Levels Of Behavior Research Articles

Associations between sickness behavior, but not inflammatory cytokines, and psychiatric comorbidity in chronic pain

ObjectivesApproximately one in five adults experiences chronic pain, often in co-occurrence with depression, insomnia, anxiety, and lower self-rated health. Elevated levels of cytokines, e.g. tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and interleukin 10 (IL-10), have been identified in patients with chronic pain. Depression, insufficient sleep, poor self-rated health, and pain intensity have also been associated with inflammatory biomarkers. This study aimed to investigate the interrelationships between inflammatory biomarkers and depression, insomnia, anxiety, self-rated health, sickness behavior, and pain intensity in patients with chronic pain. MethodsSelf-report questionnaires and blood samples analyzed for plasma levels of inflammatory biomarkers were collected from 80 adult patients with chronic pain. Associations between inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)) and depression, insomnia, anxiety, self-rated health, sickness behavior, and pain intensity, were analyzed using bivariate Spearman rank correlation coefficients and regression analyses. ResultsParticipants were mainly women (72.5 %), with a mean age of 50.8 years, and a reported mean pain duration of 16.7 years. There were significant correlations between insomnia and CRP (rs =.26, p <.05); sex and ESR (rs =.29, p <.05); age and IL-6 (rs =.29, p <.05) and IL-8 (rs =.30, p <.05); BMI and IL-6 (rs =.50, p <.001), CRP (rs =.63, p <.001) and ESR (rs =.42, p <.001). Ratings of depression were positively and significantly related to ratings of sickness behavior and anxiety (β =.32 and β =.40, respectively), explaining 49 % of the total variance in depression ratings. Insomnia was positively and significantly related to sickness behavior (β =.37) explaining 31 % of the total variance in insomnia ratings. Inflammatory biomarkers, however, did not contribute significantly to the models. ConclusionsParticipants reported high levels of symptoms, yet the associations between these ratings and the inflammatory biomarkers were either absent or weak. Also, despite high levels of self-reported sickness behavior, overall the inflammatory status remained within the normal range. Ratings of sickness behavior contributed more than inflammatory markers in explaining ratings of depression and insomnia. The present results point to the complexity of chronic pain, and the challenges of identifying biomarkers that explain symptomatology.

The urge to search: cognitive and affective drivers of citizen searches in missing person cases

ABSTRACT In missing persons cases, police often face citizen initiated searches. Though possibly beneficial (e.g., capacity), citizen involvement also carries risks (e.g., destroying evidence). It is important to manage searches, but often the police have no formal basis for cooperation and no legal means to impose restrictions. The police can only manage searches by exerting their influence at the behavioral level. Before behavioral interventions can be developed, it is necessary to understand the psychological drivers underlying citizen searches. Through a questionnaire (N = 627) based on Community Engagement Theory, Theory of Planned Behavior, and affective measures, we investigated what factors influence citizens’ intent to search. Intention related positively to affect, and beliefs about efficacy and usefulness. The only negative relationship found was for perceived authority. The results suggest that affect is a strong predictor of citizen involvement, and that strengthening perceived police authority offers opportunities to limit or redirect citizen searches where necessary.

Does health-related college major have an effect on health-promoting behaviors? Evidence from Iranian‘s staff

BackgroundHealth-promoting behaviors and lifestyle changes can reduce the cost of health services, stress, and disease complications. This study examined the status of health-promoting behaviors and its influencing factors. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 171 staff members of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2023. The Persian version of the health-promoting lifestyle profile II questionnaire was used. Analyzes were performed in R 4.3.2 software. ResultsMean ± SD age was 37.67 ± 7.58 years. 83 % had the low levels of health-promoting behaviors, while 17.0 % had moderate levels. The physical activity and interpersonal relation had the lowest and highest scores. The most significant strong and weekly correlations was between health responsibility and physical activity with total score of health-promoting behavior scores (r = 0.81, r = 0.66). Staff with health-related college major performed better in the areas of nutrition, stress management, spiritual growth. ConclusionHealth-related college major is the most important factor affecting health-promoting behaviors. Also, health responsibility is most related to these behaviors. Educational interventions should be done at the community level, regardless of people’s field of study, to increase people’s knowledge and awareness about risk factors and improve the level of health.

