Tank Level Research Articles

Control of maximum water age based on total chlorine decay in secondary water supply system

97% of residential buildings are installed with secondary water supply system (SWSS) in China. In order to meet the water pressure demand, the SWSS has become a key solution to store and transport drinking water. The water age of the SWSS directly determines the quality of tap water, while total chlorine is a key indicator to evaluate the quality and safety of the water supply network. This study revealed the relationship between total chlorine and water age controlled by adjusting the liquid level of the secondary water supply tank. Models governing water age and the total chlorine concentration were developed based on the variation of the liquid level and the attenuation rate of the total chlorine in the SWSS. Furthermore, the validation was performed through case studies. The developed models can gain effective insights for determining the longest water age while guaranteeing the concentration of total chlorine meets the demand of the lower standard in SWSS. The secondary chlorine dosage would be quantified and added to the pipe network. The integration of the SWSS would be guided by water age in some old communities. The taste of tap water for direct drinking water could be improved by adjusting of water age using this model. The optimization method is easy to use for identifying efficient solutions for SWSS operation.

포기조에서 산기관의 설치위치가 용존산소에 미치는 영향 연구

Currently, countries worldwide are trying to reduce greenhouse gases, and Korea also attempts to decrease industrial greenhouse gas emissions. Aeration is the most energy-demanding process in a sewage treatment facility. Improvements in the aeration process''s efficiency will significantly contribute to national goals and climate change response. We conduct the aeration performance test to derive the optimum conditions for the diffuser arrangement and its installation depth in the aeration tank. The ball-type diffusers are installed at about 1/3 level (900 mm below the water surface) and 2/3 level (1,800 mm below the water level) of the water tank. We observed the change in aeration tank dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration with the blown air volume and time. The average increase in DO concentration ranged from 1.13 mg/L to 1.73 mg/L when aeration was conducted at the middle of the aeration tank. In contrast, the average increase in DO concentration ranged from 0.52 mg/L to 1.04 mg/L when aeration devices were installed at the bottom of the aeration tank. These results indicated that installing diffusers in the middle depth of the aeration tank was more effective for oxygen delivery and power requirement. The average air power required to drive the DO between 0.5 mg/L and 3.0 mg/L for an hour is found as 0.42 kWh and 0.38 kWh for the bottom and middle part of the tank, respectively. The results show 9.5% energy saving for aeration in the middle. The results reveal that the lower the depth of the aeration diffuser installation, the better the oxygen delivery. Therefore, it will be possible to construct an aeration system with better energy efficiency when aeration diffusers are installed at low-water-depths.

Renewable energy based freshwater production utilizing reverse osmosis desalination

ABSTRACT The ever-increasing need for fresh water sources puts pressure on researchers to seek new freshwater generation solutions. Amongst them, renewable energy-based applications are attracting increasing interest due to their environmentally friendly nature. In this study, a new approach is proposed that combines renewable energy production system with the reverse osmosis desalination plant. Especially for offshore locations, one of the main problems is to access both energy and fresh water sources. In this study, the wave energy conversion system is used in order to provide a clean energy source for a reverse osmosis desalination-based plant solution. The wave energy converter system is modeled with consideration of a set of irregular sea wave elevation data. The proposed controller of the wave energy converter system adjusts the tuning parameters of the power take-off unit to optimize the operation of the system. The captured power from wave energy conversion system is utilized to produce fresh water from the reverse osmosis-based desalination model. The simulation results indicate that for 20 min time period, the produced water levels in the storage tanks are about 54.8 m3, 97.6 m3, 110.6 m3, and 193.3 m3 for DS1, DS2, DS3, and DS4, respectively. While, one of the main problems to be solved is the mismatch between the produced power by the renewable energy-based system and the required power consumed by the desalination plant. The proposed approach presented in this study indicates that the operation of the two systems in combined manner can be much more feasible solution as it is a very much environmentally friendly and an effective solution.

