Level Of Welfare Research Articles

The politics of tariff cooperation in the presence of trade costs

AbstractThis study explores how income inequality among individuals in each country and trade costs depicting geographic distance between countries impact economic welfare and regime choice under representative democracy, comparing three trading regimes: most favored nation, customs union, and free trade agreement. We examine two cases: one in which trade costs are incurred symmetrically among all countries, and the other in which no trade costs are incurred among the potential member countries, but only between them and nonmembers. In each case, we identify the political feasibility of each regime as well as the impact on the average welfare levels.

The coevolution effect of central bank digital currency and green bonds on the net-zero economy

Directed by the net-zero emission goal, the green bond has become an essential financial tool to promote the development of the green economy. However, the greenwashing risk makes it doubtful whether the green bond can play a positive role. Therefore, this study constructs a six-sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model to analyze whether the coevolution of central bank digital currency (CBDC) and green bonds can fully play a positive role in promoting the net-zero economy. The results indicate that: (i) Increased CBDC supply has a positive effect on the economy, and also promotes green bond financing and net-zero emissions. (ii) Compared with non-interest-bearing CBDC, the coevolution of interest-bearing CBDC and green bonds is more likely to promote the net-zero economy and enhance the effectiveness of monetary policy. (iii) When the economy is overheating or in recession, the central bank can regulate green bond financing by adjusting the CBDC interest rate to promote a net-zero economy. (iv) The coevolution of interest-bearing CBDC and green bonds will achieve a higher welfare level than non-interest-bearing CBDC. This study provides guidance for the coevolution of CBDC technology innovation and green bond financial innovation.

How Population Density and Welfare Affect Crime Rates: A Study in East Java Province, Indonesia

Purpose: A one-fold increase in population has the potential to increase the per capita crime rate by more than two times and possibly four or six times. In a country with a large population like Indonesia, the threat of crime can occur at any time. An increase in crime can also occur due to declining welfare levels such as during a recession in a country. Therefore, this study aims to see how population density and welfare affect crime rates. Desaign/methodology/data analysis: The analysis used panel data from 38 regencies/cities in East Java province. This study separates the forms of crime based on the type so that the results will be more in-depth. The methods used are the Common Effect Model, Fixed Effect Model and Random Effect Model. Finding: The results of this study show that per capita income and population density affect the crime rate in East Java. It found no significant association between economic shock and crime rates. When a shock occurs, government policy will provide peace for the community. So, they will focus more on improving their economic conditions rather than committing crimes. Originality/value: This study provides a valuable empirical contribution by analyzing how population density and welfare impact the increase in crime in the community. This study examines the impact that occurs when an area experiences an economic shock that causes its welfare to decline, whether it will make people tend to commit crimes or focus on economic improvement. Practical Implication: In densely populated areas, even though their welfare has declined due to economic shocks, it turns out that people are more focused on making economic improvements than committing criminal acts to improve their welfare. This is because of government intervention through policies that guarantee the economy so that people feel safe and can work and do better.

What Is the Level of Savings Needed for High-Technology Export Led Growth?

High-tech export-led growth is an important determinant in terms of having a milestone feature for the level of development of countries. Although the restrictions arise from recent literature, it is obvious that countries, like Korea with 35.7% the high-technology product export ratio and China with 31.3%, that have set a strategy on the high-technology export-led growth could have managed to achieve what they aimed to have. It is obvious that to make any investment in high-technology products, a certain level of savings should be achieved. The purpose of this paper is to determine the savings level that is necessary for achieving a high-technology export level for economic growth. The motivation arises from the willingness to shed light on policymakers on their way to achieve the high-technology export-led growth. Sixteen countries with high-technology product export levels higher than the World’s average are chosen in order to test the HXT export-led growth strategy at the initial stage. The period of 2007–2020 has been chosen due to the availability of the data. After achieving the result that there is a bidirectional casualty relationship between HTX and economic growth, by using the threshold regression model it is concluded that after achieving the savings level of 38.73%, countries can create an increase in their HTX level. And this is a very important output for policymakers for setting their strategies for the high-technology export-led growth. Hence the main aim of the policymakers is to increase welfare level of citizens, they should aim to reach 38.73% in order to achieve the high-technology export-led growth. After reaching this savings level they will have a chance to make investments for producing high-technology products by routing their savings to research and development and getting patents. In this way, they will have a chance to increase the welfare levels with the HTX-led growth strategy.

