Level Of Antioxidant Protection Research Articles

Level of prooxidant-antioxidant status in highly productive cows with comorbid obstetric, gynecological and orthopedic pathology

The lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system is a balanced system responsible for the processing and utilization of lipids in the body’s cells. It plays an important role in lipid metabolism, cell protection and overall health of the body. Its proper functioning is necessary to ensure optimal functioning of cells and organs throughout the body. The article clinically and experimentally substantiates the pathogenetic role of lipid peroxidation products and the level of antioxidant protection in cows with endometritis and purulent-necrotic processes in the finger area, as well as with the comorbid course of endometritis and orthopedic pathology. It has been shown that multimorbid manifestation is accompanied by a more severe course than individual diseases. It has been established that the development of postpartum endometritis and purulent-necrotic lesions of the limbs in cows is accompanied by a highly significant increase in lipid peroxidation products in the blood serum against the background of a decrease in the amount of antioxidant enzymes, with the exception of ceruloplasmin. Moreover, these changes are accompanied by a sharp jump in the comorbid course of endometritis and orthopedic pathology in highly productive animals.

Antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts of murtilla pomace: First report on the importance of soluble and insoluble-bound compounds

Some native Chilean berries, including murtilla, have gained attention for their high phenolic content which renders them attractive for the beverage industry. However, phenolic-rich by-products are generated during the production of murtilla juice (murtilla pomace), and there has been no scientific consideration of this by-product as a source of different forms of phenolic compounds. The aim of this study was thus to obtain phenolic extracts from the soluble fraction (free, esterified, and etherified) of murtilla pomace as well from the counterpart that contains insoluble-bound compounds, and evaluate their antioxidant properties. The fraction obtained from the insoluble-bound form (insoluble-bound phenolic hydrolysates) showed the highest total phenolic content, reducing power and antioxidant capacity, as evaluated by the FRAP and ORAC assay, respectively. The results revealed the presence of different compounds in each fraction, highlighting important levels of phenolic acids (e.g., gallic acid) and flavonoids (e.g., quercetin and its derivatives) as evaluated by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The most prominent fraction (released from the insoluble-bound form) exhibited antioxidant activity (in concentrations as low as 0.0025 μM of total phenolic acids and 0.0002 μM of total flavonoids) in Caco-2 cells. The necessary concentration of quercetin to protect Caco-2 cells against the hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress was twenty times lower than the concentration needed for gallic acid to exert the same level of antioxidant protection. We can therefore suggest that the quercetin concentration would be a better-quality control indicator for functional ingredients, food supplements, and/or nutraceutical products generated from the insoluble-bound phenolic fraction of murtilla pomace.

Prediction injury of the central nervous system in the neonatal period in preterm newborns

Objective: to develop a system for predicting the probability of developing damage of the central nervoussystem (CNS) in the neonatal period in children who was born prematurely. Materials and methods: the main group of the study is premature newborns with gestational age (GA) less than 36 weeks inclusive (n = 60), the control group – fullterm newborns (n = 35). In the process of dynamic observation, the main group was divided into subgroups depending on the diagnosed CNS injury in the neonatal period, according to the neurosonography (intraventricular hemorrhages (IVH), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL): subgroup 1 (prematurity babies with CNS injury) – 25 people, subgroup 2 (premature babies without CNS injury) – 35 people. we estimated clinical and anamnestic, laboratory and instrumental data of children at birth and in dynamics, indicators of antioxidant protection (manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), copper, zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), total antioxidant capacity of blood (TAS/TAC), oxidative stress (TOS/TOC), 4 polymorphisms of Mn-SOD gene. Results: we designed two prognostic models which can determine the probability of developing IVH and PVL in the neonatal period in premature newborns. This models are included GA, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes of life, presence of respiratory failure at birth, invasive mechanical ventilation in the neonatal period, presence of intrauterine infection in the neonatal period and indicators of antioxidant protection (GSH, TAS/TAC; model 2). Conclusions: a comprehensive assessment of the clinical and anamnestic data of premature newborns at birth, as well as the determination of indicators that take into account the level of antioxidant protection, will make it possible to identify a premature baby at the risk for organic injury of the CNS and to correct the therapeutic strategies in the neonatal period.

