Level Of Situation Awareness Research Articles

Workflow disruptions and provider situation awareness in acute care: An observational study with emergency department physicians and nurses

BackgroundThe fast-paced and rapidly changing environment of an Emergency Department (ED) requires providers to have a high level of situation awareness (SA). However, acute clinical care also encompasses a multitude of interruption-laden work processes that might degrade SA. It is therefore important to understand how frequent interruptions affect ED provider cognition in general and SA in particular. ObjectiveWe aimed to examine how sources and contents of provider workflow interruptions influence situation awareness of ED physicians and nurses. MethodsThis prospective, multi-method study combined standardized observations, self-reports of ED providers, and ED administrative data of staffing and patient load. Expert observers identified ED providers’ workflow interruptions during 90min observation sessions. Afterwards, each provider reported perceived disruptiveness and situation awareness. Controlling for patient load, patient acuity and staffing, we conducted regression analyses to explore prospective associations between interruptions and provider outcomes. ResultsDuring 74 observation sessions of overall 110h and 40min, we observed 1205 workflow interruptions (mean rate: 10.9 interruptions/hour). Provider situation awareness was fairly high (M = 7.10; scale 0–10) with no difference between ED physicians and nurses. After controlling for ED workload data, we observed that high rates of interruptions were associated with lower levels of situation awareness (β = −0.27). Further analyses revealed that particularly interruptions by telephone/beeper, technical malfunctions as well as interruptive communication related to completed cases were correlated to low SA. DiscussionThis study in a naturalistic ED setting shows that ED physicians and nurses continuously cope with disruptions and interruptions. Our findings reveal that highly interruptive workflow environments impede providers' situation awareness. Moreover, it sheds light on specific sources and contents of interruptions that influence providers’ SA in acute care. ConclusionFrequent workflow interruptions can degrade ED providers’ situation awareness. A deeper understanding of how avoidable and unavoidable interruptions affect provider cognitions with particular focus on social and technology-related disruptions is required. Further emphasis should be placed on the effective application of work re-design in this context to foster safe and efficient patient care.

Knowledge-Based Smart City Service System

A smart city can be defined as a city exploiting information and communication technologies to enhance the quality of life of its citizens by providing them with improved services while ensuring a conscious use of the available limited resources. This paper introduces a conceptual framework for the smart city, namely, the Smart City Service System. The framework proposes a vision of the smart city as a service system according to the principles of the Service-Dominant Logic and the service science theories. The rationale is that the services offered within the city can be improved and optimized via the exploitation of information shared by the citizens. The Smart City Service System is implemented as an ontology-based system that supports the decision-making processes at the government level through reasoning and inference processes, providing the decision-makers with a common operational picture of what is happening in the city. A case study related to the local public transportation service is proposed to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the framework. An experimental evaluation using the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) has been performed to measure the impact of the framework on the decision-makers’ level of situation awareness.

The Effect of Model Intervention Towards the Intention of Early Detection of Cervical Cancer with Via Test

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the woman of childbearing age decision’s model towards the intention of early detection of cervical cancer with the VIA (visual inspection with acetic acid) test. The design was quasi-experimental. The population of women of childbearing age and sample size was 70. Technique Paired samples statistics. Statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon test with a probability of 0.05. The difference in the value of the pre and post test were seen from the difference in the mean value between the pre and post test. In the treatment group, the difference test results were significant between the pre and post test, the value of p = 0,000. In Control group, the results of the difference test were not significant between the pre and post test, the value of p > 0.05. The Decision Model was a new finding of research where have the highest level of situation awareness on the situation, events and dynamics of its health condition. The decision model showed that with a high level of awareness, the women decided to make early detection of cervical cancer supported by high self efficacy and intention.

Attention allocation in pilots based on climbing and circling mission behavior.