The effect of good corporate governance policies on welfare employee

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of Good Corporate Governance based on Social Welfare Theory. The reason researchers choose Good Corporate Governance which is measured using Fairness, Disclosure/Transparency, Accountability and Responsibility Formulations is because this Formulation is very easy to apply at a practical level, and can more accurately measure the level of welfare received by Crew in the field, compared to other GCG formulations. This type of research is quantitative, with the main data source in the form of questionnaires, which will be analyzed using SEM PLS. Practically the application of GCG principles can help improve the welfare of the crew. The results showed that, Fairness, Transparency, Acoountability and Responsibility have a positive effect on the welfare of the crew. The recommendation in this study is, preferably between the Ministry of Transportation and the Ministry of Transportation, must carry out their functions and duties in accordance with the articles of association and laws and regulations, not dominate each other and throw responsibility on each other. This needs to be done, so that the goals and desires of the Crew in realizing their welfare get support and are well realized through the preparation of appropriate regulations.

Anna Doyle Wheeler: Gender Equality and the Need for a Cooperative Economic System

In the early nineteenth century, the utilitarian feminist Anna Doyle Wheeler generated still relevant analysis of the political economy of gender. The feminist literature credits Wheeler and her coauthor William Thompson as the first to appreciate that reproductive labor, however exploited, plays a central role in capitalism. Wheeler convincingly argues why piecemeal reform within capitalism cannot generate equality. The answer: a cooperative economy. This article formalizes two central propositions attributed to Anna Doyle Wheeler: (i) high levels of social welfare require gender equality; and (ii) gender equality requires a cooperative economic system. Conditional on interdependence and perceptions of happiness, there is a fundamental coherence underlying the first proposition. This study explicates the reasoning for the second proposition using Wheeler’s insights into social psychology and her understanding of cooperative institutions. Identifying and constructing decentralized, self-governing, and commonly owned institutions that embody Wheeler’s broad principles remains a challenge. HIGHLIGHTS Feminist philosopher Anna Doyle Wheeler argued gender equality requires cooperation. Meaningful gender equality demands a social psychology of enlarged self-interest. Cooperative institutions of common property must be decentralized and self-governed.

Labour migration as a solution to an ageing population?

Labour migration is often mentioned as a way to mitigate the impact of ageing in wealthy societies. This article analyses the impact of labour migration on the welfare level and old-age dependency ratio of a prosperous ageing country, the Netherlands. If labour migrants are considered to be part of the population of the host country, they only contribute to a higher welfare level if their productivity is higher than per capita GDP. If they stay permanently and form a family, their productivity will need to be higher than the average labour productivity of the incumbent workforce. Labour migrants will mitigate the rise of the old-age dependency ratio, but only if they only stay in the host country temporarily. Therefore, only selective and temporary labour migration will relieve the ‘burden’ of an ageing society.

ANALYSIS OF FARMERS' INCOME AND WELFARE DEEP COCONUT (COCOS NUCIFERA L) IN KERITANG DISTRICT, INDRAGIRI HILIR REGENCY

The purpose of this research is to: (1) determine the income level of coconut farmers (Cocos nucifera L) (2) Analyze the level of welfare of coconut farmers (Cocos nucifera L) in Keritang District, Indragiri Hilir Regency. The data collection methods used in this study are primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained by conducting direct interviews with coconut farmers in Keritang District, Indragiri Hilir Regency using a questionnaire, while secondary data was obtained from relevant agencies as well as previous research journals and literature studies. This study used a survey method with a total of 44 respondents of coconut farmers obtained using the Taro Yamane formula and sampling with simple random sampling method. The analytical tool used to answer the first objective is income analysis tool (μ = TR - TC). The analytical tool used to answer the second objective is the analysis of the level of welfare according to BPS 2022. The results of this study indicate that the average income of coconut farmers (Cocos nucifera L) in Keritang District, Indragiri Hilir Regency is IDR 56,084,645.45/farmer/ year or IDR 4,673,720.45/farmer/month and this study shows the welfare level of coconut farmers (Cocos nucifera L) in Keritang District, Indragiri Hilir Regency. The level of welfare of coconut farmers according to BPS indicators (2022) in Keritang District there are 30 farmers or 68.18% are at the level of welfare with the Good group and 14 farmers or 31.82% are in the category of sufficient welfare level.

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN REGIONS IN STATE ADMINISTRATIVE LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN REGIONS IN STATE ADMINISTRATIVE LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN AIR TERJUN MANTOWU SEBAGAI WISATA ALAM DI WILAYAH KPHP UNIT II LASALIMU, SULAWESI TENGGARA

The challenge of the Production Forest Management Unit (KPHP) Unit II Lasalimu as a forest management unit at the site level is the management of forests that can support community welfare and increase state foreign exchange. Mantowu Waterfall is one of the tourist destinations in the KPHP Unit II Lasalimu area which is administratively located in Pasarwajo District, Buton Regency. The development of Mantowu Waterfall as a natural tourism needs to be supported by a feasibility analysis. This study aims to analyze the feasibility of Mantowu Waterfall as a natural tourist attraction. The research was conducted through data collection, observation, interviews, Focus Group Discussion. Data analysis using the Guidelines for Analysis of the Operation Area of Natural Tourism Objects and Attractions (ADOODTW) modified based on natural attractions. The results showed that Mantowu waterfall is worth developing with a value of 67.72%. The greatest value is obtained from the attractiveness indicator owned by the waterfall but not supported by infrastructure and accommodation. In addition, the socio-economic condition of people with low welfare levels is a challenge for the development of Mantowu Waterfall as a natural tourist attraction. Involvement of society as a subject to creating an independent productive society.

Education Of Water Needs And Management For Agriculture In Garagahan Irrigation Area

Irrigation Areas (DI) were built to meet various needs of life, especially to achieve the level of community welfare. D I Sangkir Garagahan was built by the Department of Water Resources and Construction Development in 1986 and is located in the Lubuk Basung sub-district, Agam regency. The current irrigation management is 671 hectares covering 3 working areas, namely Nagari Garagahan which has an area of ​​415 hectares of irrigated rice fields, Nagari Kampuang Tangah 136 hectares and Nagari Manggopoh 120 hectares. On April 15, 2022 an educational training was conducted to determine the needs and management of water for agricultural land. The methods used are lectures, discussions and training on the use of formulas to regulate plant water and soil management. The training was attended by the Nagari Garagahan community who are members of the Water User Farmers Association (P3A) and Water User Farmers Association (GP3A). Availability of water by adjusting plant water in the field and at the entrance gate for an area of ​​415 hectares of irrigated rice fields, the water requirement is 0.7204 m3/second. Soil management for agriculture is carried out by biological, non-biological and mechanical methods. By adjusting the capacity of the nagari for its implementation

The Influence of Agricultural Exports, High-Technology Exports, Investment, and Regulatory Quality on the Gross Domestic Product of APEC Member Countries

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is one of the macroeconomic indicators that reflects the level of welfare of a country's population. The APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) forum has the main goal of promoting economic growth and enhancing prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region. This is done by encouraging and facilitating more open trade and investment in the region. APEC member countries have different export characteristics, namely agricultural exports and high-technology exports. This study analyzes the influence of agricultural exports, high-technology exports, Foreign Direct Investment, and regulatory quality on the Gross Domestic Product of APEC member countries. The research data used are secondary data from the World Bank from 2011 to 2020, analyzed using the Fixed Effect Model approach of panel data regression method using E-Views 12. The results show that simultaneously, agricultural exports, high-technology exports, Foreign Direct Investment, and regulatory quality have a significant influence on the economies of APEC member countries. Partially, high-technology exports and regulatory quality have a positive and significant impact, while agricultural exports and Foreign Direct Investment have a positive but not significant impact on GDP. APEC countries should focus on productivity by harnessing technology and achieving inclusive economies for societal welfare.

