Level Of Syntax Research Articles

Kafka and the Hermeneutics of Sadomasochism

Sadomasochist motifs permeate Kafka's oeuvre on various levels. Firstly, Kafka negotiates the politics of power and control thematically. Sadomasochist tropes serve as allegorical devices to articulate a key anxiety of the peripatetic modernist subject – social positions and interpersonal relationships have become endemically unstable. Whilst Kafka participates in a literary discourse which uses sexual perversions as allegorical vehicles, sadomasochistic patterns are also dramatised on the level of syntax: through a deliberate deconstruction of stable narrative positions, the reality status of events and their interpretations becomes uncertain. The reader is thus methodically destabilised by a subjection to the self-contradictory interpretative gestures of Kafka's equally analytically-confused protagonists. Finally, the promise of meaning and of allegorical resolutions, and at the same time their systematic withdrawal, lure the reader into an endless cycle of hermeneutic seduction and disappointment. The infinite postponement of interpretative gratification thus becomes a key device in a carefully choreographed textual sadomasochist dance.

Construction Techniques of Anticipatory Monitors for Parameterized LTL

介绍了一种基于自动机理论的参数化LTL(parameterized LTL(linear temporal logic),简称P_ALTL)公式运行时预测监控器构造方法.一方面研究P_ALTL公式的语法、预测语义、赋值提取以及赋值绑定等重要概念,从语法层面保证公式中参数化变量的正确绑定(binding)和使用(using);另一方面给出参数化预测监控器的概念.它由静态和动态两部分组成,静态部分由参数化Büchi自动机表示,动态部分为当前状态处的变量赋值.在系统运行过程中,预测监控器基于静态部分的参数化Büchi自动机,以on-the-fly的方式在当前状态处动态地提取和绑定变量赋值,递进地验证当前程序运行是否满足指定的参数化性质规约.在该过程中,参数化监控器能够精确地识别被验证性质的最小好/坏前缀.;This paper presents a method of constructing anticipatory monitors for P_ALTL (parameterized LTL (linear temporal logic)) based on automata theory. This paper on one hand investigates into the important concepts about the syntax, anticipatory semantics, valuation generation and binding of P_ALTL. It is assured that the binding and using are correct in syntax level. Then the concept of parameterized anticipatory monitor is presented consisting of the static part and the dynamic part. The static part is presented as parameterized Büchi automata, and the dynamic part is composed of the valuations of variables in the current state. While the system running, based on the static parameterized Büchi automata, the valuations of variables are dynamically generated and bound from the current state in an on-the-fly fashion, and the anticipatory monitor incrementally checks whether the current running system is satisfied with the given parameterized property. In this process, the parameterized monitor can precisely identify the minimal good/bad prefix of the monitored property.

Linguistic Structure, Stylistic Value, and Translation Strategy: Introducing Thomas Mann's Aschenbach in English

By analysing closely two English versions of the opening passage of Der Tod in Venedig, this discussion addresses implications arising from the interlingual transfer of syntactic structures in literary texts. Even the most cursory glance at a translation corpus shows that prose translators - subject to language-typological constraints in syntactic possibilities - are generally concerned to mirror the sentence structures of the SLT in the syntactic composition of their TL versions. Here the contention is that, on the contrary, translation solutions cannot be ‘equivalent’ to the original at the level of complex syntax. Rather, translators inevitably make changes which significantly alter the information focus, agency patterns, and cohesion of the original, impacting on the literary meaning in subtle ways.

External and internal syntax of the [formula omitted]-calculus

It is well known that formally defining and reasoning about languages with binding (such as logics and λ -calculii) is problematic. There are many approaches to deal with the problem, with much work over recent years stimulated by the desire to formally reason about programming languages and program logics. The various approaches have their own strengths and drawbacks, but no fully satisfactory approach has appeared. We present an approach based on two levels of syntax: an internal syntax which is convenient for machine manipulation, and an external syntax which is the usual informal syntax used in many articles and textbooks. Throughout the paper we use pure λ -calculus as an example, but the technique extends to many languages with binding. Our internal syntax is canonical: one representative of every α -equivalence class. It is formalized in Isabelle/HOL, and its properties are mechanically proved. It is also proved to be isomorphic with a nominal representation of λ -calculus in Isabelle/HOL. Our conventional, human friendly external syntax is naturally related to the internal syntax by a semantic function. We do not define notions directly on the external syntax, since that would require the usual care about α -renaming, but introduce them indirectly from the canonical internal syntax via the semantic function.