The state of the enzyme level of antioxidant protection and its nonspecific correction in patients with eczema

The variety of developmental mechanisms creates significant difficulties in choosing adequate directions of therapeutic tactics. Priority pathogenetic links, in particular, changes in the state of antioxidant protection, remain insufficiently studied.
 Objective — determination of the activity of the enzyme level of the antioxidant protection and the development of nonspecific correction of the established violations.
 Materials and methods. Under observation there were 52 patients with eczema (27 men and 25 women) aged 19 to 57 years. 16 of them were diagnosed with idiopathic, 21 — with infectious (microbial) and 15 — with infectious (mycotic) forms of dermatosis. The control group consisted of 20 healthy persons. The activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in blood serum was determined.
 Results and discussion. It has been established that patients with eczema have a labile nature of changes in the enzymatic activity of antioxidant protection, depending on the clinical form of dermatosis. Its total suppression was ascertained only in the presence of mycogenic sensitization. To eliminate the identified violations, PRP therapy and tacrolimus (Protopic) were prescribed, the use of which as part of complex therapy made it possible not only to achieve correction of pathogenetic changes, but also to significantly improve the clinical course of dermatosis.
 Conclusions. It is advisable to determine the activity of superoxide dismutase, the activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase to assess the state of the enzyme link of the antioxidant defense in patients with eczema. The inclusion of PRP therapy and tacrolimus (Protopic) in the treatment allows correcting the state of the enzyme link of antioxidant protection and the clinical course of dermatosis. The activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase can serve as one of the criteria of the effectiveness of treatment prescribed for patients with eczema.

Association of cardiovascular risk factors with biological age

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine Background Identifying reliable biomarkers of early ageing is an important goal for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Chronological age (CA) is an essential risk factor for age-related disease including CVD. Biological age (BA) may be a more accurate metric for the risk of CVD and prediction of early vascular ageing, atherosclerosis. Available data allow us to judge the relationship of early ageing with all-cause mortality, healthspan and CVD. There is a hypothesis that BA can be used into models of risk prediction and stratification of CVD for personalized treatment. Purpose to determine the relationship between BA and factors of risk CVD in patients of different ages without clinical manifestations CVD. Methods We selected 102 patients aged 31–60 years with moderate cardiovascular risk without clinical symptoms of CVD. The patients did not receive regular drug therapy. Consenting subjects had a physical assessment, anthropometric measurements, electrocardiogram recording, blood sampling for laboratory analyses, including analysis of telomerase activity, telomere length in leukocytes and buccal epithelium by a polymerase chain reaction in real-time. The SCORE scale was used for evaluation of the 10-year risk of fatal stroke and fatal myocardial infarction. In addition, 40 control individuals aged 31–60 years (20 men and 20 women), were also included in the study. BA was determined by 3 methods: PhenoAge, Voitenko’s method and Gorelkin-Pinhasov’s method. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to develop a prediction of the early ageing model. Results The comparing patients of the control and main groups of the same CA shows, that patients with CVD risk have significantly higher BA, higher levels of proatherogenic lipids and shorter telomere length of the buccal epithelium. It was determined that body mass index, blood pressure, glucose levels are associated with an increase in BA in the main and the control groups. The increase of BA in the control group was associated with smoking, telomere length and telomerase activity and the level of antioxidant protection, in patients of the main group premature aging was associated with impaired lipid metabolism. Conclusion The biomarkers of biological aging can have benefits of the early identification of persons who age "faster" than others. The possibility of measuring biological aging can allow the assessment of health status at a time when there are still no symptoms, and interventions are more likely to be effective.

Эффективность комплексного применения антиоксиданта дигидрокверцетина и пребиотика арабиногалактана при выращивании телят в молочный период

Studies were conducted on two groups of calves during the growing period from 1 to 6 months in conditions of unfavorable respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. Calves of the experimental group with a diet were given dihydroquercetin and arabinogalactan at a dose of 1 and 75 mg/ kg of live weight / day, respectively. DHQ and AG, in accordance with their biological properties, provided a high level of antioxidant protection, the formation of microbiocenosis and intestinal immunity, correction and control of mineral homeostasis in the body of calves. As a result, there was a normalization and increase in the intensity of protein, nitrogen, lipid, carbohydrate, energy and mineral metabolism, improved the functional state of the liver and increased pathogenetic resistance, which generally had a positive effect on the formation of productive health, viability and resistance of the body to the action of biotic and abiotic environmental factors, safety and average daily growth of calves.

Hormonal regulation of prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis in gilts

The results of research on the features of cyclic lability of homeostasis in gilts are highlighted. In the experiments it has been used gilts of the Red White belted breed of meat pigs at different phases of the reproductive cycle: luteal phase, estrus, on the 15th, 20th, 30th, 60th, 90th, 104th, 113th day of pregnancy and in 12 hours after farrowing. The dynamics of the content of thyroid and steroid hormones, as well as the peculiarities of the formation of prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis were determined in blood serum. It was found out that the amount of steroid hormones in blood of gilts is labile and is determined by the physiological state, namely the onset of estrus, relative to the luteal phase, it is increased the level of thyroxine (30.0 %), triiodothyronine (26.3 %), estradiol-17 β (by 22.8 %, P < 0.01) testosterone (15.2 %), as well as a decrease in progesterone (by 37.2 %). Such changes are accompanied by the acceleration of peroxidation processes, xanthine oxidase activity increases, it is increased the content of diene conjugates (P < 0.05) and TBA-active compounds. This is accompanied by a probable increase in the level of antioxidant protection – the activity of superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05), vitamin A (P < 0.05) and vitamin E (P < 0.05). During two months of pregnancy, the concentration of thyroxine (P < 0.05), triiodothyronine, progesterone (P < 0.01), testosterone (P < 0.05) and estradiol-17β increases. Such metabolic shifts cause changes in the state of prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis in the direction of reducing the intensity of peroxidation processes. In gilts before farrow there is a decrease in thyrocoxin, triiodothyronine and progesterone. The intensification of peroxidation was found: the increase in SOD activity (P < 0.05), the dehydroascorbic acid content (P < 0.05), diene conjugates and TBA-active complexes, as well as the decrease in the concentration of reduced glutathione and vitamin A (P < 0.05) and vitamin E (P < 0.05). In blood of sows after farrowing, the concentration of thyroxine increases on 1.3 times, triiodothyronine – on 2.7 times, and progesterone and estradiol-17β decreases on 1.8 and 8.7 times, respectively. It was revealed that the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes decreased: DC content by 16.3 % and TBA-active complexes by 13.3%. It was determined that the concentration of ascorbic acid decreased by 32.8 % and vitamin E – 18.9 %.

The state of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection systems in patients with different of local cold injury of the extremities

The authors studied the state of lipid peroxidation systems and antioxidant protection in of the extremities in different periods. It was revealed that in patients with frostbite of the radical oxidation and the level of antioxidant protection depended on periods of cold 20 people were in the control group, 30 patients with local cold trauma in the early reactive late reactive period (LRP) there were 40 people, and in the granulation and epithelization period (GEP) there were 15 people. There was a persistent increase in the concentration of the early, late reactive periods and the period of granulation and epithelization. In red blood cells, the content of intermediate intermediates of free radical lipid oxidation increases. The catalase activity in erythrocytes of victims with frostbite of the extremities decreases, but does not change in the blood serum. The dynamics of the serum in patients at different times of local cold injury in comparison with healthy people is not observed.

Functional condition of the hemostasis in newborn calves with signs of iron deficiency, background to ferroglucin

Further improvement of approaches to breeding and raising cattle is possible with reliance on continuously collected information about its physiology at any age. Their active use in practice is already yielding positive results on the intensification of cattle breeding in different countries of the world. Unfortunately, still not all farms manage to provide optimum housing and feeding for pregnant cows. For this reason, it is still not uncommon for newborn calves to show signs of iron deficiency. In this work, the use of ferroglucin in 38 newborn calves with iron deficiency achieved an improvement in their general condition, normalization of serum iron levels, a slight increase in plasma antioxidant protection levels and a decrease in the intensity of lipid peroxidation in it. Excessive hemocoagulation and platelet activity and reduced hemostatic properties of the vascular wall in the outcome of these calves experienced some positive dynamics against the background of the use of ferroglucin. The weakness of the achieved dynamics of the indicators taken into account indicated the preservation of hemostatic disorders in animals that received ferroglucin, and their risk of microthrombosis, which can slow down their growth and development.

Influence of melatonin on the prooxidant–antioxidant balance at physical exertion in people with low-level physical state

The influence of melatonin on the prooxidant–antioxidant balance in 18 to 21 year-old males with a low-level physical state at submaximal physical exertion is considered. The studied group took melatonin 3 mg once a day for 2 months. As a result of taking melatonin after physical exertion, there is a decrease in the activity of processes of peroxide oxidation of lipids and a high level of antioxidant protection in the blood plasma and erythrocytes, which diminishes the manifestations of the oxidative stress and maintains the prooxidant–antioxidant balance of an organism.

Проблема загоювання лунок після видалення зубів у хворих на цукровий діабет. Рівень антиоксидантного захисту

Проблема загоювання лунок після видалення зубів у хворих на цукровий діабет. Рівень антиоксидантного захисту

DETERMINATION OF THE ACTUAL PROPERTIES OF GLUCOSAMIN HYDROCHLORIDE IN EXPERIMENTS WITH SUFFICIENTLY SPEED PHYSICAL LOADING

Relevance. Glucosamine hydrochloride, as a medicament, is introduced in various fields of medicine. Its frigidoid and cardioprotective properties have been determined, but its protective properties have not been determined yet. There is a need to substantiate the expediency of using glucosamine hydrochloride as a metabolic and metabolitotropic agent, as improving performance and accelerating recovery processes under extreme conditions and under physical stress.
 Objective. Investigate possible acto-protective properties of glucosamine hydrochloride in an experiment on rats at high-speed physical activity.
 Materials and methods. Experiments were performed on 35 white rats in males of the Wistar line, weighing 180-200 g. Rapid loading was created by running rats at Tredbani with a tape speed of 42 m / min and on the test "swimming with additional load to full exhaustion". Glucosamine hydrochloride was administered intragastrically at a dose of 50 mg / kg using a probe for 10 days. Under the thiopental-sodium anesthesia, decapitations were performed, myocardial, liver, and skeletal muscle were removed, in which the content of the components of prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis (level of LO-diene conjugates (DK), secondary malonic dialdehydes (MDA), superoxide dismutase enzymes activity (SOD), catalase).
 Results. Introduction of glucosamine hydrochloride lengthened swimming time in rats by 59% and running time by 52%, which indicates the adaptive and act-protective effect of the agent. During a high-speed run, without the use of an actoprotector, the level of lipid peroxidation (DC, MDA) increases and the activity of antioxidant protection enzymes (SOD, catalase) decreases. However, when using glucosamine hydrochloride, the level of lipid peroxidation (DC, MDA) decreases and the level of antioxidant protection (SOD, catalase) increases, which proves its act-protective properties. So, glucosamine hydrochloride prevents a change in the indices of prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis, which is explained by the presence of a membranotropic and antioxidant effect in it.
 Conclusions. Glucosamine hydrochloride has its protective properties. The implementation of the actoprotective action may be mediated due to antioxidant effects.

THE CONDITION OF THE LIPOPEROXIDATION SYSTEM IN PREMATURE NEWBORNS AFTER PERINATAL HYPOXIA

Objective:to determine the role of the indicators of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection in the pathogenesis of perinatal hypoxia in premature newborns.Methods. The authors studied two groups of premature newborns: 24 infants born at 34-36 weeks of gestation (late premature children), and 7 children with gestation age of 32-34 weeks (moderately premature children). The authors assessed the levels of ceruloplasmin, total antioxidant activity and malonic dialdehyde in the blood serum.Results.Comparison of the studied indicators revealed higher levels of antioxidant protection and malonic dialdehyde in late premature newborns, which can be associated with greater activity of metabolic processes and resistance to oxidative stress in this group.The authors studiedsuch factors as the sex of the child and the degree of asphyxia at birth and their impact on the values of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity. They found that the male infants had a significant increase in the level of ceruloplasmin and antioxidant activity in comparison with the female infants. The children with moderate asphyxia at birth had the highest values of malonic dialdehyde and anti-oxidative protection.Conclusion.The processes of lipoperoxidation and antioxidant protection are optimally balanced in late premature infants, thus, we believe that they better adapted in conditions of hypoxia.

Low H2O2 and enhanced oxidative resistance in the diapause-destined pupa of silkworm, Antheraea mylitta (Lepidoptera:Saturniidae) suggest their possible involvement in dormancy and lifespan extension

BackgroundInsect diapause is associated with physiological dormancy, extension of life span and an altered developmental programme. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damaged products and antioxidants are being increasingly linked to such processes in insects. Tropical tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera:Saturniidae), has an impressive pupal diapause and exhibits a distinct pattern of development in nondiapausing (NDP) pupa compared to that of diapausing (DP) pupa. In this study, we have analysed the amount of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidative damaged products along with the levels of antioxidant protection in the hemolymph (HL) and fat body (FB) tissues of developing pupa of A. mylitta from DP and NDP generations having identical chronological age but distinct physiological status.ResultsSignature of oxidative predominance was clearly marked in the tissues of diapause-destined pupa as evident from a higher level of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content, despite a lower level of H2O2 in the said group. Specific activity of catalase, exclusively observed in the FB was significantly higher in diapause-destined pupae. Total superoxide dismutase activity was found to be higher in both tissue types of diapause-destined pupae compared to their NDP counterpart. In contrast, pupae committed for diapause displayed less activity for glutathione S-transferase than the NDP group. Reduced glutathione exhibited tissue specificity being higher in the FB of NDP pupae.ConclusionsFindings of this study suggest that low H2O2 pool with a strategic antioxidant protection is associated with induction of dormancy and enhanced oxidative resistance during an extended lifespan.

PROTEOMIC DIAGNOSTIC TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR APPLICATION FOR THE REFRACTIVE CORRECTION OF AMETROPIA

Aim. The objective of the present study was the analysis of the tear fluid proteomic status and the eye surface of the patients presenting with ametropia before and after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Material and methods. The study included 163 patients (326 eyes) divided into three groups. Group 1 was comprised of 51 adult patients (102 eyes)at the age from 35 to 54 years suffering from high-degree myopia and astigmatism. Group 2 was composed of 26 adult patients (52 eyes) at the age from 35 to 55 years suffering from moderate or high-degree hyperopia and astigmatism. Group 3 consisted of 86 younger patients (172 eyes) at the age from 18 to 54 years suffering from high-degree myopia and astigmatism. The dry eye syndrome and the state pf the cornea were diagnosed with the use of the Lipkof’s test, Schirmer’s test, TBUT test, and corneal fluorescence staining. The antioxidant activity of the tears was estimated based on the results of measurements of peroxyredoxin-6 (PEDX6) expression. Results. The level of PEDX6 expression after LASIK increased in the patients presenting with myopia by 1.4 times and in those with hyperopia by 1.07 times, that is it changed but slightly after the operation and was 6.2 times less pronounced in comparison was the myopes. Conclusion. The study has demonstrated that two methods proved reliable for the evaluation of the tear fluid proteomic status, viz. the Lipkof’s test (1.82 ± 0.2mm, stage 3) and the TBUT test (8.0 ± 1.46 seconds), suggesting the presence of grade 2 dry eye syndrome. Te same refers to the patients of group 2: the results of the Lipkof’s test (1.31 ± 0.2mm) and the TBUT test (8.23 ± 0.87 seconds). The level of antioxidant protection of the ocular surface (PEDX6 expression) depended on the type of the refractive error: in the patients of group 1 before and after LASIK, PEDX6 expression was 4.7 times (13.57 ± 0.83) and 6.2 (19.31 ± 0.71) higher 2.88 ± 0.38 and 3.09 ± 0.47) than in those of group 2, respectively. In addition, it was shown that the level of antioxidant protection of the ocular surface (PEDX6 expression) depended on the age of the patients prior to LASIK: it was 1.3 lower in group 1 than in group 3 (1.35 ± 0.83 and 17.77 ± 1.03 respectively). The clinical significance of the tests for the tear fluid production and proteomic status changed appreciably after LASIK. The TBUT test for diagnostics of dry eye syndrome remained reliable in all the groups.

