Boron Levels Research Articles

The Effect of Boron Oxide on the Structures and Thermal Properties of Phosophosilicate Bioactive Glasses for Metallic Implants’ Coatings

To design bioactive glass compositions with optimal thermal, mechanical, and bioactive properties as coatings on Ti6Al4V metallic implants, we investigated phosphosilicate bioactive glasses based on the 6P55 composition. SiO2 was substituted with B2O3 to improve adhesion to the metallic implants and physical properties. This substitution significantly altered the glass structure and is hypothesized to improve adhesion. Computational and experimental methods revealed that boron substitution introduced BO3 and BO4 units, disrupted the Si-O network, and formed non-bridging oxygens (NBOs), resulting in a decrease in density and glass transition temperature (Tg). These changes were attributed to boron’s dual role as a network former and modifier, influencing coordination environments and connectivity. Thermal and structural analyses showed that optimal boron levels improved thermal expansion and network flexibility, which are critical for coating applications. By integrating molecular dynamics simulations and experimental techniques, this study provides valuable insights into tailoring glass compositions for enhanced performance on metallic substrates.

Physico-Chemical Properties and Fertility Status of Forest Soils under Aez-29 (Northern and Eastern Hills) of Bangladesh

Soil properties influence land management practices and differ in regions with diverse topography and ecological variations. An experiment was conducted at the Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh with 16 soil samples collected at 0-15 cm depth from various hilly locations of three districts of AEZ-29 (Northern and Eastern Hills) covering 12 series to assess their physical, chemical and fertility properties. Most of the soils were sandy loam in texture, strongly acidic to very strongly acidic (pH 4.23-5.46) and non-saline. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) was very low to medium with an average of 7.31 cmolc kg-1 and organic matter (OM) status was medium with mean of 2.62%. The soils had very low to low levels (0.07-0.16%) of total nitrogen (N) and available phosphorus (P) content (1.29-10.9 mg kg-1) but low to medium level (10.33-22.51 mg kg-1) of available sulphur (S). Besides, very low to very high levels of exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) with averages of 0.34, 3.10 and 1.64 cmolc kg-1, respectively, were observed. The status of available iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in all the soils were very high ranging from 20-108 and 24-217 mg kg-1, respectively. The soils showed medium or low to very high levels of available zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and boron (B) with averages of 2.64, 0.74 and 0.61 mg kg-1, respectively. The variations in physico-chemical and fertility properties of these soils might be due to variation in parent material, land uses and soil erosion. Among different soil series, Sitakundu showed the maximum values of pH, CEC, OM, total N, exchangeable K, Ca and Mg and available B. Although some of the hill soils seemed to be inherently fertile, proper fertilizer management especially for macronutrients, liming and erosion control practices are crucial for agricultural crop production. SAARC J. Agric., 22(2): 81-98 (2024)

Antagonist Action of Endophytic Metarhizium anisopliae Isolates on Development, Reproduction, and Host Selection of Grass Bug in Bermudagrass.

To understand the interactions of entomopathogenic fungi with forage plants and their influence on associated herbivorous, we evaluated the influence of endophytic colonization with three isolates (CEPAF_ENT 25, CEPAF_ENT 27, and IBCB 425) of Metarhizium anisopliae on Cynodon dactylon, regarding the biological and behavioral aspects of Collaria scenica, an emerging sucking pest in pastoral systems in Brazil. The application of suspensions at the base of plant (drench) was effective in promoting endophytic colonization, especially in the roots, with emphasis on isolates CEPAF_ENT25 and CEPAF_ENT27. Despite the significant reduction in damage caused by C. scenica observed in plants colonized with isolate CEPAF_ENT 27 in a choice test, our results indicated a limited influence of the isolates tested on the host selection behavior and in C. scenica development, including parameters of the fertility life table. The cluster analysis, however, indicated a significant difference between all isolates tested in terms of the chemical-bromatological composition and the levels of photosynthetic pigments in inoculated plants. The biplot analysis indicated that isolate CEPAF-ENT27 (most promising) showed a positive correlation with nitrogen, potassium, calcium, boron, copper, and zinc levels, as well as with chlorophyll a and b levels. Additionally, foliar magnesium levels were significantly higher in all isolates tested. Improvements in plant nutrition may increase tolerance in infested plants through compensation mechanisms, contributing to more resilient pastoral systems.

