Levels Of Sociability Research Articles

Early positive tactile stimulation reverses the increase of anxiety and decrease of sociality induced by early chronic mechanical pain in mandarin voles

AbstractAnimals may experience early negative (mechanical pain: being retrieved using an incisor by parents or attacked) or positive stimulation (being licked and groomed) that may affect emotional and social behaviors in adulthood. Whether positive tactile stimulation can reverse adverse consequences on emotional and social behaviors in adulthood resulting from chronic mechanical pain and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study used a tail‐pinching model during development to simulate mechanical pain experienced by pups in high‐social mandarin voles (Microtus mandarinus). Subsequently, brush‐like positive tactile stimuli were applied to the backs of the mandarin voles. Various behavioral tests were used to measure levels of anxiety, depression, and sociability. The results showed that early tail‐pinching delayed the eye opening of pups, increased levels of anxiety, reduced levels of sociality in male mandarin voles, and impaired social cognition in females during adulthood. Brushing on the back reversed some of these effects. While mandarin voles that were exposed to tail‐pinching during development were exposed to sub‐threshold variable stress as adults, they were more likely to show a stress‐induced increase of anxiety‐like behavior, reduction of sociability, and impairment of social cognition, displaying heightened susceptibility to stress, particularly in males. However, back‐brushing reversed some of these effects, implying that these adults display enhanced stress resilience. In addition, tail‐pinching reduced levels of serum oxytocin and increased corticosterone levels in serum, but back‐brushing reversed these effects. Overall, it was found that positive tactile stimulation reversed increases in anxiety and impairments of social behavior induced by negative stimulation in male mandarin voles via alteration of oxytocin and corticosterone levels.

Professionally important psychological qualities of successful managers of police organizations

The research aims to investigate the professionally important psychological qualities of successful managers of police organizations. The research design is a cross-sectional study. The research was conducted in several stages during 2022-2023. The first stage involved a survey of police units personnel (n = 562) to identify “successful” managers; the second stage provided for the determination of the professionally important psychological qualities of successful managers of police organizations (n = 74) using a set of psychodiagnostic methods; the third stage made provisions for correlation analysis between the professionally important psychological qualities of successful managers. The following methods were used during the research: theoretical methods – analysis, synthesis, and generalization of scientific literature; empirical and psychodiagnostic methods – included a survey of police units personnel; methods of mathematical and statistical data processing. It was found that successful managers show high levels of working capacity, stress resistance, sociability, and proactive attitude. They are characterized by a sthenic type of reaction, pronounced motivation for personal achievement, and high levels of flexibility of thinking and creativity. They are also characterized by leadership and organizational qualities, and energy. The results of the research made it possible to form an idea of the professionally important psychological qualities of successful managers of police organizations, which will help to improve the professional selection of persons for managerial activities.

Physiological and behavioral responses to social isolation and starvation in a social fish

Changes in the social environment, such as segregating an individual who would typically reside within a social group, may elicit physiological and behavioral responses to external stimulus such as starvation. However, such changes in phenotypic traits receive a little attention in social fish. Here, we used qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis) with high level of sociability as animal model in order to examine the physiological and behavioral responses of this fish species to social environment (isolation vs. grouping) and nutritional state (well-fed vs. starvation). We found that differences in the reduction of body masses between the group-reared and the isolation-reared fish during periods of starvation can be partially attributed to variations in water volume within the tanks. Additionally, the decrease in standard metabolic rate was more pronounced in the group-reared fish compared to the isolation-reared fish when deprived of food, except for maximum metabolic rate and aerobic scope. Interestingly, only the group-reared fish experienced a decline in constant acceleration swimming performance after food deprivation, while this was not observed in the isolated fish. Neither social isolation nor starvation had any impact on personality expression (e.g., exploration, activity, and boldness). However, both exploration and boldness exhibited temporal effects with an increase in these two personality traits. Social isolation tended to elevate anxiety-like behavior levels. Both social isolation and starvation did not affect upper thermal tolerance; however, starvation enhanced cold resistance of the fish. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of how social environment combined with trophic stress influences phenotypic traits and may offer valuable insights into animal welfare considerations for both natural habitats and aquaculture practices.

Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire Scores of Heroin Addicts in Pakistan.

Objective The main objective of the study was to find Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire scores of heroin addicts in Pakistan and to compare the EPQ scores with demographic variables such as age, gender, and duration of addiction. Methodology of the study This cross-sectional study was conducted in Islamabad, Pakistan. Data was collected from 300 participants. The participants were recruited from various drug rehabilitation centers and clinics across Pakistan. Patients diagnosed with heroin addiction by a qualified medical professional and currently undergoing treatment or rehabilitation for heroin addiction were included in the study. Data was collected through a purposive sampling technique. Results Data was collected from 300 participants, including both males and females. The age range included subjects from 18 years to 60 years. Heroin addicts in Pakistan have a mean extraversion score of 12.4 (SD=4.8), with scores ranging from 5 to 20, indicating average levels of sociability. Neuroticism had a mean score of 17.6 (SD=5.2), with a range from 7 to 25, suggesting high emotional instability and anxiety. Psychoticism had a mean score of 8.3 (SD=3.9), with scores between 2 and 15, indicating moderate levels of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Conclusion It is concluded that heroin addicts in Pakistan exhibit high levels of neuroticism, moderate levels of extraversion, and psychoticism. Younger addicts and those with a shorter duration of addiction display higher levels of these traits, indicating a need for personalized and targeted intervention strategies.

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДІТЕЙ, ПОСТРАЖДАЛИХ ВІД СІМЕЙНОГО НАСИЛЬСТВА

Purpose. The article reveals the problem of family violence in psychology and the study of socio-psychological characteristics of children affected by family violence. Methods. In order to achieve the goal, the following methods were used in the study: Lazarus coping test, personality orientation method" V. Smekala, M. Kuchera; personal questionnaire FPI (modified form B), method of diagnosis of indicators and forms of aggression by A. Bass and A. Darka; methods of mathematical statistics, in particular (determination of average values, percentage and correlation analysis, Fisher's φ-angle transformation). Results. According to the results of the interviewed teenagers using the selected methods, it was established that teenagers who have experienced family violence or witnessed it: are task- and self-oriented, in difficult life circumstances they are more likely to demonstrate coping behavior: distancing, seeking social support, and escape-avoidance; they are characterized by a high level of: neuroticism, depression, irritability, shyness, openness and emotional lability, verbal aggression, suspiciousness, offensiveness, indirect and physical aggressiveness. On the other hand, adolescents who were not subjected to illegal actions by their parents/guardians and generally did not experience any violent actions (bullying) in social groups were found to be: focused on themselves and on building interpersonal relationships; in difficult situations, they resort to confrontational coping, social support and positive reassessment of the situation; on the one hand, they are more balanced, on the other hand, they demonstrate irritability, emotional lability, negativism, irritation, suspicion, and verbal aggression. Also, a certain level of spontaneous aggressiveness, sociability, reactive aggressiveness, ambiversion and androgynous gender identity was determined in both groups of teenagers. Conclusions. Socio-psychological features of children affected by family violence are characterized by a certain connection among the interviewed teenagers. Namely, in adolescents who have experienced violence, a connection was determined: distancing with depression, escape-avoidance with neuroticism and reactive aggressiveness; self-directedness with coping seeking social support and negative association with shyness. In adolescents who did not experience violence in the family, connections were established: coping, problem solving planning with a focus on interaction, positive reevaluation with sociability; a negative relationship between the search for social support and neuroticism and depression.

Social Perception in the Infant Brain and Its Link to Social Behavior.

The current longitudinal study (n = 98) utilized a developmental cognitive neuroscience approach to examine whether and how variability in social perception is linked to social behavior in early human development. Cortical responses to processing dynamic faces were investigated using functional near-infrared spectroscopy at 7 months. Individual differences in sociability were measured using the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire at 18 months. Confirming previous work with infants and adults, functional near-infrared spectroscopy results show that viewing changing faces recruited superior temporal cortices in 7-month-old infants, adding to the view that this brain system is specialized in social perception from early in ontogeny. Our longitudinal results show that greater engagement of the right superior temporal cortex at 7 months predicts higher levels of sociability at 18 months. This suggests that early variability in social perception is linked to later differences in overtly displayed social behavior, providing novel longitudinal evidence for a social brain-behavior association.