Physical Activity Enjoyment, Physical Activity Behavior, and Motor Competence in Low-Income Elementary School Students

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between low-income elementary school students’ physical activity enjoyment and physical activity behavior and to determine if their motor competence predicts their physical activity enjoyment and physical activity behavior. A total of 82 students (51.2% male; Mage = 10, SD = 0.861) from two Title I elementary schools in the western United States were involved in this study. The students completed the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C), and the Test of Gross Motor Development–Third Edition (TGMD-3). The results of the correlation analysis showed that physical activity enjoyment and physical activity behavior among the students were significantly related, r(80) = 0.379, p &lt; 0.001. Multiple regression models indicated that locomotor skills were a significant predictor of the level of physical activity enjoyment (F(2,79) = 8.334, p &lt; 0.001; t = 3.76, p &lt; 0.001), while motor competence did not predict the level of physical activity behavior. These findings illustrate the importance of both physical activity enjoyment and physical activity behavior and the significant role of locomotor skills in enhancing the level of physical activity enjoyment in this specific population of children. Motor competence should be considered a priority when designing and implementing physical education and physical activity programs for school-aged children from lower-income families.

Dynamic modulation of the processing of unpredicted technical errors by the posterior cingulate and the default mode network

The pervasive use of information technologies (IT) has tremendously benefited our daily lives. However, unpredicted technical breakdowns and errors can lead to the experience of stress, which has been termed technostress. It remains poorly understood how people dynamically respond to unpredicted system runtime errors occurring while interacting with the IT systems on a behavioral and neuronal level. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying such processes, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in which 15 young adults solved arithmetic problems of three difficulty levels (easy, medium and hard) while two types of system runtime errors (problem errors and feedback errors) occurred in an unexpected manner. The problem error condition consisted of apparently defective displays of the arithmetic problem and the feedback error condition involved erroneous feedback. We found that the problem errors positively influenced participants’ problem-solving performance at the high difficulty level (i.e., hard tasks) at the initial stage of the session, while feedback errors disturbed their performance. These dynamic behavioral changes are mainly associated with brain activation changes in the posterior cingulate and the default mode network, including the posterior cingulate cortex, the mPFC, the retrosplenial cortex and the parahippocampal gyrus. Our study illustrates the regulatory role of the posterior cingulate in coping with unpredicted errors as well as with dynamic changes in the environment.

Bridging multi-level vehicle behavioural patterns with long-term pavement condition: a bidirectional modelling approach for progressively mixed autonomous traffic flow

The increasing of AVs’ market penetration rate (MPR) changes the traffic behavioural pattern and ultimately influences pavement. Pavement condition, in turn, influences microscopic behaviours. The above bidirection influencing mechanism has not been investigated fully yet. This research fill this gap by modelling the linkage between multi-level microscopic behaviour and pavement sustainability. Three levels of behaviour are considered: travel behaviour, microscopic traffic behaviour, and driving behaviour. The latter two are modelled using stochastic lateral movement model, while the former one is captured by a mixed autonomous traffic assignment model. Microscopic behaviours’ influence on pavement is described by a data-driven model, while the reverse counterpart is described by connecting pavement condition with link wandering and disutility. Our analysis results reveal that at link level, AVs can cause extra 50% drop in free flow speed due to pavement deterioration. Neglecting pavement evolution in strategic assignments leads to a 0.2% increase in network cost.

Legal Awareness-Based Religiosity: Unveiling the Segmentation and Motivation of Qurbani Participants in West Sumatra

: Qurbani is perceived to be performed by people who have a lot of money, but in practice, financial capability is not the main reason why people perform qurbani. This article discusses what factors are the segmentation and motivation for performing qurbani and divides them into several reasons for qurbani participants based on age, gender, economic level, and education level. Furthermore, the segmentation of qurbani participants that has been determined is analyzed from the perspective of legal awareness, which is an indicator of the level of knowledge, understanding, attitude, and behavior. The purpose of the descriptive description of the segmentation and legal awareness of qurbani performers is to reveal the motivation of qurbani performers based on the experience of the people of West Sumatra. The method used is a mixed method (mix method), namely a qualitative-descriptive approach and a quantitative approach. The quantitative approach will measure the percentage based on the segmentation of qurbani participants, namely based on age, gender, education, and region The qualitative approach was used to analyze the qurbani participants' motivation, religious level, and legal awareness. The results showed that the segmentation of qurbani participants from the middle class is higher, as many as 42% of the total qurbani participants. The dominance of West Sumatran people's motivation for qurbani is influenced by the level of religiosity fostered through religious teachings and Ulama fatwas, while economic motivation is only one of the supporting factors, because materially, even though the community does not have economic stability, they are still enthusiastic about becoming qurbani participants with motivations based on the pattern of preparing qurbani costs and the preparation period. Furthermore, it was concluded that qurbani participants in West Sumatra have high legal awareness, this can be seen in the high level of understanding and knowledge of the qurbani law, as well as positive attitudes driven by religiosity, which strengthens social solidarity and community unity. This research implies that the participation, segmentation, and motivation of qurbani performers are not solely related to economic security, but rather to high levels of religiosity and legal awareness.