Mitigation of High Temperatures with Ascophyllum nodosum Biostimulants in Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Seedlings

High temperatures can interfere with plant metabolism and physiology, compromising productivity. One tactic to minimize the effects of heatwaves on agriculture is the use of bio-stimulants. This study evaluated two commercial products (Baltiko® and Acadian®) containing Ascophyllum nodosum in ‘Aliança’ papaya (Carica papaya L.) seedlings. Six doses (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 mL L−1) were applied weekly for four weeks at two distinct times, considering moderate and high temperatures. The results indicated distinct effects on gas exchange, seedling development, and nutrient content in leaves and roots. During the moderate temperature period, increasing doses enhanced gas exchange and aerial development, along with increases in potassium and boron levels in the leaves, while root growth decreased. Acadian® provided higher levels of boron in leaves and roots compared to Baltiko®. During the period of elevated temperature, increases were observed in leaf area, root dry mass, and leaf content of phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, and zinc, along with potassium in the roots. These increases were primarily attributed to the effects of the applied biostimulants. A lower dose (3 mL L−1) is recommended during mild temperatures, while a higher dose (6 mL L−1) is suggested for elevated temperatures.

Determination of boron levels in tea samples: a preliminary study

Determination of boron levels in tea samples: a preliminary study

Establishing optimal nutrient level of magnesium and boron in black pepper for optimization of productivity in Western Ghats of Kerala

Critical nutrient level of magnesium and boron in soil and plant biomass of black pepper (Piper nigrum) have been estimated in Western Ghats of Kerala by conducting field experiments in three seasons (2018-2020) by magnesium and boron fertilization. Nutrient management in black pepper plantations wins important value due to its wider use as spice all over the world. As black pepper plants are easily prone to Mg and B deficiency, its response to Mg in the form of magnesium sulphate and B as borax was evaluated in terms of yield, plant nutrient content and nutrient status in soil. Effect of Mg as well as B application on the other available nutrients and leaf nutrient content were also determined in the study. Response curves were fitted by plotting relative yield of black pepper with Mg and B in soil and index leaf. The graphical method of Cate and Nelson was used to derive the optimal concentrations of nutrients. The critical levels of magnesium in soil and black pepper leaves were established as 140 mg kg-1 and 0.44 % respectively. Optimum dose of magnesium sulphate for getting highest yield of black pepper was found as 120 kg ha-1 followed by MgSO4 @ 80 kg ha-1. Similarly critical limit of B in the soil and index leaf of black pepper were 0.58 and 21 mg kg-1 respectively. The maximum potential yield was obtained by applying boron as borax at 0.2% via foliar application and at a higher dosage of 2 kg per hectare through soil application.

PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF WALL TILE CERAMICS WITH THE ADDITION OF AMORPHOUS BORON

This study investigates the effects of amorphous boron (Fluka Boron) on the mechanical and thermal properties of ceramic wall tiles. Samples with boron concentrations of 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% were sintered at 1000°C. Results showed that moderate amorphous boron additions (3%–5%) significantly improved bulk density and compressive strength due to enhanced densification and reduced porosity. These effects are attributed to boron's fluxing action, which promotes particle bonding during sintering. Amorphous boron additions of up to 5% were observed to enhance mechanical properties and thermal conductivity, with optimal performance at this concentration. However, amorphous boron levels exceeding 5% led to diminished mechanical strength and thermal conductivity due to the formation of a glassy phase and structural heterogeneity, despite reduced apparent porosity. This study on wall tile ceramics highlights the critical role of amorphous boron concentration in balancing densification, phase composition, and microstructure to enhance compressive strength and thermal conductivity performance. By highlighting the interplay between boron content and material performance, the research contributes valuable knowledge toward the development of sustainable, high-performance ceramic materials.

Mechanisms of Aluminum Toxicity Impacting Root Growth in Shatian Pomelo.

