Tank Level Research Articles

Automatic and Manual Filling System

This project aims to develop a filling system with automatic and manual mode, for filling domestic water tanks with an easy-to-use interface for the general public. A filling system was developed with the help of an ultrasonic sensor to measure the water level in the tank. The data obtained will be transferred and processed to the microcontroller of the Arduino program, this information will be represented graphically in the output device (LCD screen). For the control system, 2 buttons have been implemented to activate the automatic and manual modes, with this, it is possible to control the filling level of the water tank. This will allow us to know the advantages and disadvantages which will contribute to the formation of more solid knowledge regarding control systems.

Performance Monitoring of a Sulphur Recovery Unit: A Real Start- up Plant

A Sulphur recovery unit at a refining plant in the Middle East, which began official production in 2020, treats all acid gas to elemental Sulphur. Acid gas cannot be released into the atmosphere because of stringent environmental regulations. To test some essential parameters, the plant was simulated using a special Sulphur package in HYSYS called SULSIM. One of the most critical keys, the (H 2 S/SO 2 ) ratio, was checked after simulation validation. The optimal ratio is 2. Any deviation from this ratio results in serious issues in the process, such as catalyst ageing in the reactors. The effect of reducing the ratio from 2 to 0.22 was investigated in a case study. The temperature of the reduction reactor's outlet rose from 279.73 o C to 314.34 o C, which was higher than normal. The performance of the catalyst was measured on six separate days. The temperature difference and the pressure difference through the bed are the two most important parameters in catalyst monitoring. The ΔT designs for the first Claus reactor, second Claus reactor, and Reduction reactor are 51, 20 and 24 o C, respectively. 0.04, 0.14, and 0.04 kg/cm 2 g are the ΔP designs in the first Claus reactor, second Claus reactor, and Reduction reactor, respectively. The actual parameters were found to be in the normal range. Sulphur production is calculated in two ways: by the level of the Sulphur production tank and by calculating the material balance by laboratory analysis. Based on a comparison in four days the calculations are precise because of the levels, and large deviations are revealed by laboratory analysis. The percentage deviation error was found to be (-36.4, 70.7, -7.6, -10.5) percent by the laboratory analysis.

A Fault-Tolerant Control Approach Based on Image Processing Applied to Three-Tank System

This paper presents an innovative and practical solution for fault-tolerant control of industrial systems based on hybrid redundant measurements. The paper proposes a fault-tolerant control scheme against single and multiple sensor faults that can occur in typical tank-based industrial applications. A robust fault detection filter based on $H_{-} /H_{\infty }$ index is designed to generate a residual signal that is robust against disturbance and sensitive to the fault, simultaneously. It also integrates camera information and image processing techniques in the control scheme to get level-measurement redundancy. The proposed scheme was tested using the well-known three-tank benchmark, with both offline and online computation. Results showed that the proposed scheme tolerated the sensor faults and preserved the correct operation of the tank levels in both single and multiple-sensor faults, without changing the original structure of the controller.

A correction method for the ambient temperature-induced error in hydrostatic leveling systems and application

In an HLS, the error come from many factors, among which temperature may be one of the most important factors. If the ambient temperature changes, the liquid level in the liquid storage tank and the water level at all the points for placement of sensors will change. However, due to the complex interconnection structure of HLS, the change of the liquid level at the reference measurement point and that at the other monitoring points are not the same, resulting in ambient temperature induced error, which can be calculated according to the theoretical formula. This error can be eliminated effectively by using the correction method for ambient temperature induced error in hydrostatic leveling systems. When this part of error is eliminated, the error of the monitoring points is reduced. At last, the method was used in the Gongchangling open-pit iron mine to reveal the variation characteristic of surface settlement above goaf.