Adherence to Fluid Restrictions among Haemodialysis Patients In Private Haemodialysis Centres in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

End stage kidney disease (ESKD) is an irreversible progressive kidney function that requires kidney replacement therapy. Over two million people have currently received dialysis treatment worldwide. Haemodialysis treatment has been developed as a practical, safe and efficient method for the care of patients with ESRD. However, HD treatments generally have a more negative impact on patients' quality of life (QoL), high morbidity and mortality rate, as well as major adverse cardiovascular events. Compliance to dietary, fluid restrictions, medications and treatment regimens is one of the contributors to the quality of life observed in patients ESKD undergoing haemodialysis treatment. This study is aimed on the measurement of the fluid restriction adherence of 132 haemodialysis patient in MAIWP-PICOMS haemodialysis centres. An interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) was used as an indicator to describe the level of adherence level. Method: An observational study was conducted among consenting patients on HD for ≥3 months with criteria of age from 18 to 65 years old using end-stage renal disease-adherence questionnaire (ESRD-AQ). Result: Of 132 participated patients were observed, 53% were female and 47% were male with a mean age of 49.05 ±11.52 years and HD duration mean length of 1.33 ranging from 1-5 years. Statistically, a significant association between level of fluid adherence behaviour and treatment duration (p &lt; .01) was found in this study. Meanwhile, the level of adherence to fluid restrictions was range between 45.5% - 50%, which was considered good. Conclusion: Significantly, adhered to fluid restriction among haemodialysis patients may prevent patients from many adverse consequences and improve the quality of life. Therefore, nurses and healthcare providers has been suggested to play a pivotal role in delivering education on fluid restriction for haemodialysis patient.

Efficiency of a Sensory-Adapted Dental Environment Versus Regular Dental Environment in Neurotypically Healthy Children: A Parallel-Arm Interventional Study.

Introduction The basic principle of a sensory adaptive dental environment is that an individual's sensory experiences have a significant impact on their emotional and psychological well-being. Taste, smell, touch, hearing, and sight are the five basic senses that affect our perception and responses to the environment. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a Sensory-Adaptive Dental Environment (SADE) compared with a Regular Dental Environment (RDE) in reducing anxiety, improving behavior, and providinga smooth experience for children undergoing dental treatment. Materials and methods This parallel-arm pilot study was conducted at the outpatient Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai,from January 2024 to March 2024. A total of 148 children who met the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups:Group I (intervention group) received SADE or MSE (Multi-Sensory Environment) intervention, while Group 2 (control group)underwent dental treatments in a Regular Dental Environment (RDE). Patient behavior was assessed using Frankl's behavior rating scale, and anxiety levels were measured using Ayesha's Oddbodd anxiety scale. Additionally, heart rate and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were evaluated using a pulse oximeter. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY), with significance set at a p-value less than 0.05. Results Before the procedure, there were no notable differences in behavior or anxiety levels. However, after the procedure, children undergoing treatment under SADE resulted in markedly improved behavior and notably lower anxiety levels. Also, this correlated with reduced anxiety levels, indicated by lower heart rates and higher oxygen saturation levels. Conclusion The study concluded that there were notable differences in patient experiences between SADE and RDE.After their dental procedures, participants in the SADE group were found to behave better and feel less nervous. Still, in the conventional setting, only improved behavior was noted, with no significant difference in anxiety levels. Overall, our study suggests that dental offices can significantly enhance patient experiences by providing a sensory-friendly setting that helps children feel more at ease, improves patient outcomes, and less nervous during their visits.

Does Financial Literacy Influence Students' Level Of Consumptive Behavior?: The Moderating Role Of Self-Control

This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the influence of financial literacy on students' consumptive behavior with self-control as a moderating variable. The population in this study consisted of students who were studying economics for the 2020-2021 class at state universities in the province of East Java, Indonesia. Sampling used a purposive sampling method which resulted in 185 students. The analysis used in this research is the Structural Equation Model (SEM) which is supported by the Partial Least Method (PLS). The results of this research show that financial literacy has a negative and significant effect on consumptive behavior, and self-control is unable to moderate the influence of financial literacy on consumptive behavior. Therefore, it is important to only pay attention to financial literacy, but in its application it requires strong self-control in students so as not to direct their purchasing patterns towards consumptive behavior.