Aluminum (Al) toxicity in acidic soils poses significant challenges to crop growth and development. However, the response mechanism of Shatian pomelo (Citrus maxima 'Shatian Yu') roots to Al toxicity remains poorly understood. This study employed root phenotype analysis, physiological response index measurement, root transcriptome analysis, and quantitative PCR (qPCR) validation to investigate the effects of Al toxicity on Shatian pomelo roots. The findings revealed that Al toxicity inhibited root growth and development, resulting in reduced root biomass, total root length, total root surface area, root volume, average root diameter, and root tip count. Antioxidant enzyme activities (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase activity) and soluble protein content increased with rising Al toxicity, whereas malondialdehyde content initially increased and then declined. Additionally, Al toxicity stress increased Al (1439.25%) content and decreased boron (B, 50.64%), magnesium (Mg, 42.04%), calcium (Ca, 46.02%), manganese (Mn, 86.75%), and iron (Fe, 69.92%) levels in the roots. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis identified 3855 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between 0 mmol/L Al (control) and 4 mmol/L Al (Al toxicity) concentrations, with 1457 genes up-regulated and 2398 down-regulated, indicating a complex molecular regulatory response. The qPCR results further validated these findings. This study elucidates the response mechanisms of Shatian pomelo roots to Al toxicity stress, providing insights into the regulatory pathways involved. The findings offer valuable reference points for breeding Al-resistant Shatian pomelo varieties. The results of this study provide important genetic tools and technical support for the screening and breeding of highly resistant varieties of Shatian pomelo. On the one hand, by detecting the key indexes (such as antioxidant enzyme activity and nutrient absorption capacity) of Shatian pomelo, varieties with excellent anti-Al toxicity characteristics can be selected. On the other hand, the Al-resistant genes identified in this study, such as TFM1 and ALERTFA0, can be used to develop molecular markers, assisted marker breeding, or transgenic breeding to accelerate the breeding process of Al-resistant strains.

Investigation of Boron Concentrations in the Water of Rivers and Wells in Northern Regions of Thi-Qar Province Using SSNTDs Technique

The Iraqi environment is polluted, especially in the southern region, due to human domestic activities, such as sewage water containing boron due to washing powders that boron participates in producing, which are not connected to sewage networks and are poured into the river water, in addition to industrial facilities and farmers' use of fertilizers that contain boron, which also contributed effectively to increasing the concentration of boron, as the work areas work specifically to monitor minerals in the water sample, which is essential to controlling the human environment in the north of Thi-Qar Governorate. In this study, 31 colors of Nahr Bar water were collected, and boron concentrations were measured using SSNTDs CR39 technology and the 241Am-Be neutron beam station. Selected water samples were taken from different waters and from water sources and the Euphrates River in various residential, agricultural and industrial sites. Boron concentrations in well water from 1.94 to 3.63 mg/L, while boron levels in river water ranged from 1.85 to 2.34 mg/L. Boron levels in well water were higher than those in river water samples. Boron concentrations in agricultural sites were higher than in industrial and residential sites. Boron levels in most water samples were below the required levels set by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization. However, monitoring water to prevent contamination from affecting the human chain is important.

Evaluation of boron toxicity in soil and influencing factors: A case study of sodic soils of Panipat, India.

Boron toxicity is an increasingly serious problem leading to soil degradation and vegetation loss in arid and semi-arid environments worldwide. The soils of solonetzic complexes often display this characteristic. This study aimed to investigate the vertical distribution of hot water soluble-boron (hws-B) in the sodic and agricultural soils of Israna block in Haryana, India. The study also examined the influence of various soil variables on hws-B. The samples were collected at six depths to assess the availability of B. Additionally, an assessment was conducted to ascertain the appropriateness of the water sources for irrigation. The findings of our study revealed a notable disparity in the hws-B content between sodic soils and control agricultural soils, with the former exceeding the toxic thresholds. The levels of B available to plants were highest in the upper layers of soil and reduced as the depth increased. A number of variables influenced the water-soluble B content in sodic soils, particularly pH, calcite content, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), and calcium-boron ratio (Ca/B). The results indicated that the boron levels in both surface and groundwater were within acceptable limits for irrigation purposes, suggesting that boron toxicity may not be directly attributed to these sources. Our study suggests that sodic soils contain high levels of boron, which can be toxic, and consequently, proper management of these soils is recommended. It is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of boron levels in surface and sub-surface soils, as well as in irrigation water, in order to effectively manage soil and improve crop productivity.

Effect of Nitrogen and Boron Fertilization on Nutrient Content and Uptake by Mustard Crop in Chitrakoot Area

This study assessed the impact of nitrogen (N) and boron (B) fertilization on yield, nutrient composition, and nutrient uptake in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh, India. A field trial featuring 13 treatments combined reduced nitrogen levels, nano-urea applications, and different boron doses, using a randomized block design with three replications. Treatment T12 [½ recommended nitrogen dose (RDN) + two nano-urea sprays + 1.25 kg B ha⁻¹] achieved the highest seed yield (1523.81 kg ha⁻¹), surpassing the control (100% NPK as per RDF) which yielded 958.73 kg ha⁻¹. T12 also had the highest nutrient concentrations 2.78% nitrogen, 0.482% phosphorus, and 0.74% potassium as well as the highest nutrient uptake, with nitrogen at 42.36 kg ha⁻¹, phosphorus at 7.34 kg ha⁻¹, and potassium at 11.28 kg ha⁻¹. These results indicate that combining nano-urea with boron, especially at elevated boron levels, can significantly improve yield and nutrient absorption in mustard, highlighting its potential for sustainable farming in semi-arid areas.