Species-specific response to acute hyperthermal stress of Haworthia (Asphodelaceae) plants

An increase in environmental temperature is one of the most common stress factors for plant organisms. The study of the plants’ adaptation to stress factors remains extremely important and relevant. This article presents the results of a acute short-term influence of hyperthermia on species of two subgenera of the genus Haworthia Duval. We investigated the different levels of antioxidant protection and damage degree of the members of two subgenera of the genus Haworthia at the biochemical level, measuring the lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities, total flavonoid content and content of photosynthetic pigments with a spectrophotometer. To determine the drought tolerance of plants, the water supply of tissues, water shortage and loss of water after an hour of wilting were measured. The values for different groups were compared by ANOVA followed by the Tukey multiple comparison test. The studied plants were warmed in a thermostat at temperatures of 40 °C and 50 °C for three hours under the conditions of natural light. The control group of plants was kept at 25 °C. The research has shown that H. attenuata, H. limifolia and H. cymbiformis are characterized with the increase of concentration of malonic dialdehyde at 40 °C and 50 °C, but a significant difference of values wasn’t received,which indicates the relative resistance of these plants to the influence of high temperatures. The sharp increase of temperature causes the highest level of lipid peroxidation in H. parksiana plants, along with which, warming to 50 °C launches a mechanism of activation and synthesis of superoxide dismutase and flavonoids for the plants. The studied species of the subgenus Haworthia have a photosynthetic system relatively resistant to thermal stress in comparison to the subgenus Hexangulares. H. limifolia plants have a slight inhibition of photosynthesis. The adaptation of H. cymbiformis to thermal stress is due to the strategy of accumulation of a pool of active enzymes, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, flavonoids under normal conditions and the activation of new peroxidase enzymes as a result of stress. H. attenuata is characterized by activation of new enzymes of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase under stress. It was found that H. cymbiformis and H. attenuata are more heat resistant in comparison with the other two species. Acute short-term hyperthermia has a different influence on the antioxidant system of different species of Haworthia. H. limifolia has the highest drought tolerance, H. cymbiformis has the lowest, the other two species from different subgenera have similar drought tolerance indicators. We did not find any dependence of the mechanisms of action of the antioxidant system under hyperthermia on the type of adaptation to arid conditions at the anatomical level in plants of different subgenera of the genus Haworthia.

СОСТОЯНИЕ ПРОЦЕССОВ ПЕРЕКИСНОГО ОКИСЛЕНИЯ ЛИПИДОВ И АНТИОКСИДАНТНОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ У МУЖЧИН БОЛЬНЫХ САХАРНЫМ ДИАБЕТОМ 1-ГО ТИПА