INTENSIFICATION OF AERATION DURING BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT

The principle of fine bubble aeration is considered. The advantage of small-bubble aerators over large-bubble aerators has been experimentally proven, regardless of the immersion depth. It is indicated that the improvement of the aeration equipment can be done through the use of a fine mesh, which is installed at different depths of the aerotank. These hypotheses were confirmed in experiments on the model equipment of the aerotank. The theoretical substantiation of the experimental data is provided taking into account Henry's law and Le Chatelier's principle. This technique allows for more economical use of energy resources and intensifies the aeration process. The purpose of this work is to experimentally test and establish the most effective aeration method, improve the design of aerators, and develop technology that will reduce the energy consumption of the wastewater aeration process. This is relevant because today our country has one of the most energy-intensive economies in Europe. The stated hypothesis about the creation of equilibrium conditions for the dissolution of oxygen in aeration tanks using mesh dispersers was experimentally confirmed and received theoretical justification. A technique is proposed that allows you to optimize energy consumption when using a dispersant at different levels in aeration tanks. A schematic diagram of a disperser has been developed, which can be used for vertical aerators. Since the vertical arrangement of aerators has significant operational and technological advantages over aeration systems that are now used at most treatment facilities, because that they are built into the bottom of the aeration tanks and, in order to carry out repair or maintenance work, the maintenance personnel must completely decommission and dehydrate the aeration tank. Also, this provides an additional opportunity to save money when designing and building new aeration tanks, since the capital costs for vertical installation of the aerators are much less than the bottom location.

Novel RFID Conformal Tag Antennas for Liquid Level Detection Applications

Detection of liquid level in large tanks is presented in this paper. The liquid level is detected using a transmitter and RFID tag antennas as a receiver. The transmitter antenna is a Vivaldi with wide bandwidth from 0.5 GHz to 3 GHz. The Vivaldi antenna is fabricated on FR4 with 𝜀𝑟 = 4.3 and thickness of 0.8 mm. Two conformal RFID tag antennas are used as receiver antennas. The conformal antenna is placed on Rogers Ultram 3850 flexible substrates with 𝜀𝑟 = 2.9 and a thickness of 0.1016 mm. The conformal antenna is designed to set on a cylindrical tank made from PVC material. The first tag works at 0.9 GHz and the second tag works at 2.45 GHz. Water and Oil are used as liquids for testing. The antennas are simulated using CST microwave studio simulator Ver.14. The system is also fabricated and measured. Good agreement is achieved between simulated and measured results.

Wastewater Treatment Plant Control Strategies

The operation of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is a complex task which requires to consider several aspects: adapting to always changing influent composition and volume, ensuring treated effluents quality complies with local regulations, ensuring dissolved oxygen levels in biological reaction tanks are sufficient to avoid anoxic conditions etc. all of it while minimizing usage of chemicals and power consumption. The traditional way of managing WWTPs consists in having employees on the field measure various parameters and make decisions based on their judgment and experience which holds various concerns such as the low frequency of data, errors in measurement and difficulty to analyze historical data to propose optimal solutions. In the case of activated sludge WWTPs, parts of the treatment process can be automated and controlled in order to satisfy various control objectives. The models developed by the International Water Association (IWA) have been extensively used worldwide in order to design and assess the performance of various control strategies. In this work, we propose to review most recent WWTP automation initiatives around the world and identify most currently used control parameters and control architectures. We then suggest a framework to select WWTP model, control parameters and control scheme in order to develop and benchmark control strategies for WWTP automation.

Genomic regions and signaling pathways associated with indicator traits for feed efficiency in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

BackgroundOne objective of this study was to identify putative quantitative trait loci (QTL) that affect indicator phenotypes for growth, nitrogen, and carbon metabolism in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, and for feed efficiency. Another objective was to perform an RNAseq analysis (184 fish from all families), to identify genes that are associated with carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the liver. The material consisted of a family experiment that was performed in freshwater and included 2281 individuals from 23 full-sib families. During the 12-day feed conversion test, families were randomly allocated to family tanks (50 fish per tank and 2 tanks per family) and fed a fishmeal-based diet labeled with the stable isotopes 15N and 13C at inclusion levels of 2 and 1%, respectively.ResultsUsing a linear mixed-model algorithm, a QTL for pre-smolt growth was identified on chromosome 9 and a QTL for carbon metabolism in the liver was identified on chromosome 12 that was closely related to feed conversion ratio on a tank level. For the indicators of feed efficiency traits that were derived from the stable isotope ratios (15N and 13C) of muscle tissue and growth, no convincing QTL was detected, which suggests that these traits are polygenic. The transcriptomic analysis showed that high carbon and nitrogen metabolism was associated with individuals that convert protein from the feed more efficiently, primarily due to higher expression of the proteasome, lipid, and carbon metabolic pathways in liver. In addition, we identified seven transcription factors that were associated with carbon and nitrogen metabolism and located in the identified QTL regions.ConclusionsAnalyses revealed one QTL associated with pre-smolt growth and one QTL for carbon metabolism in the liver. Both of these traits are associated with feed efficiency. However, more accurate mapping of the putative QTL will require a more diverse family material. In this experiment, fish that have a high carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the liver converted protein from the feed more efficiently, potentially because of a higher expression of the proteasome, lipid, and carbon metabolic pathways in liver. Within the QTL regions, we detected seven transcription factors that were associated with carbon and nitrogen metabolism.