Association of the benzoxazinoid pathway with boron homeostasis in maize.

Both deficiency and toxicity of the micronutrient boron lead to severe reductions in crop yield. Despite this agricultural importance, the molecular basis underlying boron homeostasis in plants remains unclear. To identify molecular players involved in boron homeostasis in maize (Zea mays L.), we measured boron levels in the Goodman-Buckler association panel and performed genome-wide association studies. These analyses identified a benzoxazinless (bx) gene, bx3, involved in the biosynthesis of benzoxazinoids, such as 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), which are major defense compounds in maize. Genes involved in DIMBOA biosynthesis are all located in close proximity in the genome, and benzoxazinoid biosynthesis mutants, including bx3, are all DIMBOA deficient. We determined that leaves of the bx3 mutant have a greater boron concentration than those of B73 control plants, which corresponded with enhanced leaf tip necrosis, a phenotype associated with boron toxicity. By contrast, other DIMBOA-deficient maize mutants did not show altered boron levels or the leaf tip necrosis phenotype, suggesting that boron is not associated with DIMBOA. Instead, our analyses suggest that the accumulation of boron is linked to the benzoxazinoid intermediates indolin-2-one (ION) and 3-hydroxy-ION. Therefore, our results connect boron homeostasis to the benzoxazinoid plant defense pathway through bx3 and specific intermediates, rendering the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway a potential target for crop improvement under inadequate boron conditions.

Assessing the Zinc, Boron and Rhizobium Inoculation on Yield and Economics of Kharif Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)

The present experiment was carried out during kharif season of 2021 and 2022 at Instructional farm, Kamla Nehru Institute of Physical and Social Sciences Sultanpur, U.P. India. Four levels of zinc (0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 Kg Zn ha-1), three levels of boron (0, 0.5 and 1.0 Kg B ha-1) and two levels of rhizobium i.e. Uninoculated (Control) and inoculated. A split-split plot design with three replications was used. Zinc levels were allocated to the main plots, boron levels in the sub-plot, while Rhizobium inoculation in the sub-sub plot. Results revealed that dry weight and seed and stover yield was observed that Rhizobium inoculation with application of zinc 7.5 kg ha-1 and Application of boron 1.0 kg ha-1. Obtaining seed yield from Rhizobium inoculation (8.53 and 8.71 q/ha-1) with application of zinc (8.53 and 8.79 q/ha-1) and Application of boron (8.45 and 8.70 q/ha-1). The highest net return (Rs. 58211.0 and 65488.50 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.75 and 1.97) were obtained with 7.5kg Zn ha-1 + 1 kg B ha-1 + seed inoculation with rhizobium. It could be recommended for cultivation of mungbean.

Cross-sectional study on urinary metal concentrations in young adult residents of Emirate of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

Human biomonitoring is crucial for regulatory toxicology, yet data on biomarker concentrations in the UAE are lacking. This study addresses this gap by analyzing urinary concentrations of 16 metals in UAE young adults, assessing correlations with personal characteristics, dietary patterns, and lifestyle habits. A cross-sectional pilot study was conducted among 144 randomly selected young adults (71 males and 73 females) from Sharjah, UAE, between January and March 2023. Participants provided urine samples, which were analyzed for 16 heavy metals using ICP-OES, and completed detailed questionnaires covering sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, and dietary habits. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participant characteristics, and linear regression analysis was applied to explore associations between metal concentrations and factors such as gender, dietary habits, and exposure to environmental risks. Non-parametric tests, including the Mann-Whitney test, were used to assess differences by gender. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was secured before participation. Significant findings include dietary influences on metal exposure, with rice consumption linked to higher metal concentrations. Sex differences were significant, with females showing elevated levels of arsenic, lead, and cadmium. Lifestyle factors, such as smoking and incense use, were correlated with increased barium and boron levels. This study highlights the significant role of dietary habits, especially the consumption of rice, in metal exposure among young adults in Sharjah. The findings highlight the urgent need for comprehensive human biomonitoring to understand environmental exposures and reform public health policies. The gender-specific differences in metal distribution suggest the necessity for targeted public health strategies. The study, however, is limited by its cross-sectional nature and the focus on a specific geographic area, warranting further research for broader generalizability. Future investigations, particularly on the impact of incense exposure on metal levels, are essential for developing comprehensive health interventions and preventive strategies in the UAE.