The aim of study is to assess lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in men with diabetes mellitus type 1. The objective of this study was to identify features of the lipid peroxidation-antioxidant defense system in men of reproductive age with diabetes mellitus type 1. 22 men with diabetes mellitus type 1 (the average age of 27.1 ± 7.38years) and30 healthy men of the same age (control group) (the average age of 28.0 ± 4.3 years) were involved in the study. The main and control groups were formed on the principle of copy - pair. Standard clinical examination methods were used: history taking, physical examination and consultation of specialists to identify complications of diabetes. To determine the indicators of the system of free-radical lipid oxidation and activity of antioxidant protection, the spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods were used. In men with diabetes mellitus 1 type, there is increase in the level of active products reacting with thiobarbituric acid compared to the same indicator in the control group. The level of antioxidant protection in men with diabetes mellitus 1 type unlike the control was characterized by decrease in total antioxidant activity. However, stability of processes of superoxide dismutase activity and the glutathione system in comparison with control is observed against the backdrop of intensity increase of oxidative processes. Activation of lipid peroxidation is observed in men with diabetes mellitus type 1.

Carnosine prevents the development of oxidative stress under the conditions of toxic action of cadmium

Protective effect of the natural dipeptide carnosine on the antioxidant system of rats under conditions of oxidative stress caused by chronic cadmium administration was investigated. Oxidative status of experimental animals were evaluated based on a number of informative parameters of iron-induced chemiluminescence. It was shown that the introduction of cadmium for 7 days reduces the duration of the latent period of chemiluminescence in the brain, liver, and blood plasma suggesting the depletion of endogenous antioxidant defense. Coexposure to carnosine and cadmium led to significant increase in the level of antioxidant protection in plasma, liver, and brain of animals. Carnosine also prevented the increase of lipid hydroperoxides in the brain and prevented the development of lipid peroxidation content in liver and plasma of animals. Mechanism of the protective effect of carnosine under conditions of oxidative stress induced by cadmium administration was shown on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell culture. Addition of the cadmium to the incubation medium to a final concentration of 5 μM reduced cell viability of a culture, as was determined by MTT assay; simultaneous addition of carnosine (0.25 mM final concentration) with cadmium resulted in increased cell viability during 24 hours of incubation. Thus, carnosine in a final concentration of 1 mM effectively prevented the development of necrotic lesions of neuroblastoma cells, inhibiting the formation of reactive oxygen species as measured by flow cytometry. The results indicate the ability of carnosine to prevent the development of oxidative stress under the toxic action of cadmium.

Clinical and diagnostic value of transcranial cerebral oximetry in the optimization of mechanical ventilation in newborn infants

Treatment of ischemic damage to organs and tissues by mechanical ventilation with a high content of oxygen in the inspired mixture (FiO2) can lead to oxidative stress and reperfusion of tissue alteration, which is particularly characteristic of infants with their characteristic low levels of antioxidant protection. From this perspective, there is optimal mode selection in mechanical ventilation and FiO2 of vital organs and tissue, namely in brain tissue, which was made possible through the use of transcranial cerebral oximetry (TCO).

Seasonal temperature compensation in the horse mussel, Modiolus modiolus: metabolic enzymes, oxidative stress and heat shock proteins

Seasonal collections of the subtidal horse mussel, Modiolus modiolus, from a depth of 10 m were made at the Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire to assess changes in overall energetic demand, measured as respiration, the maximal activities of rate-limiting enzymes of intermediate metabolism, level of oxidative stress, and the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP). Weighted respiration rates of mussels from winter collections were significantly lower than summer rates but decreased by less than 20%. Specific activities of several rate-limiting enzymes were measured in mussels from the summer and winter collections at the temperature of collection and the reciprocal seasonal temperature (15 and 5 °C). Comparisons of these enzyme activities and the protein concentrations of hexokinase and citrate synthase show that a quantitative strategy is used to acclimatize to winter temperatures by these rate-limiting enzymes of intermediate metabolism. The activities and protein concentrations of the antioxidant enzyme, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) is seasonally indistinguishable while the concentration of HSP 70 was greater in winter than in summer samples. These results show that mussels seasonally compensate for decreases in temperature by increasing the concentration of rate-limiting metabolic enzymes while maintaining the same level of antioxidant protection in summer and winter consistent with high aerobic metabolism in both winter and summer. Lastly, the significantly greater concentrations of HSP70 in winter samples suggests that protein chaperone functions must be maintained while other seasonal adjustments to cold temperatures are occurring.