Level Of Syntax Research Articles

VulTR: Software vulnerability detection model based on multi-layer key feature enhancement

Software vulnerabilities pose a huge threat to current network security, which continues to lead to data leaks and system damage. In order to effectively identify and patch these vulnerabilities, researchers have proposed automated detection methods based on deep learning. However, most of the existing methods only rely on single-dimensional data representation and fail to fully explore the composite characteristics of the code. Among them, the sequence embedding method fails to effectively capture the structural characteristics of the code, while the graph embedding method focuses more on the global characteristics of the overall graph structure and is still insufficient in optimizing the representation of nodes. In view of this, this paper constructs the VulTR model, which incorporates an importance assessment mechanism to strengthen the key syntax levels of the source code (from lexical elements to nodes and graph-level structures), significantly improving the importance of key vulnerability features in classification decisions. At the same time, a relationship connection diagram is constructed to describe the spatial characteristics of the correlations between functions. Experimentally verified, VulTR's F1 scores on both synthetic and real data sets exceed those of the compared models (VulDeePecker, SySeVR, Devign, VulCNN, IVDetect, and mVulPreter).

ANALYSIS OF PHONOLOGICAL ERRORS IN MAHARAH KALAM PRESENTATION OF NAHWU WADHIFI BOOK

The lack of attention to the Maharah Kalam has made many Arabic language scholars unable to communicate using Arabic. Insufficient self-confidence, fear of being wrong in terms of rules and pronunciation create obstacles for students to speak Arabic, therefore an It is necessary to analyze linguistic faults so that Arabic pronunciation pays more attention and in order to avoid mistakes in Arabic pronunciation. The purpose of this study is to outline the types of phonological errors in Maharah Kalam, as well as to analyze phonological errors in student Maharah Kalam. This research is field research and is a qualitative descriptive study that employs a linguistic error analysis approach. Ways for gathering data that involve observation and recording. This observation is carried out by paying attention to students' speech and noting any grammar mistakes. Documentation is completed using recording technology. According to the study's findings, consonant sound alterations represent faults at the phonological (phoneme) level, including: changes in consonant /ث/ to consonant /س/, consonant /ع/ to consonant /أ/, consonant /ص/ becomes a consonant /س/. The other errors are errors in reducing phoneme sounds, phonological mistakes at the level of syntax, and phonological mistakes at the morphological level. It can be concluded that there are several errors in language and the factor causing language errors is a lack of attention to the language rules that should be applied. Apart from that, there is the influence of the student's mother tongue or second language, and the influence of the environment, both formal and informal, as well as the lack of application of Arabic. Several causal factors have a big influence on students' phoneme pronunciation errors. This research can provide a new platform for Arabic speakers to always pay attention to Arabic rules when speaking.

COMPLICATED SENTENCE AS AN INDICATOR OF A VIRTUAL SPEAKER’S INTELLECTUAL LEVEL

The paper looks at the problem of correlation of cognitive processes taking place in the person’s cognition with the syntactic organization of their speech. The speech of any individuum mirrors their thinking, and this is one of the ways they come to know their environment, acquire cognitive experience for building up their own picture of the world. In the process and due to communication, a human is shaped as an individual with a certain intellectual level of mind. The presented work is focused on syntactic peculiarities of the English-language verbal message, produced depending on the intellectual level of the virtual speaker. The topicality of the conducted scientific research consists in lingual and gnoseological need to penetrate into the cognitive-communicative essence of the processes of generating messages, and is motivated by the lack of serious scientific research of this problem. The objective of this paper consists in singling out a scientifically valid criterion for determining the intellectual level of a virtual speaker in the aspect of syntactic construction of sentences inherent to him. The starting point of this research was an assumption that there are certain typologically different structural sentence models, preferred by representatives of a certain psychological group of individuals. In our previous studies, it was established that in dialogue communication, simple sentences prevail among other structural types, while complex sentences take the third place in terms of use frequency with almost all speakers, regardless of their education level, social status, and cognitive abilities. According to our observations, a striking contrast can be seen in the native speakers’ use of complicated sentences, the grammatical status of which is not fully specified in grammar. The carried-out research specifies the concept of “complicated sentence”, and by means of comparative analysis of speech samples provided by the protagonists’ of three English novels captured at different stages of their lives, this type of sentence is determined as an indicator of the speakers’ cognitive peculiarities at the level of syntax. It is suggested that, in contrast to the surface representation, deep structures of human speech organization correlate with deep structures of human thought activity. Hence, a high intelligence level of an individuum is reflected not only at the level of adequacy of information perception, but also in the form of message representation and generation, namely, mainly in the constructions with a hidden deep structure of predication.

Achieving Syntax Excellence: Best Practices for Organizational Success

Abstract: Syntax Level Up Organization is a methodology that aims to improve the syntactical structure of codebases, fostering improved readability, maintainability, and scalability. It advocates for the systematic arrangement of code elements to enhance comprehension and streamline development workflows. Consistent coding conventions are a fundamental principle of Syntax Level Up Organization, which minimizes confusion and optimizes collaboration. Modularization promotes code reusability and minimizes dependencies, facilitating agile development practices. The judicious use of language features and idioms is another cornerstone of Syntax Level Up Organization. Developers can craft concise and expressive code by leveraging the full spectrum of a programming language’s capabilities, such as lambda functions, list comprehensions, and pattern matching. Meaningful abstractions are also advocated for to encapsulate complex logic, enhancing code maintainability and facilitating testing. Design patterns like the Factory Method, Singleton, and Strategy serve as powerful tools for structuring codebases and promoting code reuse. Code documentation is also crucial for enhancing code comprehensibility. Clear and concise comments supplement code, elucidating design decisions, highlighting edge cases, and facilitating knowledge transfer within teams. In conclusion, Syntax Level Up Organization represents a holistic approach to code organization that transcends superficial aesthetics, focusing on enhancing code clarity, efficiency, and maintainability. By embracing consistent coding conventions, modular design principles, idiomatic language features, meaningful abstractions, and comprehensive documentation, developers can elevate the quality of their codebases and empower teams to tackle modern software development challenges with confidence and agility. IndexTerms – HTML, CSS, Javascript. , MYSQL, PHP.

Кластерный анализ лингвистических профилей скрытых сообществ

The aim of the study is to present clusters of profiles of hidden communities based on linguistic parameters. The article analyzes the structure and relationships between the attributes of clusters of community profiles. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the combination of methods of hierarchical cluster analysis of hidden network communities and analysis of variance will reveal the uniformity/heterogeneity of the author's texts created at the grammatical and lexical levels. Using the Ward method, three clusters of linguistic profiles were identified, each of which was given a formal Silhouette Score. A meaningful assessment of the profiles is presented in the form of appropriate linguistic comments. As a result of the study, it was found that online publications are characterized by variation at the level of syntax, but not at the level of morphology. The proposed community clustering approach can be used to identify potentially dangerous online subcultures and opinion leaders in the online space. As a result of the implementation of this approach, linguistic profiles of communities are complemented by digital sociodemographic information.

International Publicity Translation Based on the Perspective of Eugene Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory: A Case Study of 2022 Government Work Report

The Government Work Report delivered by Premier Li during the Two Sessions in 2022 is an authoritative summary and future outlook of China’s economic, social, cultural and diplomatic development in the past year, which has attracted wide and high attention from the international community. As an official state document, the Government Work Report is highly authoritative. Therefore, when translating the report into English, translators are supposed to strictly follow the principles of publicity translation on the premise of profoundly grasping the content of the report, so as to accurately convey the content and meanings of the report to foreign readers and spread the positive voice of China. After careful study and comparison, Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory plays a pivotal role in the publicity translation strategy. Taking the 2022 Government Work Report as the research object, this paper analyzes the English version of the report from three levels of lexicality, syntax and discourse from the perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory, then discusses the skills and strategies of publicity translation, so as to provide useful reference for China’s publicity translation.

Establishing interoperability between EMF and MSDKVS: an M3-level-bridge to transform metamodels and models

Many powerful metamodeling platforms enabling model-driven software engineering (MDSE) exist, each with its strengths, weaknesses, functionalities, programming language(s), and developer community. Platform interoperability would enable users to exploit their mutual benefits. Such interoperability would allow the transformation of metamodels and models created in one platform into equivalent metamodels and models in other platforms. Language engineers could then freely choose the metamodeling platform without risking a lock-in effect. Two well-documented and publicly available metamodeling platforms are the eclipse modeling framework (EMF) and the modeling SDK for visual studio (MSDKVS). In this paper, we propose an M3-level-bridge (M3B) that establishes interoperability between EMF and MSDKVS on the abstract syntax level and on the graphical concrete syntax level. To establish such interoperability we (i) compare the two platforms, (ii) present a conceptual mapping between them, and (iii) implement a bidirectional transformation bridge including both the metamodel and model layer. We evaluate our approach by transforming a collection of publicly available metamodels and automatically generated or manually created models thereof. The transformation outcomes are then used to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the transformation’s validity, executability, and expressiveness.

Structural Deviation in the poetical language of Jalal Malaksha

The abstract of this research presents the structural deviation in the poetical language of Jalal Malaksha and analyze his poetical texts. Deviation is deviate of the rules of the language, but it does not mean that there is not any boundary for this deviation. Leech created a boundary between deviation and additional rules when he describes deviation. He believes that deviation is possible when the communication and expression is conceivable and the embodiment is acceptable to be expressed. Jala Malaksha attempted to write in a meaningful and effective way, in all his texts, structural deviation in the three levels of (phonology, morphology and syntax) is perceived, which each of them illustrated in a differ way. For example, phonological deviation in the bases of some texts that is a deletion of phoneme which the necessity of the texts is needed and the poet needs to embody it. Furthermore, Jalal Malaksha to establish invented texts and make a role on the reader, he applied language deviation in the level of word. So, he applied many deviations in the level of sentence such as (delete language elements and move the language elements) in the bases of some poetical texts, he could apply new and invented technique in the poetical texts.

Artificial language creation as a tool for assessing children’s metalinguistic abilities

The author aims to analyse two projects of the artificial language Uniling. They were created by students of years 5 to 11 within the linguistic framework of the "Formula de Integreco" training camp in June 2017 and January 2018. The research methods included structural analysis of the artificial language, as well as its creation process in comparison with Russian, i. e. the native language for all participants in the experiment. Research results: the specific conditions for artificial language development enable us to trace the stages of its accelerated "evolution" and complexity buildup at all levels. The latter becomes possible by shifting the initial focus away from observing the economy principle in language and raising randomly occurring exceptions to the status of a rule. Such rules are further extrapolated to other same-level units of the artificial language. This indicates that children attach importance to the concept of linguistic norm, as well as the possibility of clear grammatical differentiation when the grammatical meaning is secondary relative to the lexical-conceptual one. Children give no less significance to the inner form of words, which makes it possible to create lexemes employing the means of the artificial language itself without relying on the material of natural substrate languages. Moreover, the inner form helps to outline the systemic connections within the thematic groups. However, the hypernym/hyponym relations are obviously weak as generic concepts are not found in the Uniling lexis. At the same time, the aesthetics and euphony notions often come to the fore, which is reflected in the expression plane of artificial language lexemes and in the idea of the pragmatic potential of the language. This is most clearly seen at the syntax level due to the introduction of particular semantic role markers not typical of the Russian language (benefactives and malefactives). Conclusions: artificial language analysis enables us to identify the strengths and weaknesses of children’s metalinguistic representations, which can be considered in the process of teaching Russian at school.

К вопросу о синтаксическом статусе субстантивов в русских предложениях тождества

A multi aspect study of bisubstantive sentences of characterizing semantics is necessary to solve complex problems of syntactic analysis. The grammatical specificity of bisubstantial sentences lies in the morphological identity of the predicative minimum. The study has theoretical and practical tasks: identify the structural, semantic and communicative organization of sentences, propose methodological recommendations for syntactic analysis of sentences. The material of the study is modern literature. Analytical and descriptive methods are used to analyze the linguistic material. The problems of teaching syntactic analysis of sentences are identified through experimental methods. The main conclusions of the study: syntactic analysis of bisubstantial sentences should consist of traditional structural and semantic parameters, roles and functions in the semantic structure and communicative organization of a sentence, take into account context, stylistic and pragmatic factors. Syntactic phenomena should be studied from the functional position at all stages and levels of teaching syntax of the modern Russian language.

Tomasa Stērnsa Eliota “Nīkā zeme” pirms 30 gadiem un šodien: Ievas Lešinskas tulkojuma versijas

In 2022, a hundred years were celebrated since the publication of the poem The Waste Land by Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888–1965). The article deals with a comparison of two translations of the poem in Latvian. The first translation was published in the magazine Avots in 1990, and the second – in Eliot’s Selected Poems, published in 2022. Both translations are done by Ieva Lešinska (b. 1958) in completely different cultural and historical contexts. The article aims to analyse the differences between two Lešinska’s Latvian translations of The Waste Land and establish the main tendencies, tracing the changes made in the text of the translation. The comparative analysis of the translations uses some concepts and approaches of cognitive poetics. Attention is paid to changes in dominants; the changes are analysed in the context of English modernism and Eliot’s works and in comparison with the source text. The changes in the translation can be observed on the level of lexis, syntax, morphology, and semantics, as well as in the aspects of form.

基于功能对等理论的航海技术英语翻译研究

With the deepening of economic globalization, maritime technology has become increasingly prominent, and maritime technology English has also become an effective way for cultivating high-quality talents. As a part of technical English, maritime technology English has distinctive characteristics: terminologies, nominalizations and abbreviations are widely used at the vocabulary level and inanimate-subject sentences, passive sentences and long complex sentences are more used at the syntactic level. From the perspective of Eugene·A·Nida’s functional equivalence, this article studies the E-C translation of maritime technology English from vocabulary and syntax level, aiming to provide reference for the Chinese translation of maritime technology English.

Особенности языковой игры в современных самарских эргонимах сферы «Отдых и развлечения»

The aim of the study is to shed light on the peculiarities of wordplay in ergonyms of the Samara region belonging to the socio-cultural sphere. The author pays attention to the identification of wordplay techniques at the level of phonetics, lexis, syntax and word formation; analyzes the process of artificial naming, trying to find out whether the sphere of activity affects the choice of wordplay types and techniques. The scientific novelty is associated with the fact that this problem is little studied in terms of identifying wordplay types and techniques taking into account the specifics of the activity of an enterprise or an organization. The analysis of the language material suggests, on the one hand, the high degree of creativity of wordplay in the ergonyms of the “Recreation and entertainment” sphere and, on the other hand, the variety of techniques at different language levels. As a result of the study, four types of wordplay correlated with the language levels, namely, phonetics, lexis, syntax and word formation, were identified. Twenty-two wordplay techniques were noted at the specified language levels: five techniques were attributed to the phonetic type of wordplay, four techniques were found in the lexical type of wordplay, five techniques were attributed to the syntactic type of wordplay and eight techniques were characterized as the word-forming type of wordplay.

Computational Linguistics: A Research Survey on Ambiguity and Anaphora Resolution

In this paper we briefly discuss main areas of computational linguistics particularly focus on the problem of ambiguity in computational linguistics. Then we take up the issue of ambiguity with inclusion of term anaphora which is well known in most of the languages and it is seen under pronouns specifically reflexives and reciprocals. In general, we have total five sections in this paper. First section primarily deals with introduction related to the topic and elaborates it in detail. Second section defines ambiguity with its background investigations in relation with computational linguistics. Third section presents detailed study on anaphoric ambiguity with strict sloppy readings at syntax level. Fourth section discusses about anaphora and soon it adds anaphora resolution irrespective of any specific language and most of the work related to anaphora resolution is mentioned from natural language processing point of view. Fifth is the last section where we conclude that ambiguity and anaphora both are difficult tasks for machine translation until unless we don’t train machine (computer) to learn as per given instructions and all.

Морфологические и синтаксические особенности башкирских рекламных текстов (на материале периодических изданий)

The study aims to identify the morphological and syntactic features of advertising texts in the Bashkir language. The paper clarifies the notion of “advertising text” and its structural elements. Main attention is paid to the description of the morphological and syntactic features of Bashkir advertising texts using the example of the newspapers Башҡортостан (Bashkortostan), Киске Өфө (Evening Ufa) and Торатау (Toratau) for 2022-2023. The study is novel in that it is the first to propose an analysis of modern Bashkir advertising texts at the level of morphology and syntax. As a result, it was proved that the advertising text in Bashkir newspapers is an effective use of various linguistic means of different levels, its pragmatic aspect is manifested in the choice of grammatical units and special syntax. The functioning of morphological means in advertising texts is characterized by informativeness, imperativeness, pragmatism, emotionality and gives the text expressiveness, effectiveness, enhances the semantic load. The use of simple, one-member sentences, subordinate relations, parenthetical constructions, inversion, questions and exclamations is of particular importance in the syntax of the advertising text. The advertising texts presented in the paper are informative and descriptive in nature.

Specific Features of Operations of Semantic Syntaxing of Separate and Coherent Statements in oral and Written Speech in Younger Schoolchildren with Severe Speech Disorders

The article is devoted to the problem of formation of semantic level of syntaxing in the oral and written speech of younger schoolchildren with severe speech disorders. The purpose of the article is to present the results of the research of the semantic level of the syntactic component of the language ability of younger students with severe speech disorders. For a long time, the essence of the syntactic component of language ability was considered from the position of surface structure. In most cases, existing studies describe the external manifestations of syntactic disorders and do not reveal their mechanisms. At present, the issue of searching for the unformed mechanisms of the syntactic component of language ability has become relevant. According to T. V. Akhutina`s point of view, there are three multi-level syntax operations, that are carried out as an actualization of the frame, the slots of which are filled with the help of operations of selecting elements from the semantic-lexical paradigms of the appropriate level: meaningful, semantic and the level of formal-grammatical structuring (T. V. Akhutina, A. R. Luria, A. A. Leontiev and others). The lack of formation of one of the components prevents from successful making the syntactic component and the language ability in general. The topicality of identifying the features of the formation of the semantic level of syntax of primary school students is due, on the one hand, to the importance of its formation for the development of language ability, and on the other hand, to the insufficient development of the content and methods of speech therapy work in this direction. Errors that indicate the lack of formation of the semantic level of syntax of younger students with severe speech disorders consist in violation of the process of structuring a non-speech situation, the impossibility of calculating its components, which caused errors in the formation of the program of a separate and coherent statement in oral and written speech even at the pre-linguistic stage.

Development and Standardization of Persian Language Developmental Battery

Objective In the absence of an age normed developmental battery for Persian, the major objectives of this research are to develop a reliable and valid clinical linguistic battery to collect normative data from 3 to 7-year-old healthy Persian speaking children. The battery can also be used to measure severity of language impairments in 3 to 7-year-old Persian speaking children as compared with their aged matched peers. Materials & Methods Development of this battery is considered as a descriptive tool in which reliability and validity of the normative data were developed in 3 stages. The first version with 9 different sub-tests, 180 items and two descriptive pictures was developed after cultural and linguistic adaptations for the Persian language for different linguistic levels of phonology, morphology, syntax and pragmatics. The first draft was performed using 200 3 to 8-year-old healthy children in Tehran to measure the sensitivity of different tasks of the test for different age groups. This draft was not sensitive for 8-year-old children. The CVR of the first draft of the battery was checked by 3 Persian speaking clinical linguistic experts and 3 expert speech therapists and also was introduced to 20 SLP experts in a clinical linguistic workshop. In the second stage, based on the results and suggestions, necessary corrections were made in the test structure and items. Also, plural morpheme task of the previous version which was not sensitive enough, was removed and a new semantic task (word definition) as a sensitive semantic task used in other developmental language batteries was added to the battery. The results showed that the diagnostic sensitivity of the test for the 8-year-old age group is not satisfactory. The final version of the battery consisted of 9 subtests with 105 items and two descriptive pictures were used to collect normative data from 200 children. To evaluate reliability and validity of the final version, the opinions of 8 speech therapists and linguists were used.and to evaluate the construct validity, the correlation matrix and confirmatory factor analysis and for its validity Cronbach’s alpha were used. The final version of the battery was sent to expert speech therapists in 5 selected target group provinces (Tehran, Mazandaran, Fars, Esfahan and Khorasan) to collect normative data from 1200 3 to 7-year-old typically developement children in available kindergartens and schools. Finally, the collected data for task items and connected speech measures were processed and analyzed using SPSS software, version 20. Results The content validity was 0.78 and test reliability was 0.76. In addition to confirm the construct validity and diagnostic validity of the test, the correlation between the sub-tests and the overall test scores were also significant at the level of 0.01 (with a correlation of 0.20 to 0.83). The norm for each age group was six months and one year and was calculated as a standard score and reported in the tables. Conclusion Finally, the results of the normative data of this battery are proved to be clinically normative as an indication of the level of linguistic development for each age group and also determine the severity of their language impairment. The battery can also be used to measure the efficacy of rehabilitation in 3 to 7-year old Persian speaking children.

A dialectometric approach to inner Asia Minor Greek: Comparisons and associations between linguistic levels

Abstract Even though dialectometric approaches have significantly contributed to the development of dialectology in the last few decades, no relevant analyses have ever been performed on Modern Greek dialects. This article attempts to fill this gap by using dialectometric techniques to measure the degrees of association between aggregate morphological, phonological, and syntactic differences in nineteen varieties of inner Asia Minor Greek (i.e. of Cappadocian, Pharasiot, and Silliot). Our methods include correlations (between pairs of linguistic levels and between linguistic levels and geography) as well as multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis (of the whole dataset as well as of the linguistic levels), which allow us, on the one hand, to draw conclusions about the associations of linguistic levels and the distributions of dialects and, on the other hand, to directly compare our results to those coming from previous dialectometric studies and Greek dialectology. Results show that, although the complete dataset, phonology, and morphology yield—in some instances—similar patterns (i.e. high correlations between them as well as with geography, high agreement of dialect classifications), the level of syntax deviates the most, which is interpreted as a tendency to form larger dialect areas. Our findings are consistent with patterns found in earlier large-scale studies in dialectometry, but they only partially confirm the classifications of Greek dialectology.