Effects of simulated presence therapy on agitated behavior, cognition, and use of protective constraint among patients with senile dementia

The research was conducted to investigate the improvement of agitated behaviors, cognitive functions, and negative emotions among patients with senile dementia and the burden of caregivers after simulated presence therapy (SPT) intervention. 85 Patients with senile dementia were included as the research subjects and divided into control group (40 cases performed with routine nursing) and observation group (45 cases undergoing routine nursing combined with SPT) via a random number table method. Cohen-Mansfield agitation inventory (CAMI) and protective constraint were used to assess the improvement of agitated behaviors among patients. Besides, apathy evaluation scale-informant (AES-I), functional independence measure (FIM), self-rating depression scale (SDS), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), clock drawing test, and caregiver burden inventory (CBI) were adopted to evaluate the differences in apathy, daily living and sociability, depression, anxiety, cognitive functions, and caregiver burden between the two groups. It was demonstrated that CAMI score, the duration of protective constraint use, AES-I score, SDS score, SAS score, and CBI score among patients in observation group all apparently decreased compared with those in control group after the intervention. In contrast, FIM and clock drawing test scores both notably increased (p < 0.05). The above findings suggested that SPT could obviously reduce the incidence of agitated behaviors, improve the level of apathy, daily living and sociability, depression, anxiety, and cognitive functions, and relieve caregiver burden among patients with senile dementia during SPT intervention for patients with senile dementia.

Familiar versus unfamiliar: Revealing the complexity of sociability in pigs

Social behaviours are fundamental to gregarious animals and a dynamic force driving social structures, conflicts and cooperation. As a personality trait, sociability is defined as the individual reaction to the presence or absence of conspecifics and the motivation to associate with them. Research on sociability has been scarce compared to other personality traits, thus limiting our understanding of individual social behaviours which could potentially reflect it. To tackle this issue, we used a comprehensive approach, combining individual testing and Social Network Analysis. We designed a Novel Peer Test (NPT) to investigate sociability towards an unfamiliar conspecific. We conducted the NPT on 80 male domestic pigs at 6 weeks of age divided into 5 replicated groups over time. Each pig was confronted with an unfamiliar conspecific, separated by a fence in a familiar environment. To complement the NPT, we performed established personality tests, including an Open Field Test, Novel Object Test, Human Approach Test. All tests were repeated after two weeks. Pigs’ social interactions in the home pen were recorded and used for Social Network Analysis, and the associated weighted degree and betweenness centrality were calculated. Through Principal Component Analysis, we found that the NPT highlighted pigs’ motivation to interact with an unfamiliar conspecific, hence an aspect of sociability, and independently from novelty seeking. Additionally, the NPT may be a suitable personality test given that the behavioural profiles of the pigs were consistent over time. Pigs’ network positions in the home pen for non-agonistic interactions did not predict behaviours in the NPT. Specifically, there were no links between nosing and play during the NPT and nosing and play in the home pen. This may be due to the different contexts, as the social interactions occurred dyadically with an unfamiliar conspecific during the NPT while the social networks are based on unrestrained social interactions with a group of familiar pen-mates. In contrast, walking close to the fence separating the focal and novel pig during the NPT was predicted by agonistic interactions in the home pen. This behaviour is ambiguous to interpret since it additionally loaded on the extracted sociability trait, thus, it could be driven by sociability and/or aggression. Understanding pigs’ sociability will have implications for their welfare, highlighting the need for an adequate social environment to properly express different levels of sociability.

Dorso-medial prefrontal cortex responses to social smiles predict sociability in early human development

Abstract Dorso-medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) plays a vital role in social cognition and behavior among humans. Enhanced responses in dmPFC when viewing social scenes predict increased levels of sociability in adults. The current longitudinal study examined the association between dmPFC response and sociability in early development. Brain responses were measured in response to social smiles and frowns using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) at 11 months. Individual differences in sociability were measured using the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ) at 18 months. Our longitudinal results show that greater engagement of the dmPFC when processing social smiles, but not frowns, at 11 months predicts higher levels of sociability at 18 months. This demonstrates that early variability in dmPFC response during positive social interactions is linked to individual differences in overtly displayed social behavior. This supports the view that dmPFC plays an important role in social cognition and behavior from early in human ontogeny.

NETWORKING AS ONE OF THE WAYS TO DEVELOP SOFT SKILLS OF STUDENTS

This article examines the problem of developing soft skills of students, which are important competencies that help a person to communicate better and more effectively and, in the future, to work successfully. It has been established that soft skills, for example in the field of communication, can be learned at university, but this requires modern technologies such as networking and digital networking, the effectiveness of which has been proven in developed countries of the world. The problems and basic networking skills needed by students to carry out soft communication activities are identified. The effectiveness of networking as a way to develop soft skills of students is implemented within the framework of the “Networking” development program to develop the art of communication and soft communication skills in three modules: “Forum Theater”, “Art of Self-Presentation” and “Business Games”. The carried out activities are aimed at increasing students’ levels of communication skills, communicative competence, and sociability. Its effectiveness is confirmed by the results of experimental work using three methods, as the soft communication skills of many students in the experimental group who attended a special networking course received significant development, both in relation to communication skills, as well as communicative competencies and sociability.