Indonesian Happiness Factor: A Panel Data Analysis

The measurement of welfare level is one of the success benchmarks of a country's developmental program. Welfare assessments in the form of subjective well-being (SWB) can complement the objective measures. In assessing SWB, economists use happiness and life satisfaction questions. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the factors that influence individual happiness in Indonesia. The panel data from the last two waves of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS), namely IFLS 4 (2007) and IFLS 5 (2014) were used. The analytical tool was panel data regression with a fixed effect approach. The results showed religiosity, generalized trust, altruism, and education-age interaction significantly affected happiness levels. This study implies the higher the year of education, the more positive the effect of age on happiness level. Furthermore, the control variables, namely marital status, subjective health, perceived safety, and per capita expenditure are significant, while unemployment affected the happiness level of only the male sample. The government and public figures in Indonesia may promote initiatives that facilitate religiosity, trust, and altruism development, for instance, promoting activities that require involvement from different stakeholders in the community. They also should become role models showing altruism and religiosity.

WPŁYW WYBRANYCH CZYNNIKÓW NA DOBROSTAN PSÓW SPORTOWYCH – BADANIA ANKIETOWE

Cessation of use predispositions consistent with breed characteristics might be a source of constant frustration and behavioural disorders for the dog. Therefore, a lack of typical activity for a breed significantly reduces the level of well-being and negatively affects the quality of life. Aware owners of working-breed dogs are trying to fulfil their needs through activities offered by different dog (cynological) sports. However, some opinions state that dog sports might impair their well-being due to intensive training and competitions. The goal of this study was an assessment of the living conditions and the level of welfare of the dogs actively participating in dog sports, based on their owner’s declarations. The research material was gathered from a survey among dog sports competitors and people associated with dog sports but not practising them. Five hundred fifty respondents, including 407 active dog sports competitors, participated in the study. It was hypothesized that taking an active part in dog sports and their discipline impacts the owner’s awareness of the need to ensure a high level of welfare of the sporting dogs. The relationship between the sports discipline and the variables that determined the level of well-being was determined. Surveys have shown that in the opinion of people practising cynological sports, sports dogs are provided with a high level of welfare, although the percentage of people who gave such an answer depends on the dog sport practised.

Comprehensive analysis of regional disparities in the distribution of income and welfare of the population in the Russian regions

The modern Russian economy is characterised by considerable regional disparities concerning distribution of incomes and well-being of the citizens. These imbalances can be especially noticeable when analysing various sectors which play an important role in the economic progress of the regions. Within the framework of this study, based on a comparative analysis, the degree of dependence of the living standard on the electromechanical industry is assessed. The hypothesis is advanced that the outstripping growth of this sector has a significant positive impact on indicators of employment, income, and quality of life. Testing this hypothesis will make it possible to create a state policy for equalising the socio-economic development of Russian regions with consideration to the industry specialisation of their economies. Statistical data on personal income, quality of life indices, as well as specific indicators of industry progress in different regions of the Federation were used for the study. The employed methods of correlation and regression analysis identified the links between the level of sectoral development and economic well-being of the territorial units. The analysis showed that such regions as Moscow, St. Petersburg, where an infrastructure sector leads, and a number of oil-producing Siberian regions demonstrate higher indicators of income and quality of life. At the same time, subjects with a less developed sector, for instance some areas of the North Caucasus and Siberia, are experiencing difficulties in achieving similar levels of welfare.

How spillovers from pollution cleanup in the Ganges affect welfare in Kanpur and Varanasi

We study how spillovers from water pollution cleanup in the Ganges affect social welfare in an aggregate economy consisting of Kanpur and Varanasi, two cities through which this river flows. We view pollution cleanup in both cities as a local public good and point out that, if Kanpur cleans up pollution in the Ganges, then Varanasi obtains some spillover benefit and vice versa. In this setting, we first solve for the Nash equilibrium amounts of pollution cleanup in the two cities when decisions about how much pollution to clean up are made simultaneously; next, we determine the equilibrium welfare levels in each city. Second, on the assumption that decisions about how much pollution to clean up are centralized, we compute the amounts of pollution cleanup that maximize aggregate welfare. Finally, we describe an intercity transfer scheme that leads each city to choose noncooperatively in a Nash equilibrium the same pollution cleanup amounts as those that arise when aggregate welfare is maximized.

Pelaksanaan Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) Dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Keluarga Di Kelurahan Kenanga Kota Tangerang

Individuals or groups are said to be poor if they cannot fulfill basic needs, access health and education services so that their lives are said to be less prosperous. As a form of attention from the Tangerang City government, efforts have been made to create a special program to accelerate poverty alleviation through the Family Hope Program (PKH). This research aims to describe the implementation of PKH in improving family welfare, as well as finding out the obstacles in implementing data validation and verifying the commitment of Beneficiary Families (KPM) in Kenanga Village, Tangerang City. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods. Data collection was carried out by means of observation, interviews and documentation with informants who had been selected using pursive sampling. The research results show that the implementation of PKH in improving family welfare in Kenanga Village, Tangerang City has gone well but is not yet optimal. This is due to changes to the new system which is directly connected to DAPODIK and DUKCAPIL in the implementation process and is not based on the existing PKH implementation guidelines. The welfare level of KPM is in the Prosperous Family III category. There were problems with the absence of an initial meeting and validation for prospective KPM first by PKH assistants

Non-Archimedean population axiologies

Abstract Non-Archimedean population axiologies – also known as lexical views – claim (i) that a sufficient number of lives at a very high positive welfare level would be better than any number of lives at a very low positive welfare level and/or (ii) that a sufficient number of lives at a very low negative welfare level would be worse than any number of lives at a very high negative welfare level. Such axiologies are popular because they can avoid the (Negative) Repugnant Conclusion and satisfy the adequacy conditions given in the central impossibility result in population axiology due to Gustaf Arrhenius. I provide a novel argument against them which appeals to the way that good and bad lives can intuitively outweigh one another.

The Effectiveness Of Productive ZIS Funds On SMEs Affected By Covid-19

This study aims to determine how effective the distribution of productive zakat, infaq, alms funds to SMEs affected by COVID-19 and to find out the model for distributing ZIS productive funds in improving the welfare of SMEs. The method used is a mixed method to produce more comprehensive facts. This study indicates that in the empowerment program, there is a training program held by the amil zakat institution as a form of business assistance that can increase the income of mustahiq SMEs. This program has quite effective impact on SMEs affected by COVID-19. Researchers found an effective ZIS fund distribution mechanism model with a business assistantship that amil zakat institutions must carry out through business development training programs, spiritual improvement, and financial planning. This study aims to improve the skills, faith, and finances of the mustahiq so that they can achieve a level of welfare.

DAMPAK SOSIAL EKONOMI MASYARAKAT TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN PETANI JAGUNG REBUS DI KELURAHAN KAISABU BARU KECAMATAN SORAWOLIO

Corn is a one of horticultural commodity in Kota Baubau, that is widely cultivated by producers in various farming businesses. To increase sweet corn production according to consumer demand, farmers use empty land to plant sweet corn in order to meet consumer demand. The people of Kaisabu Baru, apart from being farmers, are also direct sellers of boiled corn from their harvest in order to increase farmers' income to meet their social and economic needs. The size of the farmer's income greatly influences the farmer's own motivation in carrying out his farming business. The aims of this research are 1) to find out the social and economic impact of the boiled corn farming community in Kaisabu Baru Village, Sorawolio District. 2) To find out what the level of welfare of the boiled corn farming community is in Kaisabu Baru Village, Sorawolio District. The sampling method in this research is the purposive sampling method. Data processing and analysis uses one method, namely descriptive qualitative. The results of the research show that 1) the socio-economic impact felt by boiled corn farmers has provided positive changes. 2) the level of welfare of the boiled corn farming community in Kaisabu Baru Village has increased