Speech Level Research Articles

Listeners’ Spectral Reallocation Preferences for Speech in Noise

Modifying the spectrum of recorded or synthetic speech is an effective strategy for boosting intelligibility in noise without increasing the speech level. However, the wider impact of changes to the spectral energy distribution of speech is poorly understood. The present study explored the influence of spectral modifications using an experimental paradigm in which listeners were able to adjust speech parameters directly with real-time audio feedback, allowing the joint elicitation of preferences and word recognition scores. In two experiments involving full-bandwidth and bandwidth-limited speech, respectively, listeners adjusted one of eight features that altered the speech spectrum, and then immediately carried out a sentence-in-noise recognition task at the chosen setting. Listeners’ preferred adjustments in most conditions involved the transfer of speech energy from the sub-1 kHz region to the 1–4 kHz range. Preferences were not random, even when intelligibility was at the ceiling or constant across a range of adjustment values, suggesting that listener choices encompass more than a desire to maintain comprehensibility.

IMPLEMENTASI KEIGO PADA WEBSITE AYANA RESORT DAN FOUR SEASONS RESORT

Keigo is a type of speech level that is often used by the Japanese business people, as well as in the world of tourism in Bali. One of them is the use of keigo in marketing through website media. The data sources used are the Ayana Resort Bali website and Four Seasons Resort Bali At Jimbaran Bay website. This study focuses on the function of the keigo speech level found on the two accommodation websites. Data collection methods and techniques used in this study are observation methods followed by note-taking techniques, listening techniques and purvosive sampling. Data analysis methods and techniques used are descriptive qualitative methods. While the methods and techniques of data analysis presentation using informal methods. Based on the results of the study, it was found function the level speech keigo. The use of kenjougo to express something in a condescending way to show respect for website readers. The use of teineigo is used to make the content of the reading more polite. The function of the use of speech level markers on the two websites is to express honor, state distance, state dignity and also be found to state marketing language. The function states the marketing language found, namely, providing information, persuading, reminding and providing added value.

Outline of the problem of developing the phonetic level of speech in older preschool children with logopathology

The scientific article presents the theoretical position of modern research on the content of the phonetic level of speech. Attention has been focused on the problem of studying the components of the phonetic level of speech in older preschool children with normotypical psychophysical development and speech disorders. The phonetic level of speech in children with logopathology was experimentally investigated and a comparative analysis was carried out with peers with normotypical psychophysical development. The purpose of the study is to study the current state of formation of the phonetic level of speech in older preschool children with speech pathology. The task of the research: scientific and theoretical substantiation of scientific positions regarding the development of the phonemic level of speech in children with normotypical psychophysical development and outlining the features of its development in children with logopathology; definition of tasks and evaluation criteria for studying the phonemic level of speech; carrying out a comparative analysis of the results of the study of the state of formation on the development of the phonemic level of speech in children of older preschool age with normotypical psychophysical development and with logopathology. The methods of research are tasks aimed at researching the components of the phonetic level of speech, namely phonetic perception (the ability to differentiate phonemes that are similar in sound, distinguish a sound from a group of sounds, determine the sound in a word), phonetic analysis (the ability to determine the first and last sounds in a word, as well as the number of sounds in a word) and phonetic representation (the ability to correlate sounds with the name of an object) in older preschool children with normotypical psychophysical development and speech disorders. The results of the ascertainment experiment indicate that there are significant differences in the formation of the phonemic level of speech between the groups of the studied older preschool children with logopathology and those with normotypical psychophysical development. Phonemic processes in preschoolers with logopathology, as compared with normotypical indicators, develop with a delay, which leads to a number of errors: during phonemic perception, children do not recognize close-sounding sounds; do not know how to distinguish a sound from a group of sounds or in a word; during phonetic analysis – they incorrectly detect the first and last sounds in a word (name the first syllable or part of a word), make a mistake in determining the number of sounds in a word; during phonemic representation - cannot find the sound in the name of the object.

High-Density Electroencephalography and Speech Signal Based Deep Framework for Clinical Depression Diagnosis.

Depression is a mental disorder characterized by persistent depressed mood or loss of interest in performing activities, causing significant impairment in daily routine. Possible causes include psychological, biological, and social sources of distress. Clinical depression is the more-severe form of depression, also known as major depression or major depressive disorder. Recently, electroencephalography and speech signals have been used for early diagnosis of depression; however, they focus on moderate or severe depression. We have combined audio spectrogram and multiple frequencies of EEG signals to improve diagnostic performance. To do so, we have fused different levels of speech and EEG features to generate descriptive features and applied vision transformers and various pre-trained networks on the speech and EEG spectrum. We have conducted extensive experiments on Multimodal Open Dataset for Mental-disorder Analysis (MODMA) dataset, which showed significant improvement in performance in depression diagnosis (0.972, 0.973 and 0.973 precision, recall and F1 score respectively) for patients at the mild stage. Besides, we provided a web-based framework using Flask and provided the source code publicly.1.

Tingkat Tutur pada Cerkak di Web Page Jawasastra

Javanese is one of the unique regional languages ​​because it has speech levels which are shown through spoken language in daily life conversations, while forms of written language are usually applied through Javanese literary works. This article aims to analyze the form and factors that cause the occurrence of speech levels used by the characters in cêrkak that represent people's lives. This study was studied using a qualitative descriptive method and analyzed using a sociolinguistic approach in the speech level study. The research data is sourced from documents of speech level that originating from dialogues between characters in five cêrkak on the Jawasastra web page. Research subjects were selected through purposive sampling, while data was collected through document analysis. The data were analyzed with an interactive analysis model through data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. In this study, four variations of speech levels were found, including: 12 data of ngoko lugu, 3 data of ngoko alus, 1 data of krama lugu, and 9 data of krama alus. The factors behind the use of each level of speech within the scope of Javanese society are due to differences in levels of education, economy, age, position, familiarity, and heredity.

Natural history of neuronopathic form of Hunter syndrome in children: observational cohort study

Introduction. Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II, Hunter syndrome) (mucopolysaccharidosis type II, MPS II) is a progressive multisystem disorder. Neurodegenerative course characterizes the severe (neuronopathic) form of MPS II. Pathogenetic therapy for the severe form of the disease is under development, and symptomatic neurological treatment is to be improved. Natural history data are required for rationalization of symptomatic care and assessment of emergent treatment effectiveness.
 The aim of the study. To describe the course of neurodegenerative disease in children with neuronopathic form of MPS II. 
 Materials and methods. Fifty eight boys with established diagnosis of MPS II were included in the study. The course of the disease in 42 patients was classified as neuronopathic. Data on complaints, anamnesis and neurological examination obtained from medical documentation and within the framework of this study, as well as descriptions of video-EEG monitorings, performed in National Medical Research Center of Children’s Health, were used.
 Results. The spectrum and chronology of neurological symptoms in children with severe Hunter syndrome were described. 64% of patients were found to achieve the level of phrasal speech at any time of the development. Laughter or crying paroxysms in children with neuronopathiс MPS II were judged to be a manifestation of pseudobulbar affect. Burden of sleep disorder was demonstrated to increase through the course of the disease. Absence of epileptic seizure was significantly more frequent than epilepsy manifestation during the first two years after epiactivity appears on EEG (75 vs 25%; p = 0.046).
 Conclusion. Obtained natural history descriptions of severe MPS II cases are intended to be used in optimization of neurological care for patients and in assessment of emergent treatments’ effectiveness in real clinical practice.

Penggunaan Bahasa Jawa dalam Loka Drama Lara Ati karya Bayu Skak

Language has a very important role in life. Through language, humans can interact with each other both orally and in writing which aims to convey information. The form of interaction is not only in the form of direct communication but can also be in the form of indirect communication. As is the case with the interaction of a film which has the aim of conveying a message to its audience. Of the many films on YouTube, one type of film that is quite interesting is a regional language film, one of which is a Javanese language film. Javanese-language films also have a contribution in an introduction to the culture of a region. One of the newest films that uses Javanese and has language variations is the film Lara Ati by Bayu Skak. This research uses a theoretical approach in the form of a sociolinguistic approach and a methodological approach in the form of a qualitative descriptive approach. The data collection technique used is the observing and noting technique. The analysis technique uses a qualitative descriptive technique. The source of the data for this study is the Lara Ati Drama Workshop episodes 1 to 5 which are sourced from YouTube videos. The results of this study are the use of language that appears in the drama workshops in the form of Javanese, a variety of ngoko, krama and also a mix of languages. In addition, the characteristics that appear in the drama scene are language variations, namely dialect, speech level, code-switching and splitting. Based on the results of this study, there were errors in the use of the Javanese language based on the context. In addition, the characteristic forms that emerged were language variations including the Suroboyoan dialect and the ngapak dialect, the speech level of the Javanese language, the variety of ngoko lugu, ngoko alus, and krama lugu, krama alus, code mixing. -code switching, and splitting.
 Keywords: sociolinguistics; language variations; use of the Javanese language; lokadrama Lara Ati; Bayu Skak

YOUTH SLANG IN MODERN STUDENTS’ SPEECH

In the article the peculiarities of speech of modern Ukrainian students as well as problems of using elements of such non-standard language phenomena as youth slang are revealed. It is stressed that youngsters find it difficult to form the system of values in the situation of constant uncertainty. The important task of higher education is to create the national-linguistic personality, able not only to master language competencies, but also to resist the leveling of national interests and to preserve the identity of the Ukrainian nation. The essence of such non‑standard lingual phenomenon as youth slang is revealed. The authors observe slang as means of self-affirmation of the young person in the adult world, and also a specific way to avoid control of older people by rejecting language norms and engaging in sublanguage, accompanied by association with peer groups with common interests and lifestyle. Among the reasons for the use of slang are such as insufficient vocabulary of young people, protesting against the norms and rules of the surrounding reality, secrecy of speech for misunderstanding by adults, diversification, expressiveness and originality of young people’s speech as well as reduction of the cultural level of youngsters due to the simultaneous crisis of spiritual, social and material life of the majority of the Ukrainians. Considerable attention is paid to the causes of deviations in students’ speech. The decline in the level of spiritual culture and social uncertainty affects the speech etiquette of students, which is rich in slang and borrowings from the other languages. It is argued that there is a clear correlation and dependence between the level of education, general culture and human speech, and therefore low language culture is a sign of limited and poor inner world of the younger generation. There are such factors having a great impact on the culture level in general and speech level in particular as person’s environment during the childhood, social environment, information space and education. Youngsters often use the information products of bad quality and become similar to the national anti-heroes. Youth slang and surzhyk as signs of low speech culture are typical for the modern students’ speech. Specificity of the national and lingual personality of the students’ education lies in the consolidation of the teachers’ attempts. Key words: slang, borrowings, surzhyk, youngsters, national-linguistic personality, speech deviations, culture of speech.

SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF UKRAINIAN APPLIED LINGUISTICS FOR TWENTY YEARS

A review of the scientific and methodological output of the teachers of the Department of Ukrainian Applied Linguistics for two decades was carried out. Established in 1996, the department has become a strategically important structural unit both for the popularization of the Ukrainian language in a foreign language environment and for the significant improvement of the scientific-instrumental level of professional speech of students of other faculties of the university. To ensure successful teaching work, it was necessary to have appropriate educational materials both for teaching the Ukrainian language to foreign students and for students of various professional fields, improving their mastery of the native (state) language and scientific and professional vocabulary. Among the publications of the department are textbooks, manuals, dictionaries, phrasebooks, materials for reading in a foreign-language audience, collections of scientific works, in which acute issues of the methodology of language teaching to foreigners were considered and are being considered, materials on linguistic and regional studies, which included texts on the history of Ukraine, its culture, art, folk traditions. The department became a pioneer in the development of national standards for the Ukrainian language for foreigners, developed a scale of levels of Ukrainian language proficiency, requirements for knowledge, abilities and skills of foreign citizens, which became the basis for both the Standard of the Lviv National University and the State Standard. In lectures and practical classes in a professional direction, the main attention is focused on the Ukrainian language course through the prism of language norms and special terminology in order to bring students closer to their future profession, to produce a literate, competent, highly cultured specialist. Key words: Ukrainian languageas a foreign language, Ukrainian language of specialization, business Ukrainian broad casting, scientific and methodical products of the department.

HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL MEDIA: A CASE STUDY OF BLASPHEMY IN INDONESIAN CONTEXT

Many scholars have conducted research on hate speech, spanning from hate speech delivery tactics to the negative consequences they create, as well as the role of technology in the dissemination of hate speech on social media. However, research on hate speech categories and degrees is still relatively unexplored. As a result, the purpose of this research is to uncover the strategies and levels of hate speech on social media, primarily YouTube channels, in response to the Minister of Religion's comments about the sound of mosque loudspeakers that need to be adjusted in volume. This comment has generated both positive and negative reactions in Indonesian society. This research looks into netizen comments in the comments column on the YouTube channel that carries the statement. Purposive sampling was used to select 300 comments from among the 840 comments in the comments column. For the purposes of this study, the sample was obtained in the form of comments containing hate speech. The data was then analyzed using content analysis, in which the data was categorized and categorized according to hate speech categories. According to the study's findings, there are three types of hate speech in netizen comments: early warning, dehumanization and demonization, and violence and incitement. Early warning is the most common type of hate speech, followed by violence and hostility, as well as dehumanization and demonization. Due to cultural influences and contrasts in rank and power between the commentator and the person who is the subject of the hate speech, hate speech delivered by Indonesian netizens tends to be dominated by disagreement, negative character, and action.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE ILLOCUTIONARY AND PERLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN “ONWARD” MOVIE

Communication is the most important part of human life. It does not only occur on social media, but also in drama or movies. However, communication which is only known by the speaker, will lead misunderstanding between the speaker and listener. Pragmatics is an appropriate analysis for interpreting a language. One of the important aspect in pragmatics is speech act. There are three levels of speech acts that can be found in utterances, namely locutionary, illlocutionary, and perlocutionary act. This research is a descriptive study of the illocutionary and perlocutionary acts in Onward movie. The researcher used descriptive-qualitative design and the documentation method to collect data. The researcher used several steps to collect data. The first step, the researcher searched and downloaded Onward movie and its script through the internet. Second, the researcher watched the movie and paid attention to the character’s utterances while reading the script simultaneously. Third, the researcher collected data from dialogues relevant to the research problems, namely the illocutionary and the perlocutionary act. Finally, the researcher grouped the speaker’s utterances with each type of illocutionary act and analyzed the perlocutionary act based on Austin’s theory. The results show that in Onward movie there are 31 types of illocutionary acts with 4 main types and 27 supporting types from the speaker, and 31 perlocutionary acts, namely 24 perlocutionary objects and 7 perlocutionary sequels made by the main character as the listener.

The Lexicon Analysis of Pulau Tello and Gunungsitoli Dialect In Nias

This research entitled Lexicon Analysis on Tell and Gunungsitoli Islands: Social Dialect Studies aims to analyze the similarities, changes, and differences in the form of the lexicon and to determine the matrix language in the use of the Nias language along with the speech levels used by the people of Tello Island and Gunungsitoli, especially the existing Nias students Ekasakti University Padang. The method used in this research is qualitative and quantitative with descriptive type, namely describing shape and form and calculating the percentage comparison between Tello Island and Gunungsitoli dialects obtained from the transcription of interview data. The data obtained are in the form of dialect vocabulary of the Nias language. The data collection technique used is the observation technique using the interview method and then transcription is carried out, so that the data can be analyzed according to the research instrument. The theory used in this research is the theory of lexicon, dialect, and matrix language. The results of the analysis show that GN is the dominant dialect (ML) and PT is the contributing dialect (EL) with the percentage level on the lexicon of the same form same meaning at 61.69%; the lexicon of forms changed the same meaning at 8.65%, and the form lexicon with different form same meaning at 28.5% between PT and GN. The same, changes and differences in form between Tello Island and Gunugsitoli dialects in Nias are caused by geographical conditions which are the main cause.