Ultimul Foucault

The present article proposes to highlight the valences of the last Foucault, engaging him with a punctual and punctuated approach found in/through an accumulation of immediate arguments – from the last interview, to the last Foucault, as equivalent to the last man (Fukuyama) or to the reading (by overlapping) of the last Foucault and the last words of Socrates (from Foucault's lecture, February 15, 1984). The last [Foucault] is endowed – here – by/with a plus meaning: last approaches the act of being the last, but it also retains what remained decisive and definitive, launching, as a creative-decisive formula, the act and the temptation of thinking, by clearly redefining the object of thought. The last Foucault does not have a synonymous meaning, nor can it integrate in the series of possible finite-final extensions (with notes of differentiation in relation to the final Foucault or to the appellative of late Foucault). Last remains – here – an open research phase/stage, started in the early 1980s, as new experiments/experiences felt both at the external level of sociability, but also through the attempt of self-transformation, both part of a genealogical project applied to themes, practices and modes of governance of the self and the others.

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE SPORTS SECTOR: A PROFILE ANALYSIS OF EMPLOYEES

The aim of the study was to investigate the emotional intelligence levels of people working in sports organizations regarding different variables, such as gender, marital status and sports activities. A total of 272 (159 male, 113 female) participants working in sports organizations participated in the study voluntarily. The Emotional Intelligence Trait-Short Form (EQ-SF) scale was used as a data collection tool. SPSS 23 program was used for data analysis. The suitability of the data to normal distribution was examined with kurtosis and skewness values. The t test was used for comparisons between independent groups. The significance level was determined as p&amp;lt;.05. According to the data obtained, men's self-control, sociability sub-dimensions and total emotional intelligence scores were found to be significantly higher than women. Similarly, self-control, sociability sub-dimensions and total emotional intelligence scores of individuals who do sports were found to be significantly higher. However, in the comparison made according to marital status, no significant difference was found between emotional intelligence levels. As a result, it can be said that men working in sports organizations have higher levels of self-control, sociability and total emotional intelligence than women, and individuals who do sports have higher levels of self-control, sociability and total emotional intelligence than those who do not do sports.

Polygenic risk for schizophrenia, social dispositions, and pace of epigenetic aging: Results from the Young Finns Study.

Schizophrenia is often regarded as a disorder of premature aging. We investigated (a) whether polygenic risk for schizophrenia (PRSsch ) relates to pace of epigenetic aging and (b) whether personal dispositions toward active and emotionally close relationships protect against accelerated epigenetic aging in individuals with high PRSsch . The sample came from the population-based Young Finns Study (n = 1348). Epigenetic aging was measured with DNA methylation aging algorithms such as AgeAccelHannum , EEAAHannum , IEAAHannum , IEAAHorvath , AgeAccelHorvath , AgeAccelPheno , AgeAccelGrim , and DunedinPACE. A PRSsch was calculated using summary statistics from the most comprehensive genome-wide association study of schizophrenia to date. Social dispositions were assessed in terms of extraversion, sociability, reward dependence, cooperativeness, and attachment security. We found that PRSsch did not have a statistically significant effect on any studied indicator of epigenetic aging. Instead, PRSsch had a significant interaction with reward dependence (p = 0.001-0.004), cooperation (p = 0.009-0.020), extraversion (p = 0.019-0.041), sociability (p = 0.003-0.016), and attachment security (p = 0.007-0.014) in predicting AgeAccelHannum , EEAAHannum , or IEAAHannum . Specifically, participants with high PRSsch appeared to display accelerated epigenetic aging at higher (vs. lower) levels of extraversion, sociability, attachment security, reward dependence, and cooperativeness. A rather opposite pattern was evident for those with low PRSsch . No such interactions were evident when predicting the other indicators of epigenetic aging. In conclusion, against our hypothesis, frequent social interactions may relate to accelerated epigenetic aging in individuals at risk for psychosis. We speculate that this may be explained by social-cognitive impairments (perceiving social situations as overwhelming or excessively arousing) or ending up in less supportive or deviant social groups.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INTERPERSONAL INTERACTION OF MALE AND FEMALE TECHNICAL PROFILE STUDENTS

The article is devoted to the problem of interpersonal interaction creation by male and female technical profile students. Results of the empirical research showed that male students of a technical profile have a dominant tendency in interaction, while female students have a tendency to be sensitive and friendly. A high level of sociability is common to both male and female students, which contributes to the emergence of attraction. Technical profile students have a high level of desire for people and a relatively significant fear of being rejected. Female students are more eager to establish friendships with others than male students, but they are also more afraid of being rejected in communication and interaction than male students. Male students have an active desire to win leadership positions, social recognition, and a high status in the system of interpersonal relations. They are able to take responsibility and to be persistent in their beliefs, to insist on their own. Instead, female students have an internal desire to accept group standards, values, traditions, the ability to make contact. Such traits as modesty, timidity, shyness, and the ability to forgive are inherent to them. They strive to take care of close people, show tolerance towards others. Thus, male and female technical profile students have different specifics of interpersonal interaction creation, in particular, they are affected by different factors of interpersonal interaction and strategies for creation of interpersonal relationships.

A Cat Is a Cat: Attachment to Community Cats Transcends Ownership Status

Introduction: Despite the considerable recent interest in the human–animal bond, the relationship between community cat caregivers and the cats they care for has received relatively little attention. In addition, the instruments typically used to measure the human–animal bond contain questions specific to in-home interactions with pets or interactions representative of specific behavior traits of the animal (e.g. lap-sitting), effectively excluding community cat caregivers. Methods: Using a slightly modified version of the Comfort from Companion Animals Scale, we surveyed community cat caregivers in Jefferson County, Kentucky, to measure the degree to which they are attached to the cats in their care. Participants for the online survey were recruited via email from a nonprofit organization that provides sterilization and wellness care for community cats in the area. Results: Of the 329 individuals who participated in the survey, 295 (90.2%) indicated that they had provided food, water, or shelter to one or more community cats currently or within the recent past. These caregivers tend to identify as white, female, and middle-class. Levels of attachment to the cats in their care (mean: 39.6, standard deviation [SD]: 5.9) are nearly identical to those previously reported by cat owners (mean: 39.6, SD: 4.8). Monthly expenditures and other sacrifices made as part of their caregiving duties provide further evidence of the strong attachment these individuals feel for community cats. Conclusion: The fact that community cats are unowned in no way diminishes the strength of the bond caregivers feel. Such findings have clear policy implications – validating, for example, the common practice of returning healthy cats lacking identification (i.e. collar or microchip), regardless of perceived level of sociability, to where they were found, following sterilization and vaccination.

Daily positive alcohol expectancies and alcohol use outcomes among college students

Expectancy theory supports alcohol expectancies, or the expected effects of drinking, as an important factor in alcohol use behaviors. Recent research supports that alcohol expectancies fluctuate daily, but scant research has examined specific types of expectancies and their associations with alcohol use at the daily level. Consequently, the present study examined (1) the daily association between select expectancies (i.e. sociability, tension reduction, liquid courage) and likelihood of drinking, and (2) whether daily expectancies predict alcohol use outcomes (i.e. alcohol-related problems, heavy drinking) on drinking days. Participants (N = 221; 79.2% women) were primarily White (48.4%) and Black (29.7%) university students. Participants completed daily measures of expectancies, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems each day for 14 days. Results from multilevel models revealed daily sociability as the only expectancy subscale linked with increased odds of drinking. Daily expectancies did not predict heavy drinking or alcohol-related problems on drinking days. At the between-person level, average levels of sociability and tension reduction expectancies were associated with a greater likelihood of engaging in heavy drinking and experiencing a problem. Findings highlight that fluctuations in sociability expectancies may be proximally linked to likelihood of alcohol use, which may inform just-in-time intervention efforts targeting alcohol expectancies.

대학생들의 메타인지, 학습몰입, 회복탄력성이 심리적 안녕감에 미치는 영향

Objectives This study aims to investigate university students’ metacognition, learning flow, resilience, psychological well-being, correlations among them, and the effects of metacognition, learning flow, and resilience on their psychological well-being.&#x0D; Methods The participants were 256 university students who were enrolled in general courses at a four-year university. Their levels of metacognition, learning flow, resilience, and psychological well-being were tested, and the data were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and stepwise multiple regression analysis in SPSS 25.0.&#x0D; Results First, through descriptive statistical analysis it was found that the participating students’ resilience was the highest and the psychological well-being was the lowest. Secondly, Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the four areas in question were positively correlated with statistical significance, and in particular the students’ metacognition and learning flow, and their resilience and psychological well-being showed the highest correlations. Third, stepwise multiple regression analysis determined that among metacognition, learning flow, and resilience, the effect of resilience was the highest on the students’ psychological well-being. The levels of positiveness and sociability among its sub-components emerged as the most significant predictive factors that can explain their psychological well-being.&#x0D; Conclusions The results of the study draw our attention to the importance of university students’ resilience as a key factor in increasing their psychological well-being, which is crucial for university students coping with a lot of changes and societal expectations. Attention and support from universities and society are warranted.

Psychological factors of subjective loneliness feelings in adolescents

This article investigates psychological causes of subjective loneliness feelings in adolescents. It presents a theoretical analysis of the loneliness phenomenon, as well as empirical research of this phenomenon in young people. The relevance of studying this psychological phenomenon is determined by the war in Ukraine, forced resettlement, and moving to a new city, or even to another country, distance learning, broken relationships and family separations, and the need to establish new social connections. Loneliness is often considered a problem of older generations, but under current conditions, it is adolescents who increasingly feel lonely. In addition to external objective reasons, individual factors may also affect the development of loneliness. Studying these factors allows for a more in-depth assessment of the scale of loneliness and creates a stronger basis for studying the phenomenon. The characteristics of adolescent loneliness stem from fundamental changes in the affective, motivational, and behavioral spheres of life and the impact of this state on socialization. The article discusses various theoretical approaches to the concept of loneliness in psychological research. The results indicate that the symptom complex of the loneliness concept includes a sense of psychological alienation, the inability to build normal relationships, and the inability to form strong attachments. The article considers three types of loneliness: chronic, situational, and temporary, and outlines characteristics of loneliness feeling experiences in adolescence. The article also identifies factors that influence the development of loneliness in adolescence. In addition, the article empirically studies psychological factors of subjective loneliness in adolescents, including personal and situational anxiety, indicators of aggressiveness, level of self-esteem, and level of sociability in adolescents.

Effects of Maternal Separation and Subsequent Stress on Behaviors and Brain Monoamines in Rats.

Childhood adversity can induce maladaptive behaviors and increase risk for affective disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, personality disorders, and vulnerability to stress in adulthood. Deprivation of maternal care interrupts brain development through the disturbance of various neurotransmitters, however, the details remain unclear. The features of the symptoms of disorders are largely determined by early stress protocol, genetic characteristics (line), and the sex of the animals. The purpose of current study was (1) to assess behavioral changes in adult Wistar rats of both sexes after early life stress; (2) to determine the levels of monoamines in brain structures involved in the motor, emotional, and social reactions in rats aged 1 and 2 months; and (3) to determine the level of monoamines after physical or emotional stress in adult rats. The rat pups were separated from their dams and isolated from siblings in tight boxes at a temperature of 22-23 °C for 6 h during postnatal days 2-18. The data were processed predominantly using two-way analysis of variance and the Newman-Keys test as the post hoc analysis. The adult rats demonstrated an increase in motor activity and aggressiveness and a decrease in levels of anxiety and sociability. Behavioral disturbances were accompanied by region-, sex-, and age-dependent changes in the levels of monoamines and their metabolites. The dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems were found to be sensitive to psycho-emotional stress.

MEASURING SOCIAL CAPITAL FOR TURKEY USING TIME-USE SURVEY DATA

Social capital is referred as one of the factors that influence the place of an individual, a community, or a nation in a given social universe. Hence, the measurement of social capital is significant to understand the differentiation among these places of individuals. In this study, to comprehend the social capital in Turkey, we aimed to measure the social capital of individuals via constructing a composite index. After scrutinizing the data and the indicators used in the former studies in the literature and comparing them with the official and nationally representative data for Turkey, we saw that 2014-2015 Turkey Time-Use Survey presents the most suitable data and it provides information about the structural aspect of social capital. We conducted a factor analysis and found three factors to construct a social capital index, namely everyday sociability, social network support, and cultural sociability. Our findings revealed that the social capital level for women is lower than men, derived from the very high level of everyday sociability of men, while social network support and cultural sociability of women are higher than men.