Improving work ethics and organizational citizenship behavior through positive cognitive and affective attitude toward work

The research delved into the impact of attitudes toward work on both work ethics and organizational citizenship behavior. To enrich the understanding of this relationship, existing literature was thoroughly examined. Employing a descriptive assessment coupled with a correlational research design, the study focused on employees within the Divine Word College of Laoag. Data collection was facilitated through the administration of questionnaires, while inferential statistical tools such as mean and ANOVA were employed for data analysis. The findings indicated a notably high level of both cognitive and affective attitudes toward work among employees, paralleled by elevated levels of work ethics and organizational citizenship behavior. Furthermore, correlational analysis unveiled significant relationships between attitudes toward work and organizational citizenship behavior, encompassing its OCBO dimension. Similarly, a correlation was identified between attitudes toward work and work ethics. Despite its insightful findings, it's worth noting that the study's scope was confined to a specific population. Consequently, there arises a necessity for further research encompassing a broader demographic to ensure the generalizability of the findings.

Eyes on the past: Gaze stability differs between temporal expectation and temporal attention.

Temporal expectation and temporal attention distinctly improve performance and gaze stability, and interact at the behavioral and neural levels. Foreperiod-the interval between the preparatory signal and stimulus onset-facilitates temporal expectation. Preceding foreperiod-the foreperiod in the previous trial-modulates expectation at behavioral and oculomotor levels. Here, we investigated whether preceding foreperiod guides temporal attention. Regardless of the preceding foreperiod, temporal attention improved performance, particularly at early moments,and consistently accelerated gaze stability onset and offset by shifting microsaccade timing. However, only with preceding expected foreperiods, attention inhibited microsaccade rates. Moreover, preceding late foreperiods weakened expectation effects on microsaccade rates, but such a weakening was overridden by attention. Altogether, these findings reveal that the oculomotor system's flexibility does not translate to performance, and suggest that although selection history can be utilized as one of the sources of expectation in subsequent trials, it does not necessarily determine, strengthen, or guide attentional deployment.

Determinants influencing health-promoting behaviors in individuals at high risks of stroke: a cross-sectional study.

Quit smoking, moderate drinking, exercise, and healthy eating habits are all known to decrease the risk of stroke. As a result, understanding the health behaviors of high risk groups for stroke is crucial. Health behavior is influenced by knowledge, social environment, and health beliefs. However, little research has been done on these relationships. For a better grasp of the relationships mentioned above, consider using the COM-B model (capability, opportunity, motivation, and behavior). The purpose of this study was to investigate the variables related to health behavior and to test the mediating effect of health beliefs. The cross-sectional study was carried out at a physical examination center of a tertiary hospital in Shanghai, China. 986 high-risk populations of stroke have been tested using the Health Behavior Scale (HBS-SP), Stroke Knowledge Questionnaire (SKQ), Health Beliefs Questionnaire (HBS), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The structural equation modeling was used in this study. The scores for MSPSS, SKQ, HBS, and HBS-SP were 60.64 ± 13.72, 26.60 ± 9.77, 157.71 ± 34.34, and 2.46 ± 0.41, respectively. The revised model fits well (approximate root mean square error = 0.042; comparative fit index = 0.946). The health behavior was obviously and positively correlated to social Support, stroke knowledge, and health beliefs. Moreover, health belief has a mediating effect on the relation of social support, stroke knowledge, and health behavior. Chinese high risk groups for stroke have a mediate level of health behaviors. Factors associated with health behaviors are knowledge of stroke, health beliefs, and social support. The COM-B-based model can be used to explain the health behavior of individuals at risk of stroke and to guide the formulation of effective health management programs.

Semantic associative abilities and executive control functions predict novelty and appropriateness of idea generation

Novelty and appropriateness are two fundamental components of creativity. However, the way in which novelty and appropriateness are separated at behavioral and neural levels remains poorly understood. In the present study, we aim to distinguish behavioral and neural bases of novelty and appropriateness of creative idea generation. In alignment with two established theories of creative thinking, which respectively, emphasize semantic association and executive control, behavioral results indicate that novelty relies more on associative abilities, while appropriateness relies more on executive functions. Next, employing a connectome predictive modeling (CPM) approach in resting-state fMRI data, we define two functional network-based models—dominated by interactions within the default network and by interactions within the limbic network—that respectively, predict novelty and appropriateness (i.e., cross-brain prediction). Furthermore, the generalizability and specificity of the two functional connectivity patterns are verified in additional resting-state fMRI and task fMRI. Finally, the two functional connectivity patterns, respectively mediate the relationship between semantic association/executive control and novelty/appropriateness. These findings provide global and predictive distinctions between novelty and appropriateness in creative idea generation.