Query translation between sources in peer-to-peer database sharing systems

This paper presents a query translation mechanism between heterogeneous peers in peer-to-peer database sharing systems (PDSSs). A PDSS combines a database management system with P2P functionalities. In a PDSS, each peer chooses its own data model and schema, and maintains data independently without any global coordinator. One of the problems in such a system is translating queries between peers taking into account both the schema and data heterogeneity. Query translation is the problem of rewriting a query posed in terms of one peer schema to a query in terms of another peer schema. The proposed approach uses of user-provided syntax and data level mappings that each peer constructs and shares with other peers. Based on the mapping information, our algorithm applies translation rules to translate queries. The translation mechanism is evaluated on a prototype peer-to-peer network to demonstrate the viability of the approach.

The Influence of Russian Language on Kazakhstan Turkish in Terms of Syntax Level

The Influence of Russian Language on Kazakhstan Turkish in Terms of Syntax Level

AT-TAQOBUL BAINA AL-LUGHOTAIN AL-‘ARABIYAH WAL INDONESIA

This is a plain contrastive descriptive study between two languages, Arabic and Indonesian, especially the contrast between their phonetics, lexical, phonological and syntax levels. The research concludes within that there is similarity and differentiation in its phonetics, lexical, phonological and syntax systems. In phonetics we found a contrast related to consonants and vocals sounds, and also in syllable sounds. In lexical domain, there is a meaning formulated in one word in Arabic language, but in Indonesian language we found it composed of two words, for example: ?????? ????? ????? ??????, rumah sakit, makan siang, makan malam and others. In the phonology, it is found out that Arabic language is an etymological language and the Indonesian language is an affix language, and Arabic language adopt systems of masculine, feminine, singular, dual (mutsanna) and plural which is different from Indonesian language. In syntax of Indonesian language, we found that the meaning is defined by the combination of the words and its position, it is based on subject combination (nominal clause), in other hand we found that the Arabic language is a syntax language (lughah mu’rabah), the meaning is defined by the syntax (al i’rab) and it adopts both of nominal clause and verbal clause. Those Arabic phenomena which are not adopted by Indonesian language should be taken into account in learning and teaching Arabic Language by the Indonesians.

Variation and Change in Possessive noun Phrases: The Evolution of the Analytic Type and Loss of the Synthetic Type

AbstractThe main objective of this article is to outline an account of the evolution of the analytic (Free State) type of possessive noun phrases in Spanish Arabic and the loss of the synthetic (Construct State) type in Shamaliya Arabic, two relatively unknown varieties that are historically related. Possessive noun phrases can vary at the level of Syntax, PF or the Lexicon. Variation at the level of Syntax yields the distinction between the synthetic type and the analytic type. These have the same underlying structure but different derivations determined by the values of an EPP feature associated with Num, the DP-equivalent of clausal T. When Num has the [+EPP] value, it triggers subject-raising of the possessor to Spec, Num leading to the derivation of the synthetic type. When Num has the [−EPP] value, the possessor remains in-situ and consequently triggers the appearance of the genitive preposition. The evolution of the analytic type involves the acquisition of the [−EPP] value and the loss of the synthetic type the loss of the [+EPP] value. Variation at PF involves deletion or not of the definiteness feature/article of the head noun or the possessor in the synthetic type, which yields three logical patterns: [N the-N], [the-N N] and [the-N the-N]. Spanish Arabic had all three patterns, while Moroccan Arabic and other varieties have only the first pattern. Finally, variation at the level of the Lexicon accounts for differences relating to which preposition is used in possessive noun phrases. The Maghreb/Western varieties make use of the genitive preposition, while the Mashreq/Eastern varieties tend to make use of the dative preposition instead.