Solar Powered Irrigation System with IOT- Connectivity and Farm Monitoring

The Internet of Things (IOT) is a network of physical objects or 'objects' embedded with computers, software, sensors, and network communication that allows the capturing and sharing of data by these objects. Agriculture/Horticulture assumes a significant part in Indian economy. Using an Arduino-based microcontroller and sensors, the Solar-Powered Smart Irrigation System aims to provide an IoT solution for automating the watering method. It is an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly device that uses photovoltaic cells to produce electricity and then uses water pumps to supply water to the plants. The watering process is regulated by sensors that measure the moisture content of the soil. When the sensor crosses a threshold value, the device is regulated by the main microcontroller unit. The device also includes temperature and humidity sensors to keep track of the atmosphere in the location. Another sensor is used to track the level of the water tank, which acts as a storage space for the system's water supply. IoT integration allows automatic irrigation to be accessed and controlled remotely via a mobile application and a wireless communication system. These smart irrigation techniques take the place of the conventional irrigation method, reducing the need for manual intervention and errors. The problem faced in farming are water deficiency and high costs. These issues can be resolved using new system called smart automated irrigation system. Because this system has 3 different sensors like temperature, soil moisture and luminosity. These sensor senses the soil level when moisture of the soil is less than the expected level, the water is pumped to the crop to make it moisture.

Operational envelope and performance enhancement of a two-bed adsorption cooling system

Along with the measures to improve the design of the adsorption cooling systems, the operating strategy selection plays an equally important role in their performance enhancement. Though several strategies such as heat recovery, mass recovery, multi-staging, etc., have been reported in the literature, their implementation in the more popular small-scale two-bed systems has not been given due attention. The present study highlights the performance enhancement of a two-bed single-stage silica gel-water adsorption cooling system through novel interventions in the operating cycle. A facility has been developed for testing a 10 kW water-cooled adsorption chiller. Passive heat recovery and two-stage operational strategies have been proposed for the enhancement of performance and operational envelopes through modifications in the chiller’s valves sequencing. An improvement of 23–42% in coefficient of performance (COP) is observed with an optimized passive heat recovery strategy, while maintaining the water level in the hot water tank. Two kinds of two-stage operations viz., conventional two-stage and reheat two-stage, show potential for performance improvement under extreme conditions, resulting in an operational envelope enhancement up to 56%. A theoretical approach based on the thermodynamic analysis of adsorbent limits has been presented to assess the maximum desorption temperature limits.

Smart two-tank water quality and level detection system via IoT

The two-tank water system is common practice for the storage and distribution of water in many homes. Water is transported via a pipeline network from the storage tank (lower tank) to the distribution tank (overhead tank) using an electric pumping machine. Due to limited control in the existing pumping system, water wastage becomes inevitable. Determining the quality of water in the overhead tank before supply in the home is still unaddressed. In this work, an integrated Android mobile App and a control system were developed to assess the water quality, perform level check in the overhead tank, and activate intelligent pumping control. An ultrasonic pulse-echo technique was used for water level checks, while the water turbidity and pH signals were used for water quality checks. Three-level control conditions (LC_1, LC_2, LC_3) and two water quality check conditions (QC_1 and QC_2) were devised and used in the intelligent control algorithm of the system. Control valve1 regulates the flushable poor water quality while valve2 regulates the house's supply of good water quality. The absolute relative error between the expected time and the system time of filling the tank level was observed to be less than 10% when the water volume is less than 81%. Hence, distortion in the sensory signals increases and worsen as the water level approaches the ultrasonic sensor position. The poor internet signal network was observed to affect the real-time monitoring and automation of the system control through delay in system responses to commands. However, the average recorded response time of the system is 3 s, and it could be less in the situation of good internet network services.