ПРАГМАТИЧНИЙ ЗРІЗ ТВОРІВ ДМИТРА ДОНЦОВА: СТРАТЕГІЇ АРГУМЕНТАЦІЇ

The leading role in anthropocentric studies belongs to linguopragmatics, since it is a manifestation of the human factor at all levels of language. The synthesis of views expressed in Dontsov’s works is usually based on antitheses having a specific communicative task: to compare positive and negative aspects, or otherwise contrast Dontsov`s position with a different position. The article is aimed at examining the pragmatic aspect of Dontsov`s texts using the example of antithesis. Achieving this aim involves solving the following tasks: 1) characterize the ways Dmytro Dontsov`s pragmatic intentions are implemented; 2) identify Dontsov`s strategy and show the methods of its argumentation in a journalistic text; 3) analyze the text synergetics as the main means of expressing the author’s communicative and pragmatic potential. The study uses the method of argument, subjectivity, intent analysis, and the method of content analysis. It also applies linguistic observation and descriptive methods as additional methods. Research results. Dontsov`s texts were used as a basis to characterize the ways of implementing pragmatic intentions aimed at forming national principles. The study focuses on identifying the subjective factor in his works and showing the nature of the pragmatization of statements reproducing antitheses. The relevance of the study is determined by the pragmatic features of Dmytro Dontsov`s works and his active approach to selecting lexical and semantic constructions to achieve the communicative goal. The thinker successfully uses the antithesis in his works, as the information reaches the addressee through the display of positive and negative plates and results in the formation of ideas of aggressiveness, and certainty as opposed to passivity and tearfulness. It is important that Dontsov`s works have a hidden meaning because each historical period gives a different understanding of the social and political situation. The basic strategy used by Dontsov to express the communicative potential is the antithesis analyzed on the basis of the semantic component of “sovereign Ukraine”. Based on the antithesis, the argumentative field of the author`s influence on the reader can be conveniently classified into levels (semantic, lexical, stylistic, and syntactic) creating a synergy of the text. The argumentative material influencing the reader at the semantic level is emotionally expressive vocabulary (figurative, colloquial words, etc.), so this is an emotional level. The lexical level is a reproduction of the author`s position, his ability to create new meanings, use scientific lexis, and argue with specific proper names (this is an intellectual and historical level). The pragmatic intention of the author is achieved at the stylistic level through stylistic devices, such as comparisons, individual-author metaphors, and epithets (this is an aesthetic level). The syntactic level replicates Dontsov`s thoughts full of dependent clauses, amplifications, rhetorical questions, and citations. In Dmytro Dontsov`s texts we distinguish: 1) thesis argumentation, where each statement is sufficient to confirm opinion); 2) chain (sequential) argumentation, congesting a sequence of arguments; 3) extensive argumentation, where the author substantiates several opinions at the same time; 4) multi-vector argumentation, when different types of argumentation are combined. All these argumentative elements form a complex cognitive structure, which we define as convergent (linear) thinking and divergent thinking with branched and multiple arguments. It is proved that on the syntax level the most used is divergent type of argumentation. We consider this level to be a direction of his political actions. Particularly coherent and convincing is a synergistic (existential) level that reproduces the author`s views and his ability to work with words. However, such a division into levels is conditional, since the main features of these levels are always supplemented by additional ones, for example, the lexical level or the syntactic level are also filled with emotional lexemes. The pragmatic factor of Dmytro Dontsov`s worldview becomes clear after reading his works, which become guidelines for changing public consciousness and forming the line of the struggle for a Ukrainian independent state. Thus, antitheses used by the journalist affirm (according to the terminology of pragmatics, a change strategy) the reader’s opinions (or mental activity).

Kisah Al-Qur’an dan Ayat-ayat yang Memiliki Kemiripan Susunan Kata: Sebuah Tinjauan Sintaksis Arab

The method of understanding the story of the Quran using a historical approach is that in several verses it has experienced deadlocks in the editorials of similar verses. Thus, a stylistic approach that focuses on the analysis of Arabic syntax is needed to understand these verses. This study aims to answer questions about the interpretation of stories in the verses of the Quran that have the same word order. The method used in this study is content analysis with a stylistic approach at the syntactic level. The primary data sources used are stories in the verses of the Quran that have similar wording, while the secondary sources used are related and relevant to the research topic. The results of this study indicate that the verses of the Quran with similar wording do not always refer to the same events. One element of the story can be described in various versions according to the intent and purpose of the story. This article can contribute to understanding the story in the verses of the Quran. Apart from the historical approach, a stylistic approach can also be helpful, especially at the level of Arabic syntax.