Moving object detection in the H.264/AVC compressed domain for video surveillance applications

In this paper a novel method is presented to detect moving objects in H.264/AVC [T. Wiegand, G. Sullivan, G. Bjontegaard, G. Luthra, Overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 13 (7) (2003) 560–576] compressed video surveillance sequences. Related work, within the H.264/AVC compressed domain, analyses the motion vector field to find moving objects. However, motion vectors are created from a coding perspective and additional complexity is needed to clean the noisy field. Hence, an alternative approach is presented here, based on the size (in bits) of the blocks and transform coefficients used within the video stream. The system is restricted to the syntax level and achieves high execution speeds, up to 20 times faster than the related work. To show the good detection results, a detailed comparison with related work is presented for different challenging video sequences. Finally, the influence of different encoder settings is investigated to show the robustness of our system.

"Of Medicineз Sedatyueз": Some Notes on Adjective Position and Oral Register in Middle English Medical Texts

"Of Medicineз Sedatyueз": Some Notes on Adjective Position and Oral Register in Middle English Medical Texts The position of adjectives in the English Noun Phrase is regarded as something quite fixed and pertaining to the level of syntax rather than to any other. In previous studies (Moskowich 2002; Moskowich - Crespo 2002; Lareo - Moskowich 2009), it has been shown, however, that there seem to be some other extra-syntactic variables at stake determining word-order patterns. This paper aims at analysing the word-order patterns of adjectives in the emerging scientific writing in the Middle Ages, particularly in medical texts written in English. To this end, several texts contained in MEMT (Middle English Medical Texts) will be analysed. As a first approach, samples belonging to the three different traditions included in the Corpus will be considered. This examination of samples from a surgical text, a specialised one and a remedy book will also help obtain some conclusions regarding the evolution in the use of the so called French-type adjectives in the language.

Software Implementation for Multi-Protocol 13.56 MHz RFID Reader

In this paper, we design and implement a multi-protocol 13.56MHz reader in software. In order to satisfy the timing constraint, three level optimizations called compile level, syntax level, and architectural level optimizations are applied. The execution time of optimized code is reduced by 85%, so that it satisfies timing requirement of a 60MHz speed EISC processor. In addition, the binary code size is minimized to 211KBytes which can be loaded on a 256KB size memory.

Form–meaning mappings in the aspectual domain: What about the L1? A response to Bruhn de Garavito and Valenzuela

Any person who has taught Spanish as a second language or who has interacted with a non-native speaker of Spanish can easily tell that mastering the correct use of the copulasserandestaris very difficult in both spoken and written production. But L2 learners are not alone. The Spanish copulas also present difficulty and frustration for L2 instructors of Spanish, since most pedagogical explanations of the uses ofserandestarprovided in textbooks are incomplete and inaccurate. However, the acquisition of copular constructions has not received the attention it deserves in the acquisition literature, making a special issue ofBilingualism: Language and Cognitiondedicated to this topic particularly welcome. A reason for the scarcity of research in this area may be related to both the linguistic complexity of Spanishserandestarand the inadequacy of many available theoretical treatments to explain their complementary distribution. Although constructions withserandestarare highly frequent in the input, they are grammatically quite intricate, straddling between the levels of morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Accordingly, Bruhn de Garavito and Valenzuela correctly frame their study within the current debate on interface vulnerability in language development in general, and in adult L2 acquisition in particular (Sorace, 2004; White, in press). In a nutshell, grammatical areas which require the integration of different levels of linguistic knowledge (e.g., syntax–discourse, syntax–morphology, morphology–semantics, etc.) for processing, production, or interpretation, show developmental delays and instability in monolingual and bilingual acquisition. In the case of monolingual acquisition, instability or non-target-like behavior is temporary, but in L2 grammars, instability can persist up to very advanced levels of proficiency, eventually leading to fossilization.

An OWL-based semantic business process monitoring framework

Process monitoring phase is one of the service-oriented business process (SOBP) lifecycle phases. Traditional process monitoring approaches have been only achieved at the syntactic level of the process monitoring contexts, which causes the communication problems such as ambiguous understandings and divergent interpretations. To solve the problems, the process monitoring should be achieved at the semantic level as well as at the syntax level of the process monitoring context. In order to support semantic monitoring operations, an ontology-based monitoring framework for the SOBP execution is suggested in this paper. The suggested framework combines a BPEL4WS process model with the semantic monitoring context which is expressed with OWL.

Quotient lenses

There are now a number of BIDIRECTIONAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, where every program can be read both as a forward transformation mapping one data structure to another and as a reverse transformation mapping an edited output back to a correspondingly edited input. Besides parsimony - the two related transformations are described by just one expression - such languages are attractive because they promise strong behavioral laws about how the two transformations fit together - e.g., their composition is the identity function. It has repeatedly been observed, however, that such laws are actually a bit too strong: in practice, we do not want them "on the nose," but only up to some equivalence, allowing inessential details, such as whitespace, to be modified after a round trip. Some bidirectional languages loosen their laws in this way, but only for specific, baked-in equivalences. In this work, we propose a general theory of QUOTIENT LENSES - bidirectional transformations that are well behaved modulo equivalence relations controlled by the programmer. Semantically, quotient lenses are a natural refinement of LENSES, which we have studied in previous work. At the level of syntax, we present a rich set of constructs for programming with CANONIZERS and for quotienting lenses by canonizers. We track equivalences explicitly, with the type of every quotient lens specifying the equivalences it respects. We have implemented quotient lenses as a refinement of the bidirectional string processing language Boomerang. We present a number of useful primitive canonizers for strings, and give a simple extension of Boomerang's regular-expression-based type system to statically typecheck quotient lenses. The resulting language is an expressive tool for transforming real-world, ad-hoc data formats. We demonstrate the power of our notation by developing an extended example based on the UniProt genome database format and illustrate the generality of our approach by showing how uses of quotienting in other bidirectional languages can be translated into our notation.

Precategoriality and syntax-based parts of speech

Late Archaic Chinese is a precategorial language, i.e., a language whose lexical items are not preclassified in the lexicon for the syntactic functions of N and V. This will be shown on the basis of structural-conceptual criteria as those developed by Croft (2000) and Sasse (1993b) as well as on the basis of methodological criteria as those suggested by Evans & Osada (2005). As is claimed in Construction Grammar (Goldberg 1995, 2005), the meaning of lexical items is derived by integrating their own lexical meaning with the meaning contributed by the construction. The construction analysed in this paper is the argument structure construction. Linking between lexicon and syntax is subject to stereotypical pragmatic implicatures (Levinson 2000) that follow a version of the animacy hierarchy. As it will turn out, Late Archaic Chinese does not strictly lack parts of speech. In fact, without the distinction of nouns and verbs at the level of syntax it would not be possible to analyse utterances in Late Archaic Chinese. The only thing that Late Archaic Chinese can do without is noun/verb distinction in the lexicon. This typologically remarkable property is due to a process of morphological change. If such a historical process can take place irrespective of parts-of-speech distinctions, precategoriality in the lexicon cannot be a robust universal feature even if most theoretical approaches take it for granted.

On the variability of negative scope in Japanese

This article shows how the Japanese negative expressionnai‘not’ changes its scope depending on whether it is overtly head-raised to T or not. In Japanese, overt Neg-head raising takes place when a negative head acts as a functional predicate, devoid of its lexical (i.e. adjectival) properties in an analogous way to the aspectual verbshaveandbein English. When the negative headnaiundergoes overt head raising, it takes scope over TP. In some cases, however, the scope of negation becomes narrower due to the absence of overt Neg-head raising. The data provide us with empirical evidence showing that overt head raising – the kind of functional predicate raising observed in English and elsewhere in Japanese – is instantiated at the level of syntax, rather than at PF.

The Counsellors of the Lord in Isaiah 40—55: A Proposal to Understand their Role in the Literary Composition

The presence of counsellors in Isaiah 40…55 is, although well-known, never explained satisfactorily. The main reason for this is the difficulty in giving meaning to the mutual relationship between the texts speaking of 'giving counsel' (41.28) or being 'a counsellor' (40.13; 46.11). This article seeks to provide a new understanding of the function of these counsellors, on the basis of a step-by-step examination of these texts, starting from the level of syntax via analyses of discourse and participants up to the level of the literary composition. These examinations make it clear that the counsellors of Yhwh play a prominent role in the disputation between Yhwh and Jacob/Israel about knowledge. In opposition to the counsellors of Jacob/Israel, Yhwh presents his own advisers: Wisdom (40.13), the failure of the idols (41.28), and Cyrus (46.11).