Utilizing chicken manure incineration ash as a phosphorus and silicon source to mitigate boron absorption in barley grown on boron-contaminated soil

Excessive boron (B) levels in soil can lead to toxicity in plants, impacting their growth and productivity. Effective strategies to reduce B uptake are important for improving crop performance in contaminated soils. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of chicken manure incineration ash (CMA) and triple superphosphate (TSP) on B uptake in barley plants grown in B-contaminated soil. Before the experiment, the chemical composition and molecular structure of CMA were analyzed using XRF, XRD and SEM. The soil was contaminated with 15 mg kg−1 of B, and both TSP and CMA were applied at rates of 40, 80, and 160 mg kg−1 of phosphorus (P). Neither P source had a significant impact on plant dry weight. However, increasing doses of applied TSP and CMA increased plant P concentration while significantly decreasing B concentration. Particularly with CMA applied at 160 mg kg−1 P dose, plant B concentration decreased to the lowest level of 194 mg kg−1. Increasing P doses led to a slight decrease in plant silicon (Si) concentration. The pH of soil samples taken after the experiment slightly increased with CMA treatments compared to TSP. The available P concentration in soils increased with increasing P doses. The available B concentration decreased with increasing P doses, especially reducing to the lowest level of 2.52 mg kg−1 in soils with a 40 mg kg−1 P, CMA. In conclusion, in addition to the effect of P, the molecular structure of P is also important in reducing B uptake in barley.

The Bor1 elevator transport cycle is subject to autoinhibition and activation

Boron, essential for plant growth, necessitates precise regulation due to its potential toxicity. This regulation is achieved by borate transporters (BORs), which are homologous to the SLC4 family. The Arabidopsis thaliana Bor1 (AtBor1) transporter from clade I undergoes slow regulation through degradation and translational suppression, but its potential for fast regulation via direct activity modulation was unclear. Here, we combine cryo-electron microscopy, mutagenesis, and functional characterization to study AtBor1, revealing high-resolution structures of the dimer in one inactive and three active states. Our findings show that AtBor1 is regulated by two distinct mechanisms: an autoinhibitory domain at the carboxyl terminus obstructs the substrate pathway via conserved salt bridges, and phosphorylation of Thr410 allows interaction with a positively charged pocket at the cytosolic face, essential for borate transport. These results elucidate the molecular basis of AtBor1’s activity regulation and highlight its role in fast boron level regulation in plants.

Boric Acid Removal from Water with Alginate Based Beads and Films as Adsorbents

High levels of boron cause harmful effects on humans, animals and plants. While boron is an important auxiliary nutrient for plants, excessive amounts cause toxic effects. The removal of boron in wastewater from chemical processes, industrial processes and agriculture is an important field of study. One of the most widely used methods for boron removal is adsorption method due to its low cost and ease of processing. In this study, adsorption method and sodium alginate microcapsules and sodium alginate-carbon nanotube film adsorbents were used as adsorbents for boric acid removal. In adsorption studies, sodium alginate-carbon nanotube film adsorbents with 42.11% boron removal were more efficient than sodium alginate microcapsules As a result of kinetic studies, it was found that the study was consistent with the pseudo-first order kinetic model.

Comparative Effects of Calcium, Boron, and Zinc Inhibiting Physiological Disorders, Improving Yield and Quality of Solanum lycopersicum.

Localized calcium deficiency at the tomato flower end causes a physiological disorder called blossom end rot, resulting in yield losses of up to 50 percent. Fruit cracking is another physiological disorder of tomatoes that most often occurs when the movement of water and solutes to the tomato is protracted or rapid, but the underlying cause of fruit cracking is, again, calcium deficiency. Therefore, the present field experiment was conducted with the aim of increasing yield and reducing physiological disorders in tomatoes with a foliar application of calcium and micronutrients (zinc and boron). Four levels of calcium (0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9%), three levels of boron (0, 0.25, and 0.5%), and three levels of Zinc (0, 0.25, and 0.5%) were applied foliarly three times (starting at flowering, the 2nd application was repeated when the fruits set, and the 3rd after a period of 15 days from the fruits set). An addition of 0.6% calcium increased yield and associated traits with a decreased flower drop. Likewise, a 0.9% calcium addition increased fruit Ca content and decreased blossom end rot, fruit cracking, and Zn content. Foliar spraying with 0.25% boron (compound B) improved flowering and production while reducing flower drop and tomato fruit cracking. Similarly, an application of 0.5% B significantly increased Ca and B content with minimal blossom end rot and Zn content. Likewise, a 0.5% Zn application resulted in yield and yield-related traits with increased fruit B and Zn contents while blossom end rot, fruit cracking, and fruit Ca content were lower when 0.5% of foliar Zn was applied. Therefore, it is concluded that a foliar application of Ca, B, and Zn can be used alone or in combination to minimize the physiological disorders, increase production, and improve tomato fruit quality.

Moringa oleifera hydroalcoholic leaf extracts mitigate valproate-induced oxidative status in the extraorbital lacrimal gland in a rat model

Dysfunction of the extraorbital lacrimal gland (ELG) can lead to loss of vision due to damage to the epithelium of cornea. The broad-spectrum anti-epileptic drug sodium valproate (SV) has numerous side effects. Moringa oleifera (M.oleifera) is widely used as a food and in folk medicine. The effects of orally administered SV and M. oleifera hydroalcoholic leaf extract on rat ELG were investigated in this study by analysing both antioxidant and oxidant parameters. Additionally, boron level and tissue factor (TF) activity were determined. Protein changes were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Significantly lower values of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were observed in the SV group compared to the control group. Treatment with Moringa extract significantly increased SOD, CAT and TAS values in the Moringa given SV group (SVM). While no significant differences were observed between the sialic acid values of the groups, lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO) and total oxidant status (TOS) values were significantly elevated in the SV group compared to the control group. Due to the effect of Moringa extract, LPO, NO and TOS levels were significantly decreased in the SVM group compared to the SV group. TF activity was not meaningfully altered between groups. Compared to control rats, oxidative stress index (OSI) level significantly increased, whereas the boron level decreased in the SV group. Moringa extract treatment noticeably reduced OSI in the SVM group. According to SDS-PAGE, decreases in the density of protein bands with molecular weights of 51, 83, and 90 kDa were observed in SV given rats compared to the other groups. These decreases were reversed by the administration of Moringa extract. Moringa extract has shown protective properties arising from antioxidant potential, especially with its very low OSI value. Individuals undergoing SV treatment and having ELG complications might consider using Moringa extract to mitigate valproate induced damage.

Interactive Effects of Boron and Molybdenum on Nodulation, Growth and Yield of Cowpea under South Gujarat Condition

Background: Cowpea seeds are nutritious component of human diet and being a legume crop, it also improves the soil fertility by increasing the amount of nitrogen in the soil through symbiotic nitrogen fixation. To study the effect of boron and molybdenum on nodulation, growth and yield of cowpea the field experiment was conducted at the Regional Horticultural Research Station, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India, during summer season of 2019 and 2021. Methods: The experiment was carried out in a factorial randomized block design with 3 replications. Factor-1 consisted of four levels of seed treatments with molybdenum at 2 mg/l (M1), 4 mg/l (M2), 6 mg/l (M3) for 24 hours prior to sowing including control (M0), where as the second factor was consisted of four levels of boron (B) spray at 2 mg/l (B1), 4 mg/l (B2), 6 mg/l (B3) and control at 30 DAS, 45 DAS and 60 DAS with control. Boron was applied in the form of Boric acid and Molybdenum as ammonium molybdate. Result: The treatment combination of seed treatment of molybdenum @ 2 mg/ l with foliar spray of boron @ 4 mg/ l at 30, 45 and 60 DAS (M1B2) has significantly influenced yield parameters and registered maximum number of clusters per plant (6.50), green pod yield per plant (0.153 kg), green pod yield per net plot (3.98 kg), green pod yield per hectare (12.27 tonne). Seed treatment with different levels of molybdenum has significantly influenced nodulation in cowpea and recorded maximum number of nodules per plant (31.69 at final harvest) and fresh nodule weight (0.230 g/plant) in seed treatment of molybdenum @ 2 mg/ l (M2) among all the treatments at final harvest during all the years of study, including pooled analysis.