duty of care, ecc […] .

Openness and censorship in the European Union: An interrupted time series analysis

This study examines transparency and censorship in the Council of Ministers of the European Union from 1999 to 2009. We measure transparency by considering the timeliness of record release and the levels of censorship applied to records when (and if) they are released. We show that legislation introduced in 2001 (Regulation 1049) triggered a massive shift towards greater transparency, in line with its intention. However, we also show that the trend towards greater transparency has been interrupted by the enlargement rounds in 2004 and 2007. We attribute this fact to inexperience on the part of the new member states and the resulting need for censorship while these states adjusted to the negotiation styles in the Council.

Aced Out

In this manuscript, we examine three layers of censorship related to the publication of qualitative research studies: (a) the global level of federal legislation and the definition of the “gold standard” of educational research, (b) the decline in the number of qualitative studies published in a top-tiered early childhood educational research journal after implementation of the Reading Excellence Act and No Child Left Behind, and (c) a local story of our experience in submitting a qualitative study for review. In the final section, we discuss the implications of these three levels of censorship.

Characterization of Background Concentrations of Contaminants Using a Mixture of Normal Distributions

We present a Bayesian approach for characterizing background contaminant concentration distributions using data from sites that may have been contaminated. Our method, focused on estimation, resolves several technical problems of the existing methods sanctioned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (a hypothesis testing based method), resulting in a simple and quick procedure for estimating background contaminant concentrations. The proposed Bayesian method is applied to two data sets from a federal facility regulated under the Resource Conservation and Restoration Act. The results are compared to background distributions identified using existing methods recommended by the USEPA. The two data sets represent low and moderate levels of censorship in the data. Although an unbiased estimator is elusive, we show that the proposed Bayesian estimation method will have a smaller bias than the EPA recommended method.

Nonparametric Modeling of the Mean Survival Time in a Multi‐factor Design Based on Randomly Right‐Censored Data

AbstractStatistical procedures and methodology for assessment of interventions or treatments based on medical data often involves complexities due to incompleteness of the available data as a result of drop out or the inability of complete follow up until the endpoint of interest. In this article we propose a nonparametric regression model based on censored data when we are concerned with investigation of the simultaneous effects of the two or more factors. Specifically, we will assess the effect of a treatment (dose) and a covariate (e.g., age categories) on the mean survival time of subjects assigned to combinations of the levels of these factors. The proposed method allows for varying levels of censorship in the outcome among different groups of subjects at different levels of the independent variables (factors). We derive the asymptotic distribution of the estimators of the parameters in our model, which then allows for statistical inference. Finally, through a simulation study we assess the effect of the censoring rates on the standard error of these types of estimators. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Community without Flesh

Community without Flesh