Farmer Behavior in Cocoa Farming Activities in Gitak Demung Village, Gangga District, North Lombok Regency

The aims of this study is to investigate farmers' behavior in cocoa farming activities in dryland farming in Gitak Demung Subvillage, Village of Gangga, Sub-district of North Lombok District. The research was conducted using surveys and in-depth interviews (FGD) to collect data on the cultivation practices carried out by cocoa farmers and the factors that influence their behavior (How Many Samples were taken). The survey results showed that farmers in Gitak Demung Village have a very good level of behavior, with the majority of farmers implementing good cultivation practices and in accordance with recommendations. In-depth interviews revealed that farmers' knowledge and awareness of good cultivation practices are the main factors influencing their behavior. In addition, adequate access to resources and technology also plays an important role in shaping good farmer behavior. The findings suggest that the extension and education efforts that have been undertaken by the government, agricultural institutions, and related organizations have had a positive impact in improving farmers' behavior. In conclusion, this study concludes that farmers in cocoa farming activities in Gitak Demung sub-village a very good level of behavior, and improvements in farmers' knowledge and access to agricultural resources and technology need to be considered to maintain and improve this good behavior to achieve sustainable agricultural production of cacao

“Are we working (too) comfortably?”: a focus group study to understand sedentary behaviour when working at home and identify intervention strategies

BackgroundThe Covid-19 pandemic initiated an enduring shift in working patterns, with many employees now working at home (w@h). This shift has exacerbated existing high levels of occupational sedentary behaviour (SB) in office workers, which is a recognised risk to health and well-being. This study aimed to use the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model to better understand both employees’ SB, and line managers behaviour to assist employees to reduce SB when w@h, and identify how employees can best be supported to reduce SB.MethodsThree online focus groups with employees aged 18–40 working in desk-based roles (e.g. administrative / sales / customer services) (n = 21), and three with line managers (n = 21) were conducted. The focus groups facilitated discussion regarding participants’ current behaviour, what impacts it, and what could be done to reduce employee SB when w@h. The focus group data were thematically analysed guided by the COM-B framework to understand influences on behaviour, and to identify promising intervention strategies.ResultsMost participants recognised that w@h had elevated employee occupational SB, and line managers reported the importance of supporting employees to manage their workload, and encouraging and modelling taking breaks. There were multiple influences on both employee and line manager behaviour with capability, opportunity and motivation all perceived as influential, although not equally. For example, a major theme related to the reduced physical opportunities for employees to reduce their SB when w@h, including blurred work-life boundaries. Changes in physical opportunities also made supporting employees challenging for line managers. Additionally, the w@h environment included unique social opportunities that negatively impacted the behaviour of both groups, including an expectation to always be present online, and social norms. A range of strategies for reducing SB when w@h at both individual and organisational level were suggested.ConclusionsIt was evident that SB when w@h is influenced by a range of factors, and therefore multi-component intervention strategies are likely to be most effective in reducing SB. Future intervention research is a priority to evaluate and refine strategies, and inform w@h guidance to protect both the short-term and long-term health consequences of elevated SB for those who continue to w@h.

Yoga and meditation for menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors: a qualitative study exploring participants’ experiences

PurposeBreast cancer survivors commonly experience menopausal symptoms, specifically when undergoing antihormonal therapy. Unfortunately, they often have a restricted range of treatment options available to alleviate menopausal symptoms. The objective of this qualitative study was to explore breast cancer survivors’ experiences and effects of a yoga and meditation intervention supplementing previously reported RCT outcomes.MethodsThe qualitative data included in this study were part of a larger randomized controlled trial which evaluated the efficacy and safety of a 12-week yoga and meditation intervention on menopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors. All participants who underwent the yoga intervention (n = 19) were invited to take part in semi-structured interviews after all quantitative data collection had been completed. Interviews (n = 9) were recorded, transcribed, and then coded into superordinate themes using thematic analysis.ResultsNine female participants were interviewed, and the following themes emerged: (1) representations and expectations from the yoga intervention; (2) course structure and implementation; (3) perceptions and effects of the intervention (at emotional, physical, behavioral, and spiritual level); (4) differences between the study yoga intervention and other physical activities.ConclusionsIn accordance with the accounts of participants, yoga might offer a promising intervention for breast cancer survivors. All those interviewed either currently attended a yoga class or expressed a desire to continue practicing yoga. Additionally, our findings inform future studies regarding aspects such as the importance of extending outcome measures beyond specific cancer-related complains, the advantages of addressing homogenous groups (i.e., breast cancer specific), or considering that different intervention components might need different assistance to encourage long-term use.