How to identify dear enemies: the group signature in the complex song of the skylarkAlauda arvensis

Song geographic variation and Neighbour-Stranger (N-S) discrimination have been intensively but separately studied in bird species, especially in those with small- to medium-sized repertoires. Here, we establish a link between the two phenomena by showing that dialect features are used for N-S recognition in a territorial species with a large repertoire, the skylark Alauda arvensis. In this species, during the breeding season, many pairs settle in stable and adjoining territories gathered in locations spaced by a few kilometres. In a first step, songs produced by males established in different locations were recorded, analyzed and compared to identify possible microgeographic variation at the syntax level. Particular common sequences of syllables (phrases) were found in the songs of all males established in the same location (neighbours), whereas males of different locations (strangers) shared only few syllables and no sequences. In a second step, playback experiments were conducted and provided evidence for N-S discrimination consistent with the dear-enemy effect, i.e. reduced aggression from territorial birds towards neighbours than towards strangers. In addition, a similar response was observed when a ;chimeric' signal (shared phrases of the location artificially inserted in the song of a stranger) and a neighbour song were broadcast, indicating that shared sequences were recognized and identified as markers of the group identity. We thus show experimentally that the shared phrases found in the songs of neighbouring birds constitute a group signature used by birds for N-S discrimination, and serve as a basis for the dear-enemy effect.

Feeling from the Perspective of the Empirical Study of Literature

s 479 feeling provides a sense of the cultural context in which the self finds its place (and which might then be seen as open to modification). Alongside the cultural implications of feeling, however, we must also consider the intrinsic structures and processes of feeling given to us by evolution (from facial expression to hormonal responses), but especially the »laws« of emotion as proposed by Frijda, such as the »control precedence« of emotion (its capacity to take over and determine consciousness). Such laws may be challenged or opened to question by the manipulation of feeling during our experience of reading. Empirical examples of the work of feeling are considered. Response to foregrounding (the occurrence of stylistically distinctive features at the level of sound, syntax, or semantics) has been demonstrated neurologically by Hoorn: occurring in the first 400 msec, it initiates what he terms »the aesthetics of alteration«. Given that foregrounding tends to compel the reader’s attention, as do various narrative aspects, it has also been shown that readers may develop strong feelings when they become absorbed in a literary text, an aspect that Green has studied under the term »transport«. In the case of a powerful text with a compelling narrative, it has been found that the origin of the text (whether based on fact or a fiction) makes no difference to the degree of transportation – a finding that Green refers to as the »hegemony of the text«. The feelings experienced by readers also include what has typically been called »empathy« or »identification with a character«. Oatley explains this as a process in which the reader simulates a character’s experience, taking on her goals. It is argued that this is not required: what occurs is evocation of a feeling from our existing repertoire accompanied by a sense of the lawful nature of its processes and outcomes; thus a feeling of empathy enables us to recognize the implications of the feeling for ourselves. It is suggested that our sense of what is literary may come from engaging with feeling at the prototypical level (as we termed it earlier), which points to processes independent of our will; this may account for our sense of aesthetic disinterest. The ›truth‹ of feelings in this respect helps explain how we experience real feelings for fictional characters. The feelings that we contribute to our literary reading are in some degree responsible for our sense of the dynamic form of the literary text. Feeling from the Perspective of the Empirical Study of Literature 391

Ontology Driven Data Mediation in Web Services

With the rising popularity of Web services, both academia and industry have invested considerably in Web service description standards, discovery, and composition techniques. The standards-based approach utilized by Web services has supported interoperability at the syntax level. However, issues of structural and semantic heterogeneity between messages exchanged by Web services are far more complex and crucial to interoperability. It is for these reasons that we recognize the value that schema/data mappings bring to Web service descriptions. In this article, we examine challenges to interoperability; classify the types of heterogeneities that can occur between interacting services, and present a possible solution for data interoperability using the mapping support provided by WSDL-S, a key driver behind SAWSDL. We present a data mediation architecture using the extensibility features of WSDL and the popular SOAP engine, Axis 2.