Active disturbance rejection-based industrial cascade control plant with cloud monitoring

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide benefits for companies or organizations, which deal with fewer input-outputs and wanted to control their industrial processes remotely with a robust control strategy.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) strategy is used for the two tank level process plant and it is remotely monitored with the industrial internet of things technology. The disturbances in a primary and secondary loop of the cascade process, which are affecting the overall settling time (ts) of the process, are eliminated by using the proposed, ADRC-ADRC structure in the cascade loop. The stability of the proposed controller is presented with Hurwitz’s stability criteria for selecting gains of observers. The results of the proposed controller are compared with the existing active disturbance rejection control-proportional (ADRC-P) and proportional-integral derivative-proportional (PID-P)-based controller by experimental validation.FindingsIt is observed that the settling time (ts) in the case of the proposed controller is improved by 60% and 55% in comparison to PID-P and ADRC-P, respectively. The level process is interfaced with an industrial controller and real-time data acquired in matrix laboratory (MATLAB), which acted as a remote monitoring platform for the cascade process.Originality/valueThe proposed controller is designed to provide robustness against disturbance and parameter uncertainty. This paper provides an alternate way for researchers who are using MATLAB and ThingSpeak cloud server as a tool for the implementation.

MACHINE LEARNING FOR SEISMIC-INDUCED DAMAGE ESTIMATION OF STEEL TANKS

Aboveground steel storage tanks are large vessels employed to store various liquids, including water, food, fertilizers, oil, and other hazardous chemicals. The damage and collapse of storage tanks can generate long-lasting consequences on built environment and communities. The seismic behavior of storage tanks is often evaluated employing fragility functions obtained simulating the tank under a variety of ground motion records. However, the computational demand of high-fidelity simulation models makes risk assessment a burdensome task. The use of data-driven surrogate models could represent a suitable solution to evaluate the seismic vulnerability of steel tanks rapidly. In this context, this paper presents an open dataset composed of 204 aboveground cylindrical steel liquid storage tanks with different geometric properties. The dataset was assembled based on past earthquake reconnaissance reports. In the dataset, different types of damage experienced by the steel tanks are divided into four classes, ranging from no damage to complete failure. Eight different machine learning algorithms are trained to predict the damage class of a steel tank as a function of its geometric properties and seismic excitation parameters. Stratified 5-fold cross-validation is used to split the dataset into training and testing subsets and to assess the prediction capability of the machine learning models. Results showed that the Support Vector Machine algorithm yielded the most accurate predictions, followed by Random Forest, XGBoost, and LightBoost. Overall, the paper demonstrated the feasibility of using machine learning models to predict the damage level of steel liquid storage tanks subjected to seismic hazard.

Unmanned System for Gasoline Level Monitoring

In order to ensure the remaining volume of liquid inside a tank that is normally checked manually and frequently, an unmanned monitoring system is proposed. The proposed system is developed based on the concept of Internet of Things (IoT). This paper presents a prototype for tank level monitoring. The prototype utilises SRF HC-SR04 sensor to measure the liquid level. Arduino Uno microcontroller is implemented to assist the data processing before any notification is sent to the user. The remaining liquid volume and LED notification are shown as the output of the prototype. Some testing have been conducted to observe if the prototype works fine and to measure any error during implementation. Result shows that the relative error is less than 2% and the standard deviation is less than 5%.

Building a Smart Gardening System and Plant Monitoring Using IoT

Gardening activities usually required a lot of time and gardeners may face varieties of problems such as sticking to the designated watering schedule. Thus, this paper intends to solve these problems by introducing the Smart Gardening System. By using this system, users will be able to control and monitor the watering schedule and the sufficiency of lights while ensuring that the plants are taken care of accordingly. The smart gardening system is different from the normal gardening products that are already available in the market because of the implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) in the system to facilitate the work for its users. By using this home-based system, users can set the watering and lighting schedule automatically by using the designated application via smartphone. Besides, users will also be notified on the moisture level of soil, light-exposure, and the water level in water tank through the application. This will allow the users to monitor the watering system and only come to refill it when the water tank is empty. This system is an advantage as it can run automatically. From this research, the benefit of smart gardening system is proven via the execution of IoT which requires less human intervention for the system to operate. Moreover, the sensors are used to gather and update all the data that is convenience to the user to keep updated on the parameter and information about the plant in a real time without physical present.

Solar Irrigation System, Auto Fencing, Monitoring and Control using IOT

Agricultural strategies are changing quickly as a result of late advances in sustainable power innovation. The new headways in environmentally friendly power can be adequately utilized in the agribusiness area to decrease reliance on regular harvests water system procedures and petroleum derivatives. The Solar-Powered Smart Irrigation System intends to give an IoT arrangement in computerizing the watering interaction utilizing an Arduino-based microcontroller and sensors. It is an energy proficient and eco-accommodating framework that produces power from the photovoltaic cells to supply water to the plants from the water siphons. The watering cycle is driven by the dampness substance of the dirt utilizing sensors. Edge limit are set for soil dampness sensor to guarantee productive and viable utilization of water asset. The fundamental microcontroller unit controls the framework at whatever point the sensor is across limit esteem. Likewise, the framework has implicit temperature and dampness sensors to screen the environment condition on the particular climate. Another sensor is carried out to gauge the water tank level which fills in as capacity limit that provisions the water to the framework. With the incorporation of IoT, mechanized water system can be effectively access and distantly checked over the versatile application through a remote specialized gadget. With these shrewd water system procedures, it replaces the customary water system framework that helps decline the manual intercession and mix-ups

The Behavior of Elevated Water Tanks under Impact Loading

Because of the crucial role of elevated water tanks and their various uses, it is necessary to evaluate their structural behavior under threats to improve the durability performance of such tanks without putting them in jeopardy. In the present research, three open cylindrical concrete water tanks were modeled under an impact load (aerial blast) with the weight of 100 kg TNT explosive charge. The tanks were modeled in 3 forms: slender, middle, and broad (Aspect ratio = 1.28,1 and 0.85). Each tank contained various levels of water (non-water, half water, and full water) to estimate their structural behavior under blast loading. Moreover, the CEL (Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian) approach was used to simulate water structure interaction in finite element program. For a comprehensive analysis of the structural behavior of water tanks, LRB (Lead rubber bearing) isolator device was also used to observe the effect of isolator under blast loading on elevated water tanks in all models. The results of this study show that the water level leads to stiffness of the structures that cause better performance under blast loading and also the intersection of the shaft and concrete column would be the critical section of this structure under blast loading. It is also concluded that Stress and Strain decrease as the water tanks level increase and stiffen (up to 33 %). Also, it is noticeable that the existence of the isolator has deteriorated the results because of the decreases in the structure’s stiffness and the increase of the displacements.

Parameter estimation based robust liquid level control of quadruple tank system — Second order sliding mode approach

This article proposes a liquid level control scheme for a quadruple tank process (QTP) plant. A robust control is proposed using higher order sliding mode (HOSM) control. The four tank setup has opposite tanks actuated by a single pump and unmeasured liquid outflow from upper tanks affecting the levels in the lower tanks. This renders nonlinearity in the dynamics with uncertain behavior. A novel experimentation based estimator is proposed for identification of the unknown control valve ratios of the plant. The estimated parameter is used for robust control design and state observer model. The unmeasurable states are estimated using a sliding mode observer and the required derivatives of liquid levels in the tanks are evaluated using a HOSM differentiator. The complete schema is tested in simulation and validated experimentally on a QTP setup.

INTELLIGENT LIQUID LEVEL CONTROL OF A COUPLED NONLINEAR THREE TANK SYSTEM SUBJECTED TO VARIABLE FLOW PARAMETERS

In this paper, an intelligent control system technique is proposed to model and control of a nonlinear coupled three tank system. Two pumps fed the tank 1 and tank 2 and a fractional flow of these two pumps fed tank 3. The main aim of this paper is to make a set point tracking experiments of the tanks level using a nonlinear autoregressive moving average L-2 (NARMA L-2) and neural network predictive controllers. The proposed controllers are designed with the same neural network architecture and algorithm. Comparison of the system with the proposed controllers for tracking a step and random level set points for a fixed and variable flow parameter and some good results have been obtained.

