Blood Flow Levels Research Articles

Seasonal Influence on the Impact of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) on Testicular Haemodynamics and Hormonal Responses in Canines: A Comparative Study.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is widely used to treat reproductive dysfunction by enhancing testicular blood flow and stimulating hormonal activity. This study investigates the seasonal variations in the response to hCG treatment in male dogs, focusing on its effects on testicular blood flow and plasma concentrations of testosterone and oestrogen. Conducted across different seasons (spring, summer, fall and winter), the study utilised colour Doppler ultrasonography to measure testicular haemodynamics and analysed hormonal levels at multiple time points post-hCG injection. The findings revealed that the response to hCG is modulated by seasonal factors, with significant variations in both blood flow and hormone levels. A significant negative relationship was indicated between testicular blood flow and testosterone levels, particularly during spring and summer. These results suggest that seasonality should be considered when administering hCG for reproductive treatments in canines.

Coronary circulation enhances the aerobic performance of wild Pacific salmon.

Female Pacific salmon often experience higher mortality than males during their once-in-a-lifetime up-river spawning migration, particularly when exposed to secondary stressors (e.g. high temperatures). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. One hypothesis is that female Pacific salmon hearts are more oxygen-limited than those of males and are less able to supply oxygen to the body's tissues during this demanding migration. Notably, female hearts have higher coronary blood flow, which could indicate a greater reliance on this oxygen source. Oxygen limitations can develop from naturally occurring coronary blockages (i.e. coronary arteriosclerosis) found in mature salmon hearts. If female hearts rely more heavily on coronary blood flow but experience similar arteriosclerosis levels as males, they will have disproportionately impaired aerobic performance. To test this hypothesis, we measured resting (RMR) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR), aerobic scope (AS) and acute upper thermal tolerance in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) with an intact or artificially blocked coronary oxygen supply. We also assessed venous blood oxygen and chemistry (cortisol, ions and metabolite concentrations) at different time intervals during recovery from exhaustive exercise. We found that coronary blockage impaired MMR, AS and the partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood (PvO2) during exercise recovery but did not differ between sexes. Coronary ligation lowered acute upper thermal tolerance by 1.1°C. Although we did not find evidence of enhanced female reliance on coronary supply, our findings highlight the importance of coronary blood supply for mature wild salmon, where migration success may be linked to cardiac performance, particularly during warm water conditions.

The impact of V-flow on preoperative diagnosis of thyroid tumors: individually and as part of multimodal sonographic imaging.

V-flow is a dynamic ultrasound technique that visualizes perfusion patterns by displaying dynamic arrows that change in response to the flow of erythrocytes. Furthermore, it provides quantitative values for the maximum and mean velocity of blood flow as well as a percentage value for turbulence. The aim was to enhance the preoperative diagnostic accuracy of thyroid lesions by combining V-flow with established ultrasound modes.B-mode, CCDS, elastography, CEUS, and V-flow were performed on 101 patients. After the ultrasound examination, every nodule was confirmed as benign or malignant via histopathology. The Kruskal-Wallis test, ROC curve, and binary logistic regression were used for the statistical analysis.93 benign regressive thyroid nodules and 8 carcinomas were included in this study. The average mean velocity value for benign lesions was measured at 19.5 cm/s and at 10.7 cm/s for malignant lesions (p = 0.039). The average turbulence percentage was 26.1% for benign nodules and 46.7% for carcinomas (p = 0.016). Carcinomas exhibited a slower and more turbulent perfusion pattern compared to benign tumors. A V-flow-centered system achieves a sensitivity of 100.0% and a specificity of 84.9% in predicting malignancy. This system could have reduced the number of unnecessary thyroid surgeries for benign lesions in our patient group by 70%.The capillary perfusion of thyroid nodules represents a significant indicator of its status. By analyzing the velocity and turbulence level of microvascular blood flow, V-flow offers promising prospects for accurately distinguishing between benign and malignant thyroid lesions. When integrated into a comprehensive multimodal sonographic imaging approach, V-flow further enhances diagnostic accuracy. · V-flow allows for qualitative and quantitative analysis of microvascular perfusion. · Malignant tumors are associated with slower and more turbulent microvascular hemodynamics. · Combining V-flow with other ultrasound modes eases the diagnosis of thyroid carcinomas. · Brandenstein MK, Zhang L, Scharf G et al. The impact of V-flow on preoperative diagnosis of thyroid tumors: individually and as part of multimodal sonographic imaging. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI 10.1055/a-2350-0107.