Emotion-Triggered impulsivity relates to speech dysfluency during high arousal states

Emotion-triggered impulsivity is robustly tied to psychopathologies. We hypothesized that one form of emotion-triggered impulsivity, Feelings Trigger Action, would be correlated with speech disfluencies during high arousal. Participants with a range of internalizing and externalizing symptoms completed a stressful speech task in which they were videorecorded while discussing a controversial topic. Skin conductance was gathered toindexarousal. Consistent with hypotheses, Feelings Trigger Action scores related to modestly higher levels of speech repairs when participants were experiencing relatively higher arousal (N = 198). There was some evidence that a second form of emotion-triggered impulsivity also related to more speech errors during high arousal. Findings provide early evidence that speech disfluencies might be one manifestation of emotion-triggered impulsivity. Limitations and direction for future research are considered.

Detection of Offensive Language and ITS Severity for Low Resource Language

Continuous proliferation of hate speech in different languages on social media has drawn significant attention from researchers in the past decade. Detecting hate speech is indispensable irrespective of the scale of use of language, as it inflicts huge harm on society. This work presents a first resource for classifying the severity of hate speech in addition to classifying offensive and hate speech content. Current research mostly limits hate speech classification to its primary categories, such as racism, sexism, and hatred of religions. However, hate speech targeted at different protected characteristics also manifests in different forms and intensities. It is important to understand varying severity levels of hate speech so that the most harmful cases of hate speech may be identified and dealt with earlier than the less harmful ones. In this work, we focus on detecting offensive speech, hate speech, and multiple levels of hate speech in the Urdu language. We investigate three primary target categories of hate speech: religion, racism, and national origin. We further divide these categories into levels based on the severity of hate conveyed. The severity levels are referred to as symbolization , insult , and attribution . A corpus comprising more than 20,000 tweets against the corresponding hate speech categories and severity levels is collected and annotated. A comprehensive experimentation scheme is applied using traditional as well as deep learning–based models to examine their impact on hate speech detection. The highest macro-averaged F-score yielded for detecting offensive speech is 86% while the highest F-scores for detecting hate speech with respect to ethnicity, national origin, and religious affiliation are 80%, 81%, and 72%, respectively. This shows that results are very encouraging and would provide a lead towards further investigation in this domain.

Tindak Tutur Percakapan dengan Menggunakan Bahasa Jawa Di Lingkungan Sekolah

This research is a qualitative approach research that aims to identify and describe speech acts in student conversations in speech acts when learning Javanese. While the background in this study is that Javanese is known as a complicated language because it has various variations according to the level called the speech level. The level of speech in Javanese is a system to show the degree of formality, and the degree of respect the speaker has with the speech partner he is talking to. The data of this study are transcripts and conversations of students' speech acts originating from the selected respondents. Data collection was carried out using observation techniques, listening techniques, recording techniques and note-taking techniques. Analysis of the data used in this study using heuristic methods. The analysis carried out in this research is to identify the types of speech acts, the forms of speech acts, speech acts and speech functions. Pragmatic analysis determines the intent of the speaker, whether expressed explicitly or implicitly, behind the speech. The results of the study concluded that in good learning in starting learning, conveying lessons and ending learning, several types of speech acts were found in Javanese subjects to improve the ability to speak words using Javanese. The speech acts include; (1) representative or assertive speech acts, (2) directive speech acts, (3) expressive speech acts, and (4) commissive speech acts. These four types of speech acts are always found when students speak words through the Javanese learning process and answer questions.

Optimalisasi Peningkatan Komunikasi Lewat Program Training Untuk Usaha Mikro, Kecil, Dan Menengah (UMKM), Komunitas Kepemudaan Dan Mahasiswa

Soft skills training is a program designed to improve and develop soft skills such as interpersonal, leadership, communication, collaboration, adaptability, creativity, and other non-technical skills. This study aims to make a positive contribution in improving communication skills within the scope of SMEs, communities and students. This community service research aims to identify the optimization of one of the BCTI unit programs, namely Raising the Level of Speech which is given to MSMEs, Communities and Students. By using a qualitative descriptive method, because the research focus is to describe and provide an overview of the information on the object being studied. The research that has been done has shown that the Speech Level Raise training program is running effectively. Because participants who took part in the training experienced increased speaking skills and felt helped and useful for their needs. This program is also aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 4, namely Quality Education which ensures inclusive and equitable quality education and promotes lifelong learning opportunities for all.

Cortical responses correlate with speech performance in pre-lingually deaf cochlear implant children.

Cochlear implantation is currently the most successful intervention for severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss, particularly in deaf infants and children. Nonetheless, there remains a significant degree of variability in the outcomes of CI post-implantation. The purpose of this study was to understand the cortical correlates of the variability in speech outcomes with a cochlear implant in pre-lingually deaf children using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), an emerging brain-imaging technique. In this experiment, cortical activities when processing visual speech and two levels of auditory speech, including auditory speech in quiet and in noise with signal-to-noise ratios of 10 dB, were examined in 38 CI recipients with pre-lingual deafness and 36 normally hearing children whose age and sex matched CI users. The HOPE corpus (a corpus of Mandarin sentences) was used to generate speech stimuli. The regions of interest (ROIs) for the fNIRS measurements were fronto-temporal-parietal networks involved in language processing, including bilateral superior temporal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, and bilateral inferior parietal lobes. The fNIRS results confirmed and extended findings previously reported in the neuroimaging literature. Firstly, cortical responses of superior temporal gyrus to both auditory and visual speech in CI users were directly correlated to auditory speech perception scores, with the strongest positive association between the levels of cross-modal reorganization and CI outcome. Secondly, compared to NH controls, CI users, particularly those with good speech perception, showed larger cortical activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus in response to all speech stimuli used in the experiment. In conclusion, cross-modal activation to visual speech in the auditory cortex of pre-lingually deaf CI children may be at least one of the neural bases of highly variable CI performance due to its beneficial effects for speech understanding, thus supporting the prediction and assessment of CI outcomes in clinic. Additionally, cortical activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus may be a cortical marker for effortful listening.

Auditing Elon Musk’s Impact on Hate Speech and Bots

On October 27th, 2022, Elon Musk purchased Twitter, becoming its new CEO and firing many top executives in the process. Musk listed fewer restrictions on content moderation and removal of spam bots among his goals for the platform. Given findings of prior research on moderation and hate speech in online communities, the promise of less strict content moderation poses the concern that hate will rise on Twitter. We examine the levels of hate speech and prevalence of bots before and after Musk's acquisition of the platform. We find that hate speech rose dramatically upon Musk purchasing Twitter and the prevalence of most types of bots increased, while the prevalence of astroturf bots decreased.

The Minimum Feature Set for Designing Mobile Apps to Support Bipolar Disorder-Affected Patients: Proposal of Essential Functions and Requirements.

Research conducted on mobile apps providing mental health services has concluded that patients with mental disorders tend to use such apps to maintain mental health balance technology may help manage and monitor issues like bipolar disorder (BP). This study was conducted in four steps to identify the features of designing a mobile application for BP-affected patients including (1) a literature search, (2) analyzing existing mobile apps to examine their efficiency, (3) interviewing patients affected with BP to discover their needs, and 4) exploring the points of view of experts using a dynamic narrative survey. Literature search and mobile app analysis resulted in 45 features, which were later reduced to 30 after the experts were surveyed about the project. The features included the following: mood monitoring, sleep schedule, energy level evaluation, irritability, speech level, communication, sexual activity, self-confidence level, suicidal thoughts, guilt, concentration level, aggressiveness, anxiety, appetite, smoking or drug abuse, blood pressure, the patient's weight and the side effects of medication, reminders, mood data scales, diagrams or charts of the collected data, referring the collected data to a psychologist, educational information, sending feedbacks to patients using the application, and standard tests for mood assessment. The first phase of analysis should consider an expert and patient view survey, mood and medication tracking, as well as communication with other people in the same situation are the most features to be considered. The present study has identified the necessity of apps intended to manage and monitor bipolar patients to maximize efficiency and minimize relapse and side effects.

Genotypes and phenotypes of DNM1 encephalopathy

BackgroundVariants in the dynamin-1 (DNM1) gene typically cause synaptopathy, leading to developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). We aimed to determine the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of DNM1 encephalopathy beyond DEE.MethodsElectroclinical...