Manajemen Ketersediaan dan Penggunaan Air pada Rumah Tangga Berbasis IoT

Air merupakan sumber energi bagi paling penting bagi kehidupan yang perlu diatur ketersediaan dan penggunaanya. Manajemen air dirumah tangga adalah terkait ketersediaanya dalam tandon air dan penggunaannya yang bisa dikontrol. Penelitian dalam paper ini membangun sistem manajemen air dalam rumah tangga yang terdiri dari 2 sub sistem, pertama sistem otomasi pengisian tandon air dengan kontrol hidup/mati pompa air untuk menjaga ketersediaan air dalam tandon berkisar 15%-85% dari kapasitas tandon. Algoritma percabangan bersyarat digunakan untuk menjaga ketersediaan air dalam tandon di range tersebut. Kedua, sistem monitoring penggunaan air dengan akumulasi secara riil time yang bisa dievaluasi berdasarkan waktu. Sensor-sensor dihubungkan ke NodeMCU ESP8266 sebagai penangkap dan pengirim data sensor ke Blynk server melalui jaringan internet. Infrastruktur akses internet menggunakan WiFi lokal (WLAN) yang menghubungkan NodeMCU ESP8266 sebagai wireless client ke Wireless Router, sedangkan aplikasi blynk pada smartphone terhubung ke Blynk untuk melihat data sensor melalui jaringan seluar. Hasil yang didapatkan bahwa kontrol ketersediaan air dalam tandon berfungsi baik dengan prosentase kesalahan sebesar 1.96% - 3.84%. Sedangkan akurasi pembacaan volume air yang digunakan mencapai 98,28% atau prosentase kesalahannya adalah 1.72%. Blynk sebagai platform IoT berfungsi sangat baik sebagai penyimpan data sensor secara online dan penyedia aplikasi monitoring dan kontrol pada perangkat smartphone android.

Effect of stocking density on growth performance, plankton abundance, body composition and haematological parameters of Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790)

A seed rearing experiment was attempted to evaluate the effects of stocking densities in the biofilm-based system reared with pearlspot, Etroplus suratensis on different aquaculture parameters. Pearlspot advanced fry of size (4.67 ± 0.04 cm/1.71 ± 0.03 g) stocked at four different stocking densities viz 50 fish (T1); 100 fish (T2); 150 fish (T3) and 200 fish (T4) m−3 in the biofilm-based rearing system and at the rate of 150 fish m−3 in the clear water fed (CWF) system tanks. The total ammonia nitrogen and dissolved oxygen levels in biofilm tanks with different stocking density were significantly lower than CWF. Diatom was found as dominant plankton in all biofilm treatment tanks in water as well as on substrate. The growth parameters were found to significantly decrease with increasing stocking density in the biofilm-based rearing system. The significant highest individual growth parameters and significantly lowest fish biomass were found in T1. Final fish biomass was found to increase with increasing stocking density up to 150 advanced fry m−3 and then reduced due to decreased survival. Body composition analysis of E. suratensis showed increased protein and decreased lipid levels in all biofilm-based rearing system treatments at different stocking densities compared with clear water fed system. The present investigation findings on plankton abundance, growth, body composition and blood parameters at different stocking densities will provide guidelines for selecting appropriate stocking density for pearlspot advanced fry to fingerling rearing in a low saline biofilm-based system without providing a supplementary diet.

Study on the implementation of different biofloc sedimentable solids in improving the water quality and survival rate of mud crab, Scylla paramamosain larvae culture

Microbial communities in biofloc technology (BFT) are responsible in minimalize water exchange and producing microbial proteins that are beneficial as a supplementals diet for mud crab, Scylla paramamosain larvae culture. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the effect of bacterial communities in different sedimentable solids in order to improve the water quality and survival rate of S. paramamosain larvae culture. The results successfully identified that the number of pathogenic bacteria, Vibrio spp. decreased when the heterotrophic bacteria thrived in treatment tank with 4 ml/L sedimentable solids. The group of heterotrophic bacteria were able to adapt in developing their population while effectively uptake the ammonium and nitrite components. The ammonium and nitrite level in treatment tank depleting at an early stage of the experiment, and constantly low until the end of experiments (ammonium <0.20 mg/L, nitrite <0.10 mg/L). The survival rates of S. paramamosain larvae in both control and treatment tanks were identified <2.0%, however, sedimentable solids of 2 ml/L was identified suitable to be applied in crab larvae culture as it can help to reach megalopa stages within 17 days of culture period. Overall, it can be concluded that bacteria communities in biofloc are able to regulate nutrients load and maintaining water quality and also help in increased survival rate and development performance in the low sedimentable solids of biofloc culture treatment. Therefore, sedimentable solids of 2 ml/L is suggested to be potentially applied in S. paramamosain larvae cultures from this research finding.

Effect of sodium hydroxide solution concentration on liquid entrainment in a steam boiler

Liquid entrainment or carryover is a phenomenon that liquid droplets are carried out from a boiler or steam drum during steam generation. The droplets may convey some dissolved solids and cause damage to steam equipment such as scaling deposits in valves and steam piping and erosion of turbine blades. The appearance of dissolved solids in boiler water mainly comes from the internal water treatment process by dosing some chemical substances into the boiler in order to prevent corrosion and scale formation. Trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) is one of chemical substances commonly added during boiler operation to control the pH of boiler water. However, it can cause the occurrence of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution which results in the increase of total dissolved solid (TDS) concentration in boiler water. Therefore, this study is aimed to develop a test section in order to investigate the parameters affected by liquid entrainment in the boiler. The experiment is performed in ambient conditions under an air-water system. Three variable factors are taken into consideration, including the concentration of NaOH solution, the height of the water level in the test tank, and the gas superficial velocity which represents the flow velocity of steam during steam generation. The results show that the increase of the gas superficial velocity and the water level height in the tank resulted in the enhancement of the entrainment rate. The increase of the water level height played an important role on the liquid entrainment. The increase of NaOH concentration directly impacted the existing film bubbles and the longer stability of foam bubbles at the water surface which resulted in a higher entrainment rate. Therefore, TDS control was one of the most important factors which could be incorporated with the appropriate height of the water level and the consistency rate of steam generation in order to minimize the liquid entrainment.

Design and Implementation of GSO Based PI Controller for Non Linear Spherical Tank System

From literature point of view process parameter control for non linear process found to be issue in process control industries. The main dilemma lies on managing liquid level in globular tank which is non linear in nature owing to its area disparity in cross section consequent to the change in shape. System identification is made with black box model which is nonlinear and approximated to first order plus dead time model using the worst case model parameter criterion. Group Search Optimization based Proportional Integral controller is implemented to control the non linear system. The real time work is implemented in MATLAB using VMAT-01 module. The servo and regulatory responses of GSO based proportional integral controller intended for different operating region is noted and results are compared with the algorithms such as Big Bang - Big Crunch optimization, Particle swarm optimization and Bacterial Foraging optimization . The most admirable controlling method is determined based on indices such as reduced overshoot, better set point tracking, disturbance rejection , lower performance indices, faster settling time and rise time.

INVESTIGATION OF INTELLIGENT CONTROLLER FOR NON-LINEAR SPHERICAL TANK SYSTEM

Spherical tanks are used to store fluids in many industries such as petrochemical, effluent treatment, and aerospace. Spherical tanks are used as they are highly resistant to internal pressure making them suitable for storing high-pressure materials due to their large volume, small weight, and strong load-bearing capacity. The spherical tanks have the lowest possible surface area to volume ratio. These tanks are preferred due to their capability of balancing pressure in and out of the tank and their ability to minimize the amount of heat that gets inside the tank wall. It is cost-effective when compared to other tanks. But, controlling the water level in the spherical tank is difficult and a highly challenging one. In this article, the aim is to stabilize the level of the spherical tank by using the PID and FUZZY logic controllers. By controlling nonlinear dynamic behavior, uncertainty, time-varying parameters, frequency disturbances and dead time, the stability of the tank is achieved. The mathematical modelling of the spherical system is obtained using first principles design and the stability of the model is analyzed using various techniques. Then, the simulation is done using MATLAB and the responses are obtained and compared for PID and FUZZY logic. Based on these comparisons made on the performance of the PID and FUZZY logic controllers, the results are concluded