Automatic water level control system using discretized components

This study is based on the design of a portable automatic water level control switch that is capable of switching on the pump when the water level in the overhead tank goes low and switches it off as soon as the water level reaches a pre-determined level to prevent dry-run of the pump in case the level in the underground tank goes below the suction level. The water in the tank is measured by the conductive probes and displaced via the LED indicators. At maximum-set capacity the pump is de-energized to automatically switch off, thereby stopping the inflow of water into the tank. The design approach involves three major stages which are: the power supply unit, the sensing unit, and the motoring and relay unit. The uniqueness of this work is the use of discrete components such as transistors to achieve water level control. This approach is more economical, simpler and easier to implement than the sophisticated programmable logic controllers and computerized microprocessors.
 Keywords: discrete components; conductive probes; sensors; relays; pump

Monitoring and Control of Cooler Tank Level Measurement In Gas Cleaning Plant (GCP)

The Cooler Tank Level plays a major role in Gas Cleaning Plants (GCP) and it is a very important parameter to be measured and controlled. If the tank level is not maintained in nominal range, the dust particles will accumulate on the Cooler Tank and affect the process. The production of copper metal at Vedanta, Thoothukudi include Blending of various grades of copper concentrates, Smelting and Refining. Sulphur dioxide is generated from during the smelting of copper and is converted to Sulphuric acid as a byproduct. This process involves three steps such as cleaning of sulphur dioxide gas from Furnace, Catalytic conversion of S02 to SO3 and amalgamation of SO3 with sulphuric acid. The conversion process is exothermic, reversible and adiabatic reaction and hence if the temperature increases it destroys the formation of sulphur trioxide. Hence in order to achieve high conversion efficiency, the converter gases need to be cooled. The SO2 gas from smelter contains metallic dust, fume, acid mist, water vapour and other impurities like halides which will contaminate the product. Therefore the gases are to be cooled and cleaned in Gas Cleaning Plant (GCP). Cooler tank used to remove water vapour from the gas and dust settle at the bottom of cooler. Cooler tank level needs to be maintained in order to avoid overflow of water into scrubber which will block the inlet gas. The level of cooler tank is to be continuously monitored and controlled to achieve the optimum results. The limitations of using Differential Pressure Transmitter for level measurement are overcome by ultrasonic based level sensor and automated using Distributed Control System and Human Machine Interface (HMI).

Anisotropy Effect of the Mechanical Metal Properties on the Assessment of the Load-Carrying Ability of the Launch Vehicle Oxidant Tank

The paper presents the results of the calculated estimate of the critical pressure level in the oxidant tank of the launch vehicle using generalized diagrams of elastic-plastic deformation of the aluminum alloy AMg6. These diagrams consider the anisotropy of the physical and mechanical properties of the material. The calculation of the stress-strain state is performed using the simplified calculation scheme for the specified structural element of the tank depending on the internal pressure in the axisymmetric statement considering the elastic-plastic deformations. The calculation analysis is based on the mixed scheme of the finite element method, which provides the continuous approximation of displacements and stresses. It allows one to determine the stress-strain state of the tank element with high accuracy. It is implied that the maximum values of stresses and strains occur in the area of the fillet region connecting the ring with the cylindrical shell of the tank. Complying with the obtained data, the calculation of the stress-strain state of the tank element using generalized deformation diagrams, taking into account the anisotropy of physical and mechanical properties and the nature of the load of aluminum alloy AMg6, leads to a more conservative estimate of the critical pressure level as compared with the standard calculation based on the uniaxial tensile diagram.

Type-2 fuzzy controller’s performance index. Case study: tank level control

This paper deals with the design and implementation of type-2 fuzzy controller, through a tank level control plant as a pilot system to analyze the response using performance indexes. The controller was developed using type-2 fuzzy logic from a mathematical approach and utilizing the identification of the process through a parametric method. Additionally, a classical proportional, integral, and derivative controller was used to generate the bases for the linguistic variables required by the fuzzy controller implementation. Finally, a statistical analysis of the transient and steady-state response margins is performed, which aims to provide a numerical index of the system response performance.