Unraveling the differential mechanisms of revascularization promoted by MSCs & ECFCs from adipose tissue or umbilical cord in a murine model of critical limb-threatening ischemia

BackgroundCritical limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) constitutes the most severe manifestation of peripheral artery disease, usually induced by atherosclerosis. CLTI patients suffer from high risk of amputation of the lower extremities and elevated mortality rates, while they have low options for surgical revascularization due to associated comorbidities. Alternatively, cell-based therapeutic strategies represent an effective and safe approach to promote revascularization. However, the variability seen in several factors such as cell combinations or doses applied, have limited their success in clinical trials, being necessary to reach a consensus regarding the optimal “cellular-cocktail” prior further application into the clinic. To achieve so, it is essential to understand the mechanisms by which these cells exert their regenerative properties.Herein, we have evaluated, for the first time, the regenerative and vasculogenic potential of a combination of endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from adipose-tissue (AT), compared with ECFCs from umbilical cord blood (CB-ECFCs) and AT-MSCs, in a murine model of CLTI.MethodsBalb-c nude mice (n:32) were distributed in four different groups (n:8/group): control shams, and ischemic mice (after femoral ligation) that received 50 µl of physiological serum alone or a cellular combination of AT-MSCs with either CB-ECFCs or AT-ECFCs. Follow-up of blood flow reperfusion and ischemic symptoms was carried out for 21 days, when mice were sacrificed to evaluate vascular density formation. Moreover, the long-term molecular changes in response to CLTI and both cell combinations were analyzed in a proteomic quantitative approach.ResultsAT-MSCs with either AT- or CB-ECFCs, promoted a significant recovery of blood flow in CLTI mice 21 days post-ischemia. Besides, they modulated the inflammatory and necrotic related processes, although the CB group presented the slowest ischemic progression along the assay. Moreover, many proteins involved in the repairing mechanisms promoted by cell treatments were identified.ConclusionsThe combination of AT-MSCs with AT-ECFCs or with CB-ECFCs promoted similar revascularization in CLTI mice, by restoring blood flow levels, together with the modulation of the inflammatory and necrotic processes, and reduction of muscle damage. The protein changes identified are representative of the molecular mechanisms involved in ECFCs and MSCs-induced revascularization (immune response, vascular repair, muscle regeneration, etc.).

Tumor Microenvironment Reprogramming Improves Nanomedicine-Based Chemo-Immunotherapy in Sarcomas.

Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of rare cancers that originate in soft tissues or bones. Their complexity and tendency for metastases make treatment challenging, highlighting the need for new therapeutic approaches to improve patient survival. The difficulties in treating these cancers primarily stem from abnormalities within the tumor microenvironment (TME), which leads to reduced blood flow and oxygen levels in tumors. Consequently, this hampers the effective delivery of drugs to tumors and diminishes treatment efficacy despite higher toxic doses of chemotherapy. In this study, we tested the mechanotherapeutic ketotifen combined with either pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) or pegylated liposomal coencapsulated alendronate-doxorubicin (PLAD) plus anti-programmed cell death protein 1 antibody in mouse models of fibrosarcoma and osteosarcoma. We found that ketotifen successfully reprogrammed the TME by reducing tumor stiffness and increasing perfusion, proven by changes measured by shear-wave elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound, respectively, and enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of our nanomedicine-based chemo-immunotherapy protocols. Furthermore, we observed a trend toward improved antitumor responses when nano-chemotherapy is given alongside anti-programmed cell death protein 1 and when the immunomodulator alendronate was present in the treatment. We next investigated the mechanisms of action of this combination. Ketotifen combined with nanomedicine-based chemo-immunotherapy increased T-cell infiltration, specifically cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T helper cells, and decreased the number of regulatory T cells. In addition, the combination also altered the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages, favoring the M1 immune-supportive phenotype over the M2 immunosuppressive phenotype. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that ketotifen-induced TME reprogramming can improve the efficacy of nanomedicine-based chemo-immunotherapy in sarcomas.

Association between Doppler assessment and secondary cesarean delivery for intrapartum fetal compromise in small-for-gestational-age fetuses

PurposeTo elucidate the association between arterial and venous Doppler ultrasound parameters and the risk of secondary cesarean delivery for intrapartum fetal compromise (IFC) and neonatal acidosis in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses.MethodsThis single-center, prospective, blinded, cohort study included singleton pregnancies with an estimated fetal weight (EFW) < 10th centile above 36 gestational weeks. Upon study inclusion, all women underwent Doppler ultrasound, including umbilical artery (UA) pulsatility index (PI), middle cerebral artery (MCA) PI, fetal aortic isthmus (AoI) PI, umbilical vein blood flow (UVBF), and modified myocardial performance index (mod-MPI). Primary outcome was defined as secondary cesarean section due to IFC.ResultsIn total, 87 SGA pregnancies were included, 16% of which required a cesarean section for IFC. Those fetuses revealed lower UVBF corrected for abdominal circumference (AC) (5.2 (4.5–6.3) vs 7.2 (5.5–8.3), p = 0.001). There was no difference when comparing AoI PI, UA PI, ACM PI, or mod-MPI. No association was found for neonatal acidosis. After multivariate logistic regression, UVBF/AC remained independently associated with cesarean section due to IFC (aOR 0.61 [0.37; 0.91], p = 0.03) and yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.78 (95% CI, 0.67–0.89). A cut-off value set at the 50th centile of UVBF/AC reached a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 58% for the occurrence of cesarean section due to IFC (OR 8.1; 95% CI, 1.7–37.8, p = 0.003).ConclusionLow levels of umbilical vein blood flow (UVBF/AC) were associated with an increased risk among SGA fetuses to be delivered by cesarean section for IFC.

Predictive value of TCCD and regional cerebral oxygen saturation for detecting early postoperative brain injury

ObjectiveThis study aims to analyze the risk factors for early postoperative brain injury in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery and explore the predictive value of transcranial color Doppler (TCCD) and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) for detecting early postoperative brain injury in cardiovascular surgery patients.MethodsA total of 55 patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in Changzhou No.2 The People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were included in this study. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) concentration was measured 24 h after operation. Patients were divided into brain injury (NSE ≥ 16.3 ng/mL) and normal (0 < NSE < 16.3 ng/mL) groups according to the measured NSE concentration. The clinical outcomes between the two groups were compared, including decreased rSO2 and cerebral blood flow (as measured by TCCD) levels. The risk factors of early postoperative brain injury were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis, and the significant variables were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.ResultsA total of 50 patients were included in this study, with 20 patients in the brain injury group and 30 patients in the normal group. Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min) (107 ± 29 vs. 90 ± 28, P = 0.047) and aortic occlusion time (min) (111 (IQR 81–127) vs. 87 (IQR 72–116), P = 0.010) were significantly longer in the brain injury group than in the normal group. Patients in the brain injury group had greater decreased rSO2 (%) (27.0 ± 7.3 vs. 17.5 ± 6.1, P < 0.001) and cerebral blood flow (%) (44.9 (IQR 37.8–69.2) vs. 29.1 (IQR 12.0–48.2), P = 0.004) levels. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that decreased rSO2 and cerebral blood flow levels, aortic occlusion time, and history of atrial fibrillation were independent risk factors for early postoperative brain injury (P < 0.05). ROC analysis reported that the best cutoff values for predicting early postoperative brain injury were 21.4% and 37.4% for decreased rSO2 and cerebral blood flow levels, respectively (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe decreased rSO2 and cerebral blood flow levels, aorta occlusion time, and history of atrial fibrillation were independent risk factors for early postoperative brain injury. TCCD and rSO2 could effectively monitor brain metabolism and cerebral blood flow and predict early postoperative brain injury.

Carotid artery elongation (carotid dolichoarteriopathy): some features of the structure and hemodynamics

The purpose of the study. Multimodal study of the state of the brachiocephalic arteries, with assessment of blood flow in the extra- and intracranial portions of the carotid arteries and brain perfusion, as well as the structure of the brain in patients with different types of elongation of the carotid arteries (ECA).Material and methods. The data of examinations of 79 patients (45 men (57.0%, average age – 61.0 ± 10.1 years) and 34 women (43.0%, 65.3 ± 13.6 years), average age 62.8 ± 11.8 years) during the year after ischemic stroke in posterior circulation were analyzed. ECA was verified by multispiral computed tomographic angiography (msCTA) in 44 patients (55.7% of the total number of cases), the control group was selected by gender and age with “case-control” elements and consisted of 35 (44.3%) patients without a mustache. All underwent msCTA of the thoracic aorta and BCA and CT perfusion examination, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, duplex scanning of BCA and transcranial duplex scanning, transthoracic echocardiography, transcranial Doppler monitoring with microembolodetection.Results. We have registered intergroup differences, which can be divided into structural and functional. The former include: higher aortic arch location in patients with DCA: ThII – 6.3% vs. 0%, ThIII – 43% vs. 0%; ThIV – 28.1% vs. 62.9%* and ThV 21.9% vs. 37.1% (p &lt; 0.0005); lower values of cervical spine height (114.70 ± 11.03 mm, vs. 120.46 ± 9.75 mm, p = 0.022), greater absolute length of the ICA (on the right – 101.32 ± 14.59 mm vs. 85.06 ± 12.07 mm, p &lt; 0.0005; on the left – 100.00 ± 14.03 mm vs. 84.66 ± 12.63 mm, p &lt; 0.0005). The presence of ECA was associated (p &lt; 0.05) with a higher frequency of vertebral artery elongation. The severity of small vessel disease during MRI in individuals with ECA was slightly higher (not at the trend level, p = 0.076). Functional differences consisted in the registration of lower (p = 0.019) values of the end diastolic velocity in M1 of the middle cerebral arteries. The values of some perfusion indices in the blood supply of elongation arteries were lower than in persons without ECA. There were no cases of registration of microembolic signals in the ECA patients examined by us.Conclusion. In the individuals with ECA we examined, a complex of anatomical and hemodynamic features was determined, which, both individually and collectively, cannot lead to a decrease in the level of blood flow or be a source of arterio-arterial embolism in the carotid system, regardless of the configuration of the ICA.

Therapeutic efficacy of adrenergic agents on systemic and spinal hemodynamics in an acute cervical spinal cord injury rodent model

BACKGROUNDCervical spinal cord injury usually results in cardiorespiratory dysfunctions due to interruptions of the bulbospinal pathways innervating the cervical phrenic motoneurons and thoracic sympathetic preganglionic neurons. PURPOSEThe present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of adrenergic agents on systemic and spinal hemodynamics during acute cervical spinal cord injury. STUDY DESIGNIn vivo animal study. METHODSThe cardiorespiratory function and spinal cord blood flow and oxygenation level were monitored in response to cervical spinal cord contusion and intravenous infusion of three types of adrenergic agents (phenylephrine, dobutamine, and norepinephrine). RESULTSCervical spinal cord contusion resulted in immediate reduction of respiratory airflow, arterial blood pressure, and spinal cord blood flow. The arterial blood pressure and spinal cord blood flow remained lower than the preinjury value in contused animals infused with saline at 60 min postinjury. Infusion of phenylephrine (500, 1000, and 2000 μg/kg) and norepinephrine (125, 250, and 500 μg/kg) significantly increased the arterial blood pressure, while only norepinephrine augmented the spinal cord blood flow. Conversely, dobutamine (1000 and 2000 μg/kg) reduced both arterial blood pressure and spinal cord blood flow. Notably, administration of adrenergic agents tended to increase spinal cord hemorrhage in contused animals. CONCLUSIONSInfusion of norepinephrine can effectively maintain the blood pressure and improve spinal cord blood flow during acute spinal cord injury. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCENorepinephrine may be a superior medicine for hemodynamic management; however, the potential hemorrhage should be considered when utilizing the vasopressor to regulate systemic and spinal hemodynamics at the acute injured stage.

Curative effect of motherwort combined with ethinylestradiol-cyproterone acetate on dysfunctional uterine bleeding

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to investigate the curative effect of motherwort combined with ethinylestradiol-cyproterone acetate (EE/CPA) on dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB). Methods Atotal of 68 patients with DUB were divided into a single medication group (treated with EE/CPA) and a combination medication group(treated with motherwort and EE/CPA). The clinical efficacy, uterine hemodynamic parameters, sex hormone levels, coagulation index levels, blood routine test levels, and adverse reactions of patients were evaluated. Results After three months of treatment, total treatment response rate of the combination medication group was significantly higher than that of the single medication group. Decreased uterine volume, endometrial thickness and resistance index (RI), increased pulsatility index(PI), average flow rate, and uterine artery blood flow, as well asreduced follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH),estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen (FIB), thrombin time(TT), platelet count (PLT), red blood cell (RBC), and hemoglobin (Hb)levels were witnessed in patients of the two groups. In thecombination medication group, there exhibited reduced uterine volume, endometrial thickness and RI, elevated PI, average flow rate, and uterine artery blood flow, reduced P, E2, FSH, LH, aPTT, PT, FIB, TT,PLT, RBC, and Hb levels in comparison to the single medication group. Conclusion The combination of motherwort and EE/CPA is clinically effective in the treatment of DUB.

Changes in Pancreas Volume in Living Donor Liver Transplant Recipients.

Metabolic factors have a significant role in the morbidity and mortality associated with chronic liver disease. The pancreas has a central role in metabolism and metabolic risk factors but has been largely ignored in liver transplantation. Small pancreas volume has been demonstrated in pathologic conditions such as type 1 and 2 diabetes. This study assessed abdominal imaging before and after liver transplantation to determine if liver transplantation induces changes in pancreas volume in living donor liver transplant recipients. Our secondary outcome is to correlate pancreas volume with demographic, clinical, and outcome data. We conducted a retrospective study of pancreas volume in patients enrolled in the adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation cohort study. Pancreas volume was manually calculated from 413 MRI or computed tomography images and correlated with imaging and clinical data. Pancreas volume declined by an average of 24% (87.8 ± 25.2 mL to 66.8 ± 20.4 mL, P < 0.0001), regardless of liver disease etiology. Pancreas volume correlated with portal blood flow, spleen volume, and liver enzyme levels. We found a correlation between smaller pancreas volume pretransplant and longer intensive care unit (ICU) stay across all patients ( P < 0.05). Individuals with an ICU stay of <2 d had a larger average pancreas volume pretransplant than those with an ICU stay of 2 d or longer (91.2 versus 82.2 mL, P < 0.05). Pancreas volume is dynamic in liver transplant recipients and may reflect altered metabolism and risk of posttransplantation complications.

Cerebral autoregulation, spreading depolarization, and implications for targeted therapy in brain injury and ischemia.

Cerebral autoregulation is an intrinsic myogenic response of cerebral vasculature that allows for preservation of stable cerebral blood flow levels in response to changing systemic blood pressure. It is effective across a broad range of blood pressure levels through precapillary vasoconstriction and dilation. Autoregulation is difficult todirectly measure and methods to indirectly ascertain cerebral autoregulation status inherently require certain assumptions. Patients with impaired cerebral autoregulation may be at risk of brain ischemia. One of the central mechanisms of ischemia in patients with metabolically compromised states is likely the triggering of spreading depolarization (SD) events and ultimately, terminal (or anoxic) depolarization. Cerebral autoregulation and SD are therefore linked when considering the risk of ischemia. In this scoping review, we will discuss the range of methods to measure cerebral autoregulation, their theoretical strengths and weaknesses, and the available clinical evidence to support their utility. We will then discuss the emerging link between impaired cerebral autoregulation and the occurrence of SD events. Such an approach offers the opportunity to better understand an individual patient's physiology and provide targeted treatments.

An assessment of cardiac nurses' knowledge and practices regarding patient safety after cardiac catheterization

Cardiac catheterization is a medical procedure that helps doctors examine the heart and its blood vessels in detail. It involves inserting catheters (thin tubes) into a blood vessel in the arm or leg and guiding them to the heart with the help of X-ray images. This process allows for the collection of data on blood flow, pressure, and oxygen levels in the heart, as well as taking samples and imaging the heart's arteries and chambers. Ensuring patient safety, which means preventing harm during healthcare, is crucial, especially after this procedure. The team performing cardiac catheterization must prioritize safety and quality care to avoid complications. This study, the first of its kind in the Northern Region of Saudi Arabia, aims to evaluate the knowledge and practices of cardiac nurses regarding patient safety after cardiac catheterization. It employs a descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional design and analyzes data using frequency and percentages. Conducted from July to September 2023 at a Cardiac Center in Hail, Saudi Arabia, it involves nurses with varying levels of education and experience in cardiac care. The research tools include a questionnaire on potential complications post-catheterization and an observation tool for nursing care. The findings indicate that experience affects knowledge levels, with nurses having over five years of experience showing higher knowledge. The study also finds that most nurses have moderate to adequate knowledge about patient safety post-catheterization, but there's room for improvement. Compared to similar studies, this research underscores the importance of experienced nursing care in preventing complications. It suggests the need for enhanced training and education focusing on care after cardiac catheterization to improve patient outcomes.

Efficacy and safety of combining ginkgolide diterpene glucosamine injection with dual antibodies in elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke

Purpose: To investigate the clinical effects and safety of ginkgo biloba diterpene lactone glucosamine injection, combined with dual antibiotic therapy for acute ischemic stroke in elderly individuals within a hyper thrombolytic time window. &#x0D; Methods: 100 elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke at Changsha First Hospital, Changsha, China from March 2022 to March 2023 were randomly and equally assigned to study and control groups (50 patients each). Study group received aspirin and clopidogrel, while control group received ginkgo biloba diterpene lactone glucosamine injection along with dual antibodies. Clinical efficacy, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) score, cerebral hemodynamics, and safety were compared between the two groups. &#x0D; Results: There was no significant difference in effective rate between the two groups (p &gt; 0.05). However, following treatment, study group showed superior NIHSS and IADL scores compared to control group, with greater statistical significance as the disease progressed. Doppler ultrasound revealed that study group had smaller Pulsatility index (PI) values and larger mean cerebral artery blood flow velocity (Vm), and systolic value (Vs) compared to control group (p &lt; 0.05). In study group, three adverse reactions were reported (gastrointestinal discomfort, abnormal liver/kidney function, and skin itching), whereas the control group experienced five adverse reactions (gastrointestinal discomfort, abnormal liver/kidney function, dizziness, and skin itching). &#x0D; Conclusion: The combination of Ginkgo biloba diterpene lactone glucosamine injection and dual antibodies in elderly individuals with acute ischemic stroke within a super thrombolytic time window enhances intracerebral blood flow levels, effectively promotes neurological recovery, improves daily living abilities, and safety. Further research is needed to elucidate the exact pathways involved.

Neuroprotective action of hydroxybenzoic acid derivative with glycine (C40) in the middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats with chronic cerebral circulation insufficiency

The neuroprotective effect of a novel conjugate of hydroxybenzoic acid with glycine (C40) was investigated in a model of ischemic stroke in rats with chronic cerebral circulation insufficiency (CCCI). The study was conducted in two stages: first, CCCI was modeled by stenosing the common carotid arteries by 50 %, followed by a 60-minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (stroke) after 40 days. Compound C40 and the reference drug citicoline were administered for 10 days before stroke and for 3 days after. Further, neurological deficit (the Garcia and Combs D’Alecy scales), sensorimotor functions (Open Field test, Adhesive Removal test, and Rotarod test), cognitive impairments (Novel Object Recognition and Morris Water Maze tests), cerebral blood flow level, and endothelial function were evaluated. Animals receiving the test substances demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in neurological deficit, less pronounced motor coordination and sensorimotor function impairments, as well as fewer short-term and long-term memory deficits compared to the negative control group. The observed decrease in neurological deficit in the experimental groups was accompanied by improved endothelial function and increased cerebral blood flow. The neuroprotective effect of the novel hydroxybenzoic acid derivative with glycine (C40) was comparable to that of reference drug citicoline.

Evaluation of the photodynamic effect on the state of microcirculation and oxygenation in periodontal tissues in the treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis

Increasing the effectiveness of treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis using PDT based on clinical and functional substantiation of the effects of a photosensitizer. A clinical and functional study and treatment of moderate chronic generalized periodontitis was carried out in 62 people (26 men and 36 women) aged from 35 to 55 years without a somatic model with an orthognathic occlusion diagnosed according to ICD-10 - K05.3. Of these, 2 groups were divided depending on the type of treatment: Group 1 (main) - patients with moderate chronic generalized periodontitis - 32 people. (17 men and 15 women, average age of the group - 43.2±2.2 years); Group 2 (control) - patients with moderate chronic generalized periodontitis - 30 people. (14 men and 16 women, average age of the group - 44.0±3.3 years). Complex treatment consisted of sanitation of the mouth, removal of dental plaque and curettage of periodontal pockets in group 1, followed by PDT with Revixan gel using a special wired aligner REVIXAN DENTAL LED (16 r). The clinical condition of the periodontium was assessed using the Greene Vermillion Hygienic Index (OHI-S), the Mühlleman Bleeding Index (SBI) modified by Cowell, and the periodontal index PI. To study the state of microcirculation in the gum tissue, the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) method was used using the LAKK-M device (NPP «Lazma», Russia). The state of microcirculation was assessed by the microcirculation index (M), which characterizes the level of tissue blood flow; parameter - «σ», which determines the fluctuation of the erythrocyte flow. According to Wavelet analysis of LDF-grams, the shunt index (SH) of blood flow was determined. In the «LDF + spectrometry» mode, oxygenation in periodontal tissues was studied using optical tissue oximetry (OTO), based on the results of which the perfusion saturation index (Sm) and the specific oxygen consumption index (U, %) were determined. According to LDF data, after PDT (group 1), normalization of clinical indices and the level of microcirculation in periodontal tissues was established, which was accompanied by an increase in the level of blood flow (M) and its activity (σ), which persisted after 3 and 6 months. after PDT. The perfusion saturation index (Sm) and specific oxygen consumption (U) increased more significantly after PDT, which persisted after 3 and 6 months. In the control group, the dynamics of indicators was less pronounced. The use of PDT with Revixan gel normalizes the clinical condition of the periodontium, indicators of microhemodynamics and oxygen metabolism.

The effectiveness of photodynamic effects on the clinical and functional state of periodontal tissues in periodontitis

A clinical and functional study and treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate degree were conducted in 56 people (22 men and 34 women) aged 37 to 55 years. The patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the type of treatment: group 1 (main) - 28 people (11 men and 17 women, the average age of the group was 43.5±2.8 years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 1% dimegin gel using an AFS Spectrum LED emitter with a wavelength of 660 nm and an energy density of 95 J/cm2), in group 2 (control) - 28 people. (9 men and 19 women, the average age of the group was 45.0±3.1 years) standard treatment was performed without PDT. The level of tissue blood flow, its activity and vasomotor activity of microvessels, as well as the blood flow bypass index were determined by laser Doppler flowmetry. The study of oxygenation was carried out by optical tissue oximetry with determination of the index of oxygenation, specific oxygen consumption and perfusion oxygen saturation. After PDT, the periodontal tissues showed an increase in blood flow by 65.5% after 3 months, the level of oxygen metabolism increased by 51%, which increased after 6 months. The use of PDT in the complex treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity has an activating effect on the microcirculation system and the level of oxygen metabolism in periodontal tissues both in the near and long-term follow-up periods. The use of PDT with 1% dimegin gel has an effective effect on the state of microhemodynamics and oxygenation in periodontal tissues.

Evaluation of the Relationship Between Pulmonary Perfusion Via Chest Digital Dynamic Radiography System and Diffusing Capacity Test.