Regulation of Neuronal Chloride Homeostasis by Pro- and Mature Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) via KCC2 Cation-Chloride Cotransporters in Rat Cortical Neurons.

The strength of inhibitory neurotransmission depends on intracellular neuronal chloride concentration, primarily regulated by the activity of cation-chloride cotransporters NKCC1 (Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter 1) and KCC2 (Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter 2). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) influences the functioning of these co-transporters. BDNF is synthesized from precursor proteins (proBDNF), which undergo proteolytic cleavage to yield mature BDNF (mBDNF). While previous studies have indicated the involvement of BDNF signaling in the activity of KCC2, its specific mechanisms are unclear. We investigated the interplay between both forms of BDNF and chloride homeostasis in rat hippocampal neurons and in utero electroporated cortices of rat pups, spanning the behavioral, cellular, and molecular levels. We found that both pro- and mBDNF play a comparable role in immature neurons by inhibiting the capacity of neurons to extrude chloride. Additionally, proBDNF increases the endocytosis of KCC2 while maintaining a depolarizing shift of EGABA in maturing neurons. Behaviorally, proBDNF-electroporated rat pups in the somatosensory cortex exhibit sensory deficits, delayed huddling, and cliff avoidance. These findings emphasize the role of BDNF signaling in regulating chloride transport through the modulation of KCC2. In summary, this study provides valuable insights into the intricate interplay between BDNF, chloride homeostasis, and inhibitory synaptic transmission, shedding light on the underlying cellular mechanisms involved.

Edukasi Literasi Kesehatan Reproduksi tentang Manajemen Preventif Leukorhea pada Santriwati

Teenager is an age group that is in a transitional period of human development. The transition period is the process of biological maturation into adults who can reproduce sexually and has the potential for all the consequences of sexual activity. Vaginal discharge is a problem that is often encountered after women experience puberty and may indicate a normal phenomenon, an infection, or other conditions. Healthy, clean-living behavior related to reproductive health in teenagers has a significant correlation with the level of knowledge and daily behavior of teenagers that affect leukorrhea. To increase the awareness of female students at the Modern Assalam Islamic Boarding School regarding clean and healthy living behavior in the field of healthy female reproduction system with support from health professionals and preventive education on leucorrhoea. This service activity was conducted with a total of 60 participants who were involved in filling out the pretest and post-test. The activity phase included initial studies through student-teacher discussions, preparation of learning materials and evaluation methods, and implementation of learning activities and evaluations. A total of 60 female students who took part in this reproductive health education activity got a preventive education knowledge, proved by comparing the pretest scores before the health education activity was carried out and the post-test after the educational activity. A significant increase was obtained with a rate of 93%. Activities related to leucorrhoea in female students show the effectiveness of significant improvement in the knowledge and enthusiasm of the participants.

Impact of Leadership Style on Employees’ Performance: A Case of Private School in Peshawar

The primary objective of the study was to explore the leadership style that best enhances workplace performance among employees, and concurrently, assess the influence of leadership styles such as Transformational and Transactional leadership on employee performance. Effectively managing an organization necessitates adept leadership, with various leadership styles associated with distinct outcomes. This investigation delved into the presence of leadership styles, their correlation with employee performance, and the effects of transformational and transactional leadership on concepts like organizational commitment, organizational behavior, and job satisfaction. The City Schools of Peshawar served as the case study. Initially, a questionnaire was distributed to teaching staff to gauge the impact of independent variables on the dependent variable. In theoretical framework, we placed transformational leadership and transactional leadership as repressors and a employee performance as regressends. The sample size comprised 140 respondents, with 104 questionnaires selected using the "Yamani" formula. Primary data was collected through a structured 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. Analysis, conducted using SPSS, involved correlation matrix, multicollinearity (VIF) analysis, heteroscedasticity analysis, and regression. The findings affirmed a positive impact of the tested leadership styles on employee performance. The research concluded by recommending that managers emphasize the use of transformational leadership to cultivate higher levels of organizational commitment, organizational behavior, and job satisfaction.