Development of a Cyberattack Detection Model for a Water Distribution System using Water Quality and Hydraulic Criteria

In recent years, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) have been applied to Water Distribution Systems (WDSs) to facilitate efficient operation and maintenance. Since data are transmitted through the network in such systems, a cyberattack can disrupt the operation of WDSs, for example, by causing water supply reduction, water pollution, and economic losses. In the past few years, cyberattack detection algorithms and various cyberattack scenarios have been proposed. These studies considered either hydraulic factors, such as pipe velocity, nodal pressure, or tank level, or water quality factors. However, an algorithm which considers only one factor cannot prevent the various problems that may arise, such as water quality issues, and the hydraulic and quality factors have a correlation. Therefore, in this study, a framework was developed by considering both hydraulic and water quality factors. The proposed approach was applied to an artificial neural network model. Performance indicators were used to examine the detection performance according to the parameters of the artificial neural network. By comparing the detection performance when only hydraulic factors were considered and the performance when both hydraulic and water quality factors were considered, the effectiveness of the algorithm that consider both hydraulic and water quality factors was demonstrated. A cyberattack detection algorithm that considers both hydraulic and water quality criteria can be applicable in more realistic scenarios and contribute to the establishment of safe infrastructure for the entire process of designing and operating WDSs with CPSs.

Prototipe Perangkat untuk Pemantauan dan Pengendalian Berbasis Web Diiintegrasikan ke Smarthome System

The design and construction of a device prototype for a water level measurement system in a tank and controlling a number of garden light analogies has been carried-out and the prototype can be integrated into smarthome system. Three topics are discussed in this paper, including the manufacture, programming, and performance measurement of device prototypes. The formation of prototype of the device is done through wiring integration between electronic devices, in order to obtain the hardware handshacking. Programming the prototype of device is done through the creation of algorithms and preparation of syntax, in order to obtain the software handshacking. The performance of the prototype of device is measured when integrated into the Smarthome system, in order to obtain the hardware and software handshacking. The performance of prototype of the device when monitoring in the form of information about the water level in the water tank with 3 (three) conditions, namely the criteria of "empty", "medium", and "full", while the control in the form of information about the operation of ON/OFF of the LED as an analogy to the lamp garden are done for 3 (three) positions, namely position #1, #2, and #3. The manufactured subsystem prototype can be integrated into the smarthome system when a validation test is performed. Prototype of the device for monitoring and control based-on web that can be integrated into the smarthome system.

Agrocompanion: A Smart Farming Approach Based on Iot and Machine Learning

Agriculture is one of the cardinal sectors of the Indian Economy. The proposed system offers a methodology to efficiently monitor and control various attributes that affect crop growth and production. The system also uses machine learning along with the Internet of Things (IoT) to predict the crop yield. Various weather conditions such as temperature, humidity, and soil moisture are monitored in real-time using IoT sensors. IoT is also used to regulate the water level in the water tanks, which helps in reducing the wastage of water resources. A machine learning model is developed to predict the yield of the crop based on parameters taken from these sensors. The model uses Random Forest Regressor and gives an accuracy of 87.5%. Such a system provides a simple and efficient way to maintain and monitor the health of the crop.

Optimized MRA- PI controller for a Non-Linear Couple Tank Level Process

Optimized MRA- PI controller for a Non-Linear Couple Tank Level Process

Device for optical monitoring of the level and volume of liquid in a tank

The article reviews theoretical base and practical implementation of device, that allows to perform optical control of level and volume of tank filling with liquid. The device implements a method, based on analysis of liquid’s mirror image. This image is shot with a camera, randomly installed in the tank. The method is also based on tank’s sectional areas data at various filling levels. Mathematical model presented in the article establishes relationship between parameters described and target values of tank level and volume. To confirm theoretical principles, there are presented results of experimental research. Experimental studies were carried out using a prototype device, monitoring level and volume of a cylindrical tank, with a diameter of 700 mm and a height of 1000 mm.

Rancangan sistem irigasi evaporatif untuk tanaman lada

Salah satu kendala dalam pemberian air irigasi adalah sulitnya menetapkan parameter yang digunakan untuk pengaturan waktu dan jumlah air irigasi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman. Salah satu alternatif parameter yang dapat digunakan adalah berdasarkan evaporasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan rancangan sistem irigasi evaporatif dan mengetahui berbagai koefisien tanaman lada. Jaringan irigasi tetes terdiri dari tangki suplay dan pipa distribusi yang memberikan air ke pot tanaman. Pengaturan buka tutup klep jaringan dilakukan berdasarkan evaporasi di tangki suplay. Penelitian dilakukan di rumah tanaman selama 5 bulan dengan mengamati komponen neraca air di antaranya adalah laju evaporasi yang diukur berdasarkan perubahan level air dalam tangki penyuplai air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa evapotranspirasi di luar rumah tanaman lebih besar dari pada yang di dalam rumah tanaman. Saat awal penanaman tanaman lada, evapotranspirasi yang terjadi sebesar 5,2 mm/hari di dalam rumah tanaman dan 4,9 mm/hari di luar rumah tanaman. Evapotranspirasi rata-rata selama pengamatan di dalam rumah tanaman sebesar 4,1 mm/hari dan di luar rumah tanaman 3,8 mm/hari. Pemberian air dengan sistem irigasi evaporatif ini sebesar 5,2 mm/hari telah mampu memenuhi kebutuhan air evapotranspirasi tanaman lada 4,1 mm/hari. Pemberian air tersebut telah mampu mendorong pertumbuhan cabang primer dan pembungaan. Pertumbuhan tanaman lada normal selama penelitian ini dengan koefisien tanaman terhitung berkisar antara 0,1-0,7.

Tank-Level Control of Liquefied Natural Gas Carrier Based on Gaussian Function Nonlinear Decoration

This paper introduces a novel controller into the tank level control of liquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier. The proposed controller can simplify the design process and save energy output of the controller under the premise of achieving a good control effect of the liquid level of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) carrier tank. Moreover, Gaussian function is adopted to decorate nonlinearly the output of the linear controller designed by using the second-order closed loop gain-shaping algorithm, and then the final controller is obtained. The effectiveness of the controller is verified by simulation experiments on the LNG carrier ‘‘Da-Peng Sun’’ No.2 liquid tank. The simulation results show that the comprehensive control performance index J of the second-order closed loop gain-shaping controller decorated by Gaussian function reduces by 11.8% and 95.3%, respectively, compared with the controller without nonlinear decoration and the linear proportional–integral–differential (PID) controller, meeting the requirement of energy saving and realizing a good control result of the tank level of the LNG carrier.

2. WELLNESS FUEL TANK

Background Wellness is crucial to provider well-being and better patient outcomes. Assessment of trainee wellness occurs infrequently and misses the fluctuation of wellness at the individual trainee level. To address this gap, we piloted Wellness Fuel Tank (WFT), a phone-texting communication tool prompting trainees to self-assess personal wellness. Methods Residents were educated on objectives and logistics of WFT through in-person discussion and email. Participation was voluntary and trainees could opt out at any time. Trainees received weekly text messages prompting self-assessment of their wellness level from 0 (empty) to 4 (full). Residents could share comments about personal and program wellness. Text exchanges concluded with institutional support resources. Trainees with empty or quarter-full levels were contacted to offer support and facilitate resource allocation. This pilot ran 1/10-6/20/19. Outcomes Sixty-four percent of residents (47/73) utilized WFT at least once, totaling 436 responses. On average, 25% of residents participated weekly. Participation waned: 44% peak (week 2) down-trending to 15% (week 24). One resident opted out. Mean WFT levels were 2.9+/-0.6 and remained steady. Fifteen (21%) trainees reported 19 instances (4% of responses) of low wellness levels attributed to learning environment (n=6,32%), personal (n=5,26%), academic (n=4,21%), and/or family (n=1,5%) issues. Themes contributing to low WFT were fatigue (workload, sleep, consecutive workdays), illness, death, poor treatment by supervisor, and impaired self-care (exercise, eating, family time). Trainees submitted 138 comments (32% of responses); low fuel tank levels correlated with more comments. Project build cost $2700; weekly expenditure totals $2. Two hours were dedicated weekly to project administration. Implications WFT is a cost-efficient resource that provides residents with a simple outlet for communicating wellness levels and ideas with leadership. Significant numbers of trainees voluntarily reported low wellness levels, although overall occurrence was infrequent. Our analysis suggests that WFT provides meaningful opportunities for communication about trainee and program wellness.