Non-invasive, visual, and quantitative in vivo evaluation of pulmonary blood flow is helpful in assessing gas exchange at the alveolar level. A chest digital dynamic radiography system (CDDR) has the potential to visually and quantitatively express pulmonary haemodynamics using temporal changes in radiographic transparency synchronised with the heartbeat. The lung-diffusing capacity (DLCO) test involves membranous factors comprising the alveolar membrane, interstitium, and vascular walls. Additionally, DLCO includes pulmonary blood flow factors defined by pulmonary capillary blood flow and haemoglobin levels. In individuals lacking an alveolar septum, interstitial abnormalities or anaemia leading to changes in DLCO may reflect changes in the pulmonary blood flow. Here, we investigated the usefulness of CDDR in evaluating pulmonary blood flow by comparing it with DLCO.For pulmonary blood flow, we extracted and visualised signal changes in the lung field synchronised with heart rate during CDDR imaging and created a maximum intensity projection (MIP). The DLCO was measured using the single-breath method. Among the patients who underwent CDDR, 10 with FEV/FVC (FEV1.0%)>70% and 16 with COPD (FEV1.0%<70%) without noticeable interstitial changes were included, with a cutoff=70%/predicted value. MIP was compared as a pulmonary blood flow evaluation method in the DLCO≥70% group (control group: n=15) and the DLCO<70% group (decreased DLCO group: n=11). The mean and median values of MIP in the reduced group were lower than those in the control group (p<0.05).Pulmonary blood flow evaluated using CDDR may be able to assess pulmonary circulatory disturbances visually and quantitatively, as indicated by decreased pulmonary diffusion capacity in patients with negligible pulmonary interstitial changes and anaemia.

Neurogenic Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow

The brain has a well-developed vascular network, which allows it to consume up to 15% of the cardiac output with a low mass relative to the whole-body weight. Normally, the metabolic demands of the brain depend considerably on the intensity of functioning of its different departments, which requires constant regulation of the local blood flow level. On the other hand, the state of systemic hemodynamics can have a significant impact on the organ blood flow. Complex and multilevel mechanisms of the regulation of organ cerebral blood flow are aimed at minimizing the possible adverse effects of systemic hemodynamics impairment. The importance of precise and prompt regulation of cerebral blood flow is reinforced by the absence of energy reserves or substrates for its autonomous production in the nervous tissue. The main mechanisms of cerebral blood flow regulation include: myogenic regulation, influence of local humoral influences and vasoactive substances (hormones, metabolites) of systemic blood flow, changes in blood gas composition (increase or decrease in blood oxygen or carbon dioxide tension). In addition, endothelium-dependent mechanisms of regulation are distinguished. Finally, one more level of cerebral arterial tone regulation is represented by the effect of neurotransmitters released from vasomotor fibers terminals of sympathetic and parasympathetic sections of autonomic nervous system, as well as from subcortical neurons and cortical interneurons terminals. In the present review, the principles of neurogenic regulation of cerebral blood flow are considered. The neurogenic regulation of vascular tone is the most complex regulatory circuit. The autonomic innervation of cerebral vessels has significant features that distinguish it from that in most other organs of the great circulatory circle. In addition to the autonomic innervation proper, the vessels of the brain receive sensory innervation, and the small intracerebral arterioles are also innervated -directly by subcortical neurons and cortical interneurons. In this connection, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the neurogenic regulation of cerebral blood flow may serve as a basis for the development of new methods of treatment of severe brain diseases based on neuromodulation in the long term.

Tracking Cerebral Microvascular and Metabolic Parameters during Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Hemodynamic models provide a mathematical representation and computational framework that describe the changes in blood flow, blood volume, and oxygenation levels that occur in response to neural activity and systemic changes, while near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measures deoxyhemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, and other chromophores to analyze cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism. In this study, we apply a dynamic hemometabolic model to NIRS data acquired during cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in pigs. Our goals were to test the model’s ability to accurately describe the observed phenomena, to gain an understanding of the intricate behavior of cerebral microvasculature, and to compare the obtained parameters with known values. By employing the inverse of the hemometabolic model, we measured a range of significant physiological parameters, such as the rate of oxygen diffusion from blood to tissue, the arteriole and venule volume fractions, and the Fåhraeus factor. Statistical analysis uncovered significant differences in the baseline and post-cardiac arrest values of some of the parameters.