Exploration of changes in eye movement at different flight conditions can enrich scholarly understanding of situation awareness (SA) and inform new scanning behavior training techniques for efficient and effective pilot education. The SA requirements for pilots vary from mission to mission. Eye tracking is often used to analyze various attention allocation and SA acquisition processes at work in different missions. Pilot eye movements were measured during a climbing task and circling task using a cockpit-based simulator. Results of situation awareness rating technique (SART) tests show that there are significant differences between attention processes during climbing versus circling flight tasks. Fixation frequency during climbing is lower than in the circling task. Additionally, saccade frequency and average fixation time in the climbing task are markedly higher than those in the circling task. Wilcoxon test results show that the pilot has a higher fixation count and fixation time during the circling phase in out-view (OV) areas of interest (AOI) than during the climbing phase. Notably, the attention probability is higher in climbing task than in circling task when the current area of fixation (AOF) is in the head-up display (HUD) AOI and the next fixation area is in the instrumentation panel left (IPL); when the current AOF is in the out-view right (OVR) and the next AOF is HUD, the attention probability is higher in climbing task than in circling task; when the current fixation is in the IPL and the next fixation probability is to the out-view left (OVL), the attention probability is higher in task climbing task than in circling task. In terms of the Markov stationary distribution, the Wilcoxon test shows that, when IPL AOI is the area of the maximum probability of fixation in both tasks, the attention probability of HUD AOI and instrumentation panel right (IPR) is higher in climbing task than in circling task. Circling tasks require efficient eye movement patterns accompanied by strict attention distribution, which yields high SA level and flight performance when performed properly. This paper summarizes the attention characteristics at different flight phases and various requirements of different tasks according to pilot eye movement tracking results. Similar activities, as routine training, can enhance the efficiency of a novice pilot's attention distribution.

Situation Projection Based on Multi-time-scale Recursive Dynamic State Estimation

In order to solve the problem of lacking of situation awareness in smart distribution network, this paper proposed a real-time situation projection method for distribution network based on multi-time-scale dynamic state estimation. Based on hybrid measurement including micro PMU, a multi-time-scale recursive dynamic state estimation was realized through recursive transformation between state projection and pseudo measurement. A pseudo measurement Correction algorithm is implemented in the proposed state estimation loop to increase the estimation accuracy. Utilizing the historic states data calculated from the proposed state-measurement recursive dynamic state estimation, a novel real-time situation projection method is proposed in this paper. With the modelling of partitioned multivariate time series analysis, the proposed situation projection method is achieved by predicting the situation indexes for the distribution network operator in real time. Simulation validates the feasibility of the proposed method to improve the situation awareness level in the distribution network.

Finite State Machine Modelling to Facilitate the Resilience of Infrastructures: Reflections

The ability of an infrastructure to be resistant against hazards or to accommodate and recover from hazard-induced destructions and disturbances is characterized as resilience. Usually, infrastructures are engineered socio-technical systems or systems-of-systems. Jackson and Ferris consider the use of finite state machine (FSM) modelling as a suitable means to depict and investigate the resilience of such engineered systems. This paper discusses the capabilities and limitations of the FSM model proposed by Jackson and Ferris and if it should be used for the representation and evaluation of the resilience of an infrastructure. The discussion is conducted on a more general level. However, special attention is paid to monitoring because, on the one hand, monitoring is one of the cornerstones of resilience and, on the other hand, Scott and Ferris define a state that is emphasized by an increased level of situational awareness as a result of happened and perceived events. Consequently, the question has to be answered of how the models are able to reflect the need for routine monitoring of the resilience of infrastructures in order to initiate, if necessary, adjustment procedures as an appropriate response to changes in internal and external conditions. The results of this theoretical study are a fundamental step towards the practical application of the FSM approach for the design of resilient infrastructures.

Effect of SBAR situational awareness technique as educational intervention on critical care nurse students' skills of patient safety

Background: Situation awareness could actively scan for risk across multiple domains. It has been defined as “the perception of elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future”. Situation awareness includes three levels; perception, comprehension, and projection. Perception is the first step in developing situation awareness as it includes students' perception of status, attributes, and dynamics of relevant elements in the ICU environment. Comprehension of the present situation is based on outputs of the perception. It includes understanding of the significance of the relevant elements. Finally, projection of future status includes the ability of students to predict the future actions of certain elements in the ICU environment. Appropriate situation awareness could increase the probability of a good task performance. In addition, feedback covers state of the ICU environment affected by both decisions and performance of the selected actions. While SBAR is acromion that represents the actual application of situational awareness through situation, background, assessment and recommendation. A representation of SBAR situational awareness has been depicted as an inner factor in the method for giving patient consideration and basic leadership that helps health care professionals to handle and process information about what is occurring. SBAR is a mechanism useful for framing any conversation, especially critical ones, requiring a practitioner's immediate attention and action to foster a culture of patient safety. Critical care nurses play an important role in their workplace related to patient safety. They should be able to recognize and analyze patient safety incidents using protocols, work in a team, learn from errors, and be able to identify actions and recommendations on how to prevent patient safety incidents through the use of SBAR situational awareness technique. Nursing students’ should recognize and understand what is going on around them. Consequently, they can plan ahead with greater knowledge to patient safety which arise the need to integrate SBAR situation awareness in their curricula.Method: A quasi experimental research design was used in this study in which two tools were used for data collection: “Self-Situational Awareness Assessment Questionnaire” and “Critical Care Nurse Students’ Safety Skills Checklist”.Results: There was a statistical significant difference between both groups of students in relation to situation awareness perception, process and skills (p < .001). Moreover, there was a statistical significant difference between the study and control groups in relation to the students' practices score regarding patients’ safety standards in the post-assessment phase (p < .001).Conclusion: In the current study, the SBAR situation awareness technique was used in training critical care nurse students to improve their situation awareness level to patient safety skills. Situation awareness perception, process and skills level were significantly increased for critical care nurse students who are subjected to the training program. Also, the students' skills regarding patients' safety standards practices were significantly improved.

Investigating the relationship between eye movements and situation awareness in weather forecasting

Physiological indicators, including eye tracking measures, may provide insight into human decision making and cognition in many domains, including weather forecasting. Situation awareness (SA), a critical component of forecast decision making, is commonly conceptualized as the degree to which information is perceived, understood, and projected into a future context. Drawing upon recent applications of eye tracking in the study of forecaster decision making, we investigate the relationship among eye movement measures, automation, and SA assessed through a freeze probe assessment method. In addition, we explore the relationship between an automated forecasting decision aid use and information seeking behavior.In this study, a sample of professional weather forecasters completed a series of tasks, informed by a set of forecasting decision aids, and with variable access to an experimental automated tool, while an eye tracking system captured data related to eye movements and information usage. At the end of each forecasting task, participants responded to a set of questions related to the environmental situation in the framework of a survey-based assessment technique in order to assess their level of situation awareness. Regression analysis revealed a moderate relationship between the SA measure and eye tracking metrics, supporting the hypothesis that eye tracking may have utility in assessing SA. The results support the use of eye tracking in the assessment of specific and measurable attributes of the decision-making process in weather forecasting. The findings are discussed in light of potential benefits that eye tracking could bring to human performance assessment as well as decision-making research in the forecasting domain.

Timing: A key concept for both karateka (空手家) and emergency physicians

The importance of skills learned through extracurricular activities to medical education, including both athletics and the arts, is undeniable. In this reflective article we draw parallels between the skills learned through the practice of karate, specifically sparring, and those required to perform a patient-centered medical interview in the Emergency Department.Although a collaborative style is traditionally used for both undertakings,there are often good reasons to vary the timing and approach.A high level of situational awareness is necessary to perform either of these tasks effectively.

Drivers’ visual scanning behavior at signalized and unsignalized intersections: A naturalistic driving study in China

Introduction: Intersections are the most dangerous locations in urban traffic. The present study aims to investigate drivers’ visual scanning behavior at signalized and unsignalized intersections. Method: Naturalistic driving data at 318 green phase signalized intersections and 300 unsignalized ones were collected. Drivers’ glance allocations were manually categorized into 10 areas of interest (AOIs), based on which three feature subsets were extracted including glance allocation frequencies, durations and AOI transition probabilities. The extracted features at signalized and unsignalized intersections were compared. Features with statistical significances were integrated to characterize drivers’ scanning patterns using the hierarchical clustering method. Andrews Curve was adopted to visually illustrate the clustering results of high-dimensional data. Results: Results showed that drivers going straight across signalized intersections had more often glances at the left view mirror and longer fixation on the near left area. When turning left, drivers near signalized intersections had more frequent glances at the left view mirror, fixated much longer on the forward and rearview mirror area, and had higher transition probabilities from near left to far left. Compared with drivers’ scanning patterns in left turning maneuver at signalized intersections, drivers with higher situation awareness levels would divide more attention to the forward and right areas than at unsignalized intersections. Conclusions: This study revealed that intersection types made differences on drivers’ scanning behavior. Practical applications: These findings suggest that future applications in advanced driver assistance systems and driver training programs should recommend different scanning strategies to drivers at different types of intersections.

Augmented visualization cues on primary flight display facilitating pilot's monitoring performance

• The incompatible human-computer interaction in the flight deck can lead to accident/incident. • Flight deck designs have to provide higher level of situation awareness by instinctively matching pilot's cognitive processes. • Salient visual cues can reduce pilot's cognitive effort to eliminating the requirements of text-reading on the interface displays. • The key concept behind augmented design is to merge the flight mode annunciator with raw flight data in the cockpit. • Augmented visualization cues can facilitate pilots identifying the flight status quicker and more accurate compared with traditional design. There have been many aviation accidents and incidents related to mode confusion on the flight deck. The aim of this research is to evaluate human-computer interactions on a newly designed augmented visualization Primary Flight Display (PFD) compared with the traditional design of PFD. Based on statistical analysis of 20 participants interaction with the system, there are significant differences on pilots' pupil dilation, fixation duration, fixation counts and mental demand between the traditional PFD design and augmented PFD. The results demonstrated that augmented visualisation PFD, which uses a green border around the “raw data” of airspeed, altitude or heading indications to highlight activated mode changes, can significantly enhance pilots' situation awareness and decrease perceived workload. Pilots can identify the status of flight modes more easily, rapidly and accurately compared to the traditional PFD, thus shortening the response time on cognitive information processing. This could also be the reason why fixation durations on augmented PFDs were significantly shorter than traditional PFDs. The augmented visualization in the flight deck improves pilots' situation awareness as indicated by increased fixation counts related to attention distribution. Simply highlighting the parameters on the PFD with a green border in association with relevant flight mode changes will greatly reduce pilots' perceived workload and increase situation awareness. Flight deck design must focus on methods to provide pilots with enhanced situation awareness, thus decreasing cognitive processing requirements by providing intuitive understanding in time limited situations.

Media variants, situation awareness, and protective public-health behaviors

This study investigates the effect of exposure to traditional and social media on protective behaviors during a public health emergency, mediated by situation awareness composed of perceived knowledge and perceived threat. Under the context of the worldwide spread of Ebola in 2014, a survey conducted in Hong Kong showed that, compared to exposure to social media regarding the emergency, exposure to traditional media produced a higher level of situation awareness, which further affected protective behaviors in a public health emergency. In addition, the effect of traditional media exposure on protective behaviors was significantly mediated by both perceived knowledge and perceived threat. However, the effect of social media exposure on protective behavior was only significantly mediated by perceived knowledge, but not by perceived threat.

Situation Awareness Analysis on Motorcycle Riders using Quantitative Analysis of Situational Awareness

A Traffic accident is caused by the negligence and the low situation awareness of the motorcycle riders. Based on the Indonesian Police traffic data, until May 2018, there were 32,127 motorcycle accidents with 6,009 people died. The highest accidents happened to the riders between 15-19 years old. Thus, feasibility of the motorcycle riders becomes crucial. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of awareness of the motorcycle riders as well as to determine the minimum age level to ride motorcycle. There were 75 respondents participating in this study who were about 17 to 19 years old. The Quantitative Analysis of Situational Awareness method was used to achieve the objective. The results of this study show that 17 years old riders have better situation awareness level than 18 years old ones. Meanwhile, the best situation awareness level is at age 19. It is because of the value of calibration (12.22%) which is smaller than 17 years old (17.52%) and 18 years old riders (26.48%). Therefore, this study recommends the feasibility of motorcycle riders should be 19 years old as the minimum requirement.

A New Single-Display Intelligent Adaptive Interface for Controlling a Group of UAVs

The increasing use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones in different civil and military operations has attracted attention of many researchers and science communities. One of the most notable challenges in this field is supervising and controlling a group or a team of UAVs by a single user. Thereupon, we proposed a new intelligent adaptive interface (IAI) to overcome to this challenge. Our IAI not only is empowered by comprehensive IAI architecture but also has some notable features like: presenting single-display user interface for controlling UAV team, leveraging user cognitive model to deliver right information at the right time, supporting the user by system behavior explanation, guiding and helping the user to choose right decisions. Finally, we examined the IAI with contributing eleven volunteers and in three different scenarios. Obtained results have shown the power of the proposed IAI to reduce workload and to increase user's situation awareness level and as a result to promote mission completion percentage.

Measuring situation awareness and team effectiveness in pediatric acute care by using the situation global assessment technique

Situation awareness (SA) is an important human factor and necessary for effective teamwork and patient safety. Human patient simulation (HPS) with video feedback allows for a safe environment where health care professionals can develop both technical and teamwork skills. It is, however, very difficult to observe and measure SA directly. The Situation Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) was developed by Endsley to measure SA during real-time simulation. