Levels In Diabetic Rats Research Articles

Effects of oleanolic acid administration on renal NF-kB, IL-18, IL-6, YKL-40, and KIM-1 in experimental diabetic rats.

Neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy, known as the triopathy of diabetes, are the consequences of microvascular complications of diabetes. The present study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of oleanolic acid (OA) administration against diabetic nephropathy considering biochemical and histopathological parameters. The rats with fasting blood glucose levels of 200 mg/dl and above were considered diabetic after induction of diabetes via injecting STZ. The other half of the rats were not injected with STZ (healthy rats). Both healthy and diabetic rats were then divided randomly into two subgroups to be administered with either OA (5 mg/kg) with 1 ml tap water by oral gavage or 1 ml tap water in the same route for 21 days. Serum urea-N, Ca, P, and Mg as well as renal tissue MDA, SOD, NF-κB, IL-6, IL-18, AMPK, YKL-40, and KIM-1 levels were measured. OA administration partially decreased levels of serum urea-N and P, as well as levels of renal tissue MDA and inflammation markers (NF-κB, IL-6, IL-18, YKL-40, and KIM-1) in the diabetic rats. It also partially increased serum Ca and renal tissue AMPK levels in diabetic rats. These positive effects were also seen in renal tissue histopathology. OA treatment partially alleviated renal damage inflammatory and oxidative profiles in diabetic rats.

Effect of Phaleria Macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl Leaf Ethanol Extract on Serum IL-6 and TNF-α Levels in Diabetic Rats.

Hyperglycemia conditions in diabetes mellitus (DM) can turn on pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α. These cytokines play a role in insulin resistance and the development of DM complications. People in Indonesia have used Phaleria macrocarpa to treat diabetes, but the leaf of this plant has not been studied to see if it can reduce inflammation. This study aims to analyze the effect of ethanolic extract of Phaleria macrocarpa leaves (EEPML) in serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels of diabetic rats. This study was an experiment with a post-test-only control group design. Thirty 8-week-old male Wistar rats were used in the study. They were split into six groups: K1 was the normal control group; K2 was the DM control group; K3, K4, and K5 were given EEPML at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/KgBW; and K6 was given metformin 45 mg/KgBW orally once a day for 14 days. A high-fat diet and a 30 mg/KgBWi.p injection of streptozotocin were used to make the diabetic rat model. ELISA method for measuring serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels. The Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney test were used to examine the differences between the groups. There were significant differences between treatment groups in the mean levels of serum IL-6 (p=0.017), but there were no significant differences in the mean levels of serum TNF-α (p>0.05). Administration of Phaleria macrocarpa leaf ethanol extract 125 mg/KgBW reduced serum IL-6 levels but could not significantly reduce serum TNF-α levels in diabetic rats.

Physiochemical and nutritional evaluation of whole kumquat fruits powder and its protective effect on thyroid hormones and blood sugar levels in diabetic rats.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effects of whole kumquat (Ku) powder in diabetic rats fed a high-fat-high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using stable 1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method, 2,2´-azinobis (3-ethyl benzo thiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation (ABTS) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Total phenolic content was (51.85 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content was (0.24 mg Cateachin Equivalent, CE/g). DPPH and ABTS values were 3.32 and 3.98 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g where FRAP value was 3.00 mM Fe2+/kg dry material. A total of 90 albino rats were used in the present study. Rats group were as follows: normal diet; normal treated (2, 4, and 6% Ku.), diabetic rats (non-treated), diabetic + HFHC diet (non-treated), HFHC (non-treated), Diabetic (treated), HFHC (treated) and Diabetic + HFHC (treated). The diets were followed for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment. Serum glucose was recorded and thyroid hormones (T4, Thyroxine and T3, Triiodothyronine) were conducted. Diet supplemented with Kumquat at different concentrations have a hypoglycemic effect and improve the thyroid hormones of both diabetic rats and HFHC diabetic rats.

ANTIDIABETIC PROPENSITY OF Tetracarpidium conophorum (AFRICAN WALNUT) SEED IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a metabolic condition that could lead to high morbidity and mortality. Current therapies for DM are not without adverse effects and do not restore normal glucose balance. Consequently, this investigation aimed to assess the anti-diabetic propensity of Tetracarpidium conophorum seed on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Thirty-six Wistar rats were split into six groups of six rats each. Rats in groups 2 to 6 were induced with 150 mg/kg of Alloxan monohydrate. Animals in groups 1 and 2 were untreated; those in group 3 were administered Glibenclamide, while animals in groups 4, 5, and 6 were treated with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight of Tetracarpidium conophorum for 21 days. Blood glucose level and lipid profile were evaluated at the end of the period in all studied groups. In comparison to the normal control group and the diabetic control group, Tetracarpidium conophorum seed-extract administration resulted in lower glucose, TC, TG, LDL-C, and VLDL levels, while also increasing HDL levels (P0.05). Therefore, it may be inferred that consumption Tetracarpidium conophorum seed extracts orally for 21 days at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg each had positive effects on hypoglycemia. Further evidence that it may be helpful in the management and prevention of diabetes came from its effects on blood lipids and glucose levels in diabetic rats.

Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Cytotoxic Activity of Schinus terebinthifolia Fruit and Isolation of a New Immunomodulatory Polyphenolic Compound

Background: The fruit of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi is used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of different ailments. Materials and Methods: We studied the phytochemical profile of S. terebinthifolia fruit and evaluated its properties, including its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity. Results: Phytochemical investigation of S. terebinthifolia fruit showed an estimated total phenolic content of 67 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, with respect to gallic acid, while the flavonoid content was 26 mg of quercetin equivalent (QE)/g, in terms of quercetin. Bioassay fractionation of methanolic extract of the fruit resulted in the isolation of a new molecule for the first time from this natural source: 4′,methoxy-6-vinyl-7- O-rhamnosyl-dihydromyricetin or 4′,methoxy-6-vinyl-7- O-rhamnosyl-ampelopsin (Compound 8). Seven other phenolic compounds were isolated, such as (1) gallic acid; (2) afzelin; (3) quercetin 3- O- β-D-glucopyranoside; (4) genistein 7- O- α-l-rhamnopyranoside; (5) ellagic acid; (6) kaempferol and (7) quercetin. The new compound was ascertained using UV, NMR and MS spectra and acid hydrolysis analysis. Significant antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antimicrobial properties were observed in the alcohol extract, as well as proliferation inhibition in MCF-7 human cancer cell lines. Its activity in elevating glutathione levels in diabetic rats could be due to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Conclusion: The new compound shows immunomodulatory effects that can be utilized to augment host responses, which is important in both cancer and infectious diseases and thus worth further pharmacological investigation.

Effectiveness of Water Extract of Sea Lettuce (Ulva Lactuca) from Aceh to Reduce Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetic Rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by damage to the pancreas, which cannot produce insulin. Antidiabetic drugs and insulin injections in the long term have specific side effects, so herbal medicine is considered safer to use. Sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca) is one of the herbal medicines that have the potential as an antidiabetic. Methods: Experimental using a completely randomized design. Rats were divided into five groups with three replicates, namely: Kn = normal control, Ka = STZ control, P1 = DM rats + 200 mg/KgBB extract dose, P2 = DM rats + 300 mg/KgBB extract dose, and P3 = DM rats + 400 mg/KgBB extract dose. The stages of this study began with the preparation of tools and materials, phytochemical tests, the preparation of test animals and testing extracts on test animals, and the measurement of blood glucose levels in rats before and after they were given extracts. Blood glucose levels were measured using a glucometer. Data analysis was performed statistically (ANOVA). The results of the phytochemical tests detected were steroids, saponins, and phenols/tannins, while alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids were not. The most effective blood glucose level measurement result is at a dose of 400 mg/KgBB.

The use of Kepok Banana Stem (Musa paradisiaca) in diabetes rats does not reduce Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is still high and is expected to continue to increase. An increase follows this increase in the number of side events, so innovation is needed in DM therapy. DM induces oxidative stress so antioxidants can be an alternative therapy for DM. One source of antioxidants whose use is still limited is the banana plant, especially the banana stem. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of kepok banana stem extract (Musa paradisiaca Var. Balbisiana colla) on MDA levels in diabetic rats. Methodology/Approach: The study used a post-test-only control group design on 24 male rats (Rattus novergicus) Sprague Dawley strain with a bodyweight of 150-250 grams and ± eight weeks old. Rats were divided into four groups, namely the metformin treatment for positive control, distilled water for the negative control, and stem banana extract dose of 200 mg/kg BW and 250 mg/kg BW as treatment group of mice induced diabetes using STZ-NA and given treatment according to the group for 14 days. MDA level measurement using the TBARS method on rat liver. Data were analyzed using the One Way ANOVA comparison test. Results: MDA levels in the positive control group, negative control, treatment 1 (200 mg), and treatment 2 (250 mg) were 0.9790 + 0.52 mg/dl, 0.7533 + 0.58 mg/dl, 1.2510 + 0.52 mg/dl, 1.5175 + 0.53 mg /dl. There was no statistically significant difference in MDA levels between groups (p=0.182), but there was a decrease in blood glucose levels in the group treatment. The highest decrease in blood glucose levels was in the dose treatment group, 250 mg/kg BW. Conclusion:The treatment of kepok banana stem extract (Musa paradisiaca Var. Balbisinia colla) for 14 days at 200mg/kg BW and 250mg/kg BW increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, although not statistically significant.

Glycemic indices and effect of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) flavored non-alcoholic wheat beer (NAWB) on key carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes in high fat diet fed (HFD)/STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats.

In a bid to make the use of functional food easier in the management and prevention of diseases, product development and fortification from/with functional foods have become the recent focus of research. This study, therefore, sought to exploit the recent trend in the brewing industry on the production of non-alcoholic beers by investigating the possibility of having a non-alcoholic beer flavored with bitter leaf, a known plant widely reported to have a strong hypoglycemic effect, as against the traditional use of hops, and the effect of the produced beer on the glycemic indices and various diabetic biochemical parameters that serve as biomarkers for type-2 diabetes (T2D). The glycemic indices, as well as the inhibitory potentials of bitter leaf-flavored Non-alcoholic wheat beer (NAWB) in ratios of 100%HP, 100%BL, 75:25BL, 50:50BL, and 25:75BL, on enzymes linked to a high-fat diet/streptozocin (HFD/STZ)-induced T2D albino Wistar rats were investigated. There were no significant difference (p > .05) between the starch (1.72-1.77 mg/100 mL), amylose (0.22-0.24 mg/100 mL), and amylopectin (1.49-1.53 mg/100 mL) contents of the various samples. The Glycemic Index (GI) of the samples ranged from 36 to 73 with 75:25Bl and 50:50BL have the lowest (36) values. The samples reduced blood glucose levels and inhibited pancreatic α-amylase, lipase, and intestinal α-glucosidase activity. The inhibitory potentials of these beer samples on α-amylase and α-glucosidase as well as their ability to reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic rats thus making the bitter leaf flavored NAWB a suitable healthy beverage for better glycemic control in diabetics. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study revealed the potential of producing non-alcoholic wheat beer flavored with bitter leaves as a possible substitute for hops. The potential inherent in bitter leaf in the management of type 2 diabetes can thus be made available through a far-reaching beverage medium such as non-alcoholic beer to help in the treatment/management of T2D. The results of this research could be an eye-opener to the possible utilization of bitter leaf and by extension other plants that have been reported in the management of T2D. The use of the bitter leaf as a substitute for hops in the production of non-alcoholic beer in the brewing industry could help in a health-oriented campaign for safe drinks that could be helpful in the control of blood glucose levels of diabetic patients.

Capsaicin Decreases Kidney Iron Deposits and Increases Hepcidin Levels in Diabetic Rats with Iron Overload: A Preliminary Study.

Iron overload (IOL) increases the risk of diabetes mellitus (DM). Capsaicin (CAP), an agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1), reduces the effects of IOL. We evaluated the effects of chronic CAP administration on hepcidin expression, kidney iron deposits, and urinary biomarkers in a male Wistar rat model with IOL and DM (DM-IOL). IOL was induced with oral administration of iron for 12 weeks and DM was induced with streptozotocin. Four groups were studied: Healthy, DM, DM-IOL, and DM-IOL + CAP (1 mg·kg-1·day-1 for 12 weeks). Iron deposits were visualized with Perls tissue staining and a colorimetric assay. Serum hepcidin levels were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Kidney biomarkers were assayed in 24 h urine samples. In the DM-IOL + CAP group, the total area of iron deposits and the total iron content in kidneys were smaller than those observed in both untreated DM groups. CAP administration significantly increased hepcidin levels in the DM-IOL group. Urinary levels of albumin, cystatin C, and beta-2-microglobulin were similar in all three experimental groups. In conclusion, we showed that in a DM-IOL animal model, CAP reduced renal iron deposits and increased the level of circulating hepcidin.

Investigation of the Chemical Composition, Antihyperglycemic and Antilipidemic Effects of Bassia eriophora and Its Derived Constituent, Umbelliferone on High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

This study was designed to investigate the chemical profile, antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic effect of total methanolic extract (TME) of Bassia eriophora and isolated pure compound umbelliferone (UFN) in high-fat diet (HFD)- and streptozotocin (STZ)- induced diabetic rats. TME was subjected to various techniques of chromatography to yield UFN. Diabetes was induced after eight weeks of HFD by administration of STZ (40 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, and experimental subjects were divided into five groups. The diabetic control showed an increase in levels of blood glucose throughout the experiment. Treatments were initiated in the other four groups with glibenclamide (GLB) (6 mg/kg), TME (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) and isolated UFN (50 mg/kg) orally. The effect on blood glucose, lipid profile and histology of the pancreatic and adipose tissues was assessed. Both 200 and 400 mg/kg of TME produced a comparably significant decrease in blood glucose levels and an increase in insulin levels with GLB. UFN began to show a better blood sugar-lowering effect after 14 days of treatment, comparatively. However, both 400 mg/kg TME and UFN significantly returned blood glucose levels in diabetic rats compared to normal rats. Analysis of the lipid profile showed that while HFD + STZ increased all lipid profile parameters, TME administration produced a significant decrease in their levels. Histopathological examinations showed that treatment with TME and UFN revealed an improved cellular architecture, with the healthy islets of Langerhans and compact glandular cells for pancreatic cells distinct from damaged cells in non-treated groups. Conversely, the adipose tissue displayed apparently normal polygonal fat cells. Therefore, these results suggest that TME has the potential to ameliorate hyperglycemia conditions and control lipid profiles in HFD + STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Hydrogen exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting oxidative stress in experimental diabetic peripheral neuropathy rats.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a complex disorder caused by long-standing diabetes. Oxidative stress was considered the critical creed in this DPN pathophysiology. Hydrogen has antioxidative effects on diabetes mellitus and related complications. However, there is still no concern on the beneficial effects of hydrogen in DPN. This paper aimed to evaluate the effects of exogenous hydrogen to reduce the severity of DPN in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Compared with hydrogen-rich saline treatment, hydrogen inhalation significantly reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic rats in the 4th and 8th weeks. With regard to nerve function, hydrogen administration significantly attenuated the decrease in the velocity of motor nerve conduction in diabetic animals. In addition, hydrogen significantly attenuated oxidative stress by reducing the level of malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and meaningfully enhanced the antioxidant capability by partially restoring the activities of superoxide dismutase. Further studies showed that hydrogen significantly upregulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 and downstream proteins such as catalase and hemeoxygenase-1 in the nerves of diabetic animals. Our paper showed that hydrogen exerts significant protective effects in DPN by downregulating oxidative stress via the pathway of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2, which suggests its potential value in clinical applications.

Evaluation of vaspin and irisin hormones levels in diabetic rats and relationship with diet

BACKGROUND: Type-2 diabetes with an increasing prevalence is a public health problem. Irisin and vaspin, which are secreted a majority from adipose tissue, are discovered hormones recently, and their effects on diabetes are studied. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to the effects of diet on these hormones levels in diabetic rats. METHODS: In this study, ten-week-old 18 Wistar-Albino rats were divided into three groups randomly. The diabetic group (n = 6) was fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Other rats were divided into two control groups, one of them (n = 6) was fed a control diet (CD), and the other group (n = 6) was fed HFD. The feeding time for all groups was 4 weeks. Streptozotocin (STZ) was used for diabetes induction in rats. RESULTS: At the end of the four weeks, the body weight of the diabetic group decreased significantly. In the diabetic group compared to the control groups, it was observed that besides high fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride, total cholesterol levels, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) scores. Vaspin levels were significantly higher in diabetic rats, while irisin levels were similar between groups. Besides, vaspin level correlation with biochemical parameters such as glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and HOMA-IR score was significant. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study showed that besides the evidence that vaspine is a hormone associated with diabetes, diet composition could give an opinion about the type-2 diabetes process by looking at hormone levels.

Inhibitory Potential of Six Brown Algae from the Persian Gulf on α-Glucosidase and In Vivo Antidiabetic Effect of Sirophysalis Trinodis.

Background: Brown algae have gained worldwide attention due to their significant biological activities, such as antidiabetic properties. In the present study, the antidiabetic properties of six brown algae from the Persian Gulf were investigated.Methods: An experimental study was conducted from 2017 to 2019 to examine the inhibitory effects of six brown algae against the α-glucosidase activity. Methanol (MeOH) and 80% MeOH extracts of Colpomenia sinuosa, Sargassum acinaciforme, Iyengaria stellata, Sirophysalis trinodis, and two accessions of Polycladia myrica were analyzed. The effect of 80% MeOH extracts of Sirophysalis trinodis on blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was evaluated. Chemical constituents of brown algae were analyzed using thin-layer chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The 80% MeOH extracts of Iyengaria stellata (IC50=0.33±0.15 μg/mL) and Colpomenia sinuosa (IC50=3.50±0.75 μg/mL) as well as the MeOH extracts of Colpomenia sinuosa (IC50=3.31±0.44 μg/mL) exhibited stronger inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase than the acarbose (IC50=160.15±27.52 μg/mL, P<0.001). The 80% MeOH extracts of Sirophysalis trinodis reduced postprandial blood glucose levels in diabetic rats compared to the control group (P=0.037). Fucoxanthin was characterized as the major antidiabetic agent in most of the algal extracts.Conclusion: Sirophysalis trinodis is recommended as a novel source for isolation and identification of potential antidiabetic compounds due to its high in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic effects.

Outcomes of Cassia Fistula Bark Hexane Extract on Serum Insulin and Glucose Levels in Diabetic Rats

Background: Cassia fistula (amaltas) is commonly found in Pakistan and is frequently used in medicines. Its leaves, bark and pods are conventionally used for the treatment of skin disorders, bacterial infection, constipation, colic, cirrhosis, urinary disorders, dysentery, leprosy, rheumatic conditions, jaundice, syphilis, heart diseases and diabetes mellitus (DM). Aim: To determine and compare the outcomes of cassia fistula bark (hexane extract) on serum insulin and blood glucose measures in high-fat diet-fed (HFD) and Streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic albino male rats.” Study design: Randomized control trial. Duration and setting: Services Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS), Lahore from August 2016 to January 2017. Methods: The research was carried out on ninety male albino rats. Rats were induced with diabetes by giving high fat diet for 2 weeks and on fourteenth day, single injection of low dose streptozotocin (25mg/kg). The rats were categorized randomly into two groups, randomly, of 45 animals each. Group 1 was diabetic control (n=45) and group 2 was diabetic experimental and was given hexane extract of Cassia fistula bark (0.45g/kg) in 1ml of 0.3 % Carboximethyl cellulose solution by using intra gastric tube for once in a day for a month. On 31st day, 4-5 ml intra cardiac blood sample was collected. Biochemical parameters serum glucose and insulin were evaluated. Results: The diabetic rats treated with hexane extract of cassia fistula bark, exhibited significant (p=0.05) decrease in serum insulin and glucose levels. Conclusion: Hexane extract of cassia fistula bark possesses potent hypoglycemic effects. Keywords: Cassia fistula, Hypoglycemic effects, diabetic rat

Protective Effects of Epigallocatechin Gallate for Male Sexual Dysfunction in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

Sexual dysfunction is a common problem for men with diabetes. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is known to ameliorate erectile function in aging rats. However, there has not yet been a report to evaluate its effects on diabetic male rat sexual behavior in the literature. In this study, we investigated the effects of EGCG on male sexual behavior in diabetic rats. Diabetic rats were induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg of streptozotocin. After streptozotocin injection for one week, animals were then orally treated with 40 mg/kg of EGCG or vehicle. Copulatory behavior and fasting blood glucose levels were recorded before treatment, as well as 7 and 14 days after treatment. Serum LH, testosterone, and PDE5a levels were measured by EIA assay after the last behavioral test. Data showed that diabetic rats who had diminished sexual functions demonstrated significantly increased latencies in mount, intromission, and ejaculation, as well as significant decreases in frequencies of intromission and ejaculation, compared to non-diabetic controls, indicating sexual function recovery. Lower blood glucose levels were also found in diabetic rats after EGCG treatment. Additionally, the lower LH and higher PDE5a levels in diabetic rats than controls were also noted. The findings declared that EGCG had a protective effect on male sexual behavior in diabetic rats.

Arabinoxylans-Based Oral Insulin Delivery System Targeting the Colon: Simulation in a Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem and Evaluation in Diabetic Rats.

Arabinoxylans (AX) microcapsules loaded with insulin were prepared by enzymatic gelation of AX, using a triaxial electrospray method. The microcapsules presented a spherical shape, with an average size of 250 µm. The behavior of AX microcapsules was evaluated using a simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. AX microcapsules were mainly (70%) degraded in the ascending colon. The fermentation was completed in the descending colon, increasing the production of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. In the three regions of the colon, the fermentation of AX microcapsules significantly increased populations of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and decreased the population of Enterobacteriaceae. In addition, the results found in this in vitro model showed that the AX microcapsules could resist the simulated conditions of the upper gastrointestinal system and be a carrier for insulin delivery to the colon. The pharmacological activity of insulin-loaded AX microcapsules was evaluated after oral delivery in diabetic rats. AX microcapsules lowered the serum glucose levels in diabetic rats by 75%, with insulin doses of 25 and 50 IU/kg. The hypoglycemic effect and the insulin levels remained for more than 48 h. Oral relative bioavailability was 13 and 8.7% for the 25 and 50 IU/kg doses, respectively. These results indicate that AX microcapsules are a promising microbiota-activated system for oral insulin delivery in the colon.

Litsea polyantha Extracts Ameliorate Diabetes and Oxidative Stress in Streptozocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Published on:August 2022Journal of Young Pharmacists, 2022; 14(3):289-294Original Article | doi:10.5530/jyp.2022.14.57 Authors:Waseem Khan1, Jaya Sharma1, Sanjay Singh2, Pankaj Sharma11School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Apex University, Rajasthan, INDIA.2Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, INDIA. Abstract: Objectives: Litsea polyantha (LP) is a traditional medicinal plant in India. As the bark is mildly astringent, it is traditionally used to treat diarrhoea. Powdered bark and roots are used for pain, bruises, contusions, and fractures in animals. Litsea polyantha was evaluated for its blood glucose lowering abilities as well as for its ability to curb oxidative stress. Methods: In Wistar rats, diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal administration of Streptozocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg, b.w) for four weeks. After clipping the rats’ tails, blood glucose levels were determined. Body weight and urine volume were also measured. In addition, oxidative stress markers such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were measured. Biochemical estimations were further strengthened by histological evaluation. The statistical analysis of results was carried out using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s post hoc with GraphPad Prism software package. Results: Compared to untreated diabetic rats, LP extracts significantly decreased blood glucose levels in diabetic rats for 4 weeks. As evidenced by the glucose levels and biochemical markers, diabetes has significantly improved. LP treated diabetic rats had significantly higher levels of antioxidant defence enzymes and lower levels of TBARS. STZ-induced elevation of glucose levels in diabetic rats was prevented by LP. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that LP had antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties that might contribute to its therapeutic effects on diabetic rats.Keywords: Litsea polyantha, Diabetes, Oxidative stress, Inflammation, Antioxidant.

The Effect of Wet Cupping (Al-hijamah) and Limonene on Oxidative Stress and Biochemical Parameters in Diabetic Rats

Background: According to the international diabetes federation, 629 million adults will suffer from diabetes by 2045. Wet cupping therapy is a combination of bleeding and dry cupping and has been used in traditional medicine as a complementary therapy for diabetes. Limonene was shown to have both antioxidant and antidiabetic activity but its potential alongside other treatments has not been thoroughly explored. Objectives: Although wet-cupping therapy is widely used under different conditions, its potential in the treatment of diabetes is not well-examined. Methods: Male Wistar rats were then injected with alloxan and nicotinamide to induce diabetes. After cupping, the rats’ serum nitric oxide, creatinine, SGPT, SGOT, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, GPX, urea, and HDL levels were determined. The glutathione, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde, and protein level of the serum, renal, and liver were then measured. Results: The results showed a significant differences in serum glucose levels among the diabetic rats receiving wet cupping and limonene, in serum glutathione levels in diabetic rats receiving limonene or limonene and wet cupping compared to the diabetic rats, in liver GSH levels in control rats receiving limonene and wet cupping, in the liver GPX activity in control rats receiving limonene, and in liver catalase activity in control rats receiving limonene and wet cupping compared to control group. There was no significant change in serum NO, protein, creatinine, SGPT, SGOT, cholesterol, triglyceride MDA, urea, catalase, HDL, renal GSH, MDA, catalase, liver protein, and MDA Level. Conclusions: The findings of the present study suggested that a combination of limonene and wet cupping therapy could be presented as an agent to lower elevated blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. Further clinical studies are required to confirm the findings.

Development of Fermented Shrimp Shell Product with Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effects on Diabetic Rats.

In 2020, approximately 9.3 billion tons of crustaceans were consumed, and 45–48% of shrimp shell (SS) by-products were discarded as waste. In this study, the SS of Litopenaeus vannamei was fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum LV33204, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia LV2122 (strong proteolytic activity), and Aeromonas dhakensis LV1111 (chitin-degrading activity), and the optimal fermentation conditions of liquid-fermented SS was established. Contents of total peptide, astaxanthin, and total phenolic content of the fermented SS were significantly higher than that of unfermented SS. In the presence of fermented SS, glucose uptake and insulin resistance of TNF-α-stimulated FL83B hepatocytes were markedly improved. Furthermore, daily oral supplement of fermented SS to streptozotocin (STZ)/nicotinamide (NA)-induced diabetic rats for 7 weeks significantly reduced plasma glucose and insulin resistance. Meanwhile, ingestion of fermented SS might enhance hepatic catabolism of glucose by increasing hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and decreasing glucose-6-phosphatase activity. In addition, the fermented SS downregulated plasma total cholesterol (TG), triglycerides (TCs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), liver TG, and TC and lipid peroxidation levels in diabetic rats. In conclusion, a biorefinery process for waste SS was established through mixed strain fermentation. The in vitro and in vivo data reveal that the fermented SS is a promising functional food for the management of diabetic hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia.

Anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) gonad hydrolysates in type II diabetic rats

The present study investigated the anti-diabetic activity and potential mechanisms of sea cucumber gonad hydrolysates (SCGH) in a rat model of type II diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ) combined with high-fat diet (HFD). Results showed that SCGH significantly reduced water intake, fasting blood glucose level and glycated hemoglobin level. Moreover, the oral glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and plasma lipid level in diabetic rats were also alleviated. Furthermore, histological analysis showed that SCGH effectively protected the tissue structure of liver. In addition, mechanism studies showed that SCGH improved glucose metabolism via activating the IRS/Akt signaling pathway, and promoted lipid metabolism via activating the AMPK signaling pathway. In summary, these findings suggested that SCGH have potential anti-diabetic effects by improving insulin resistance and lipid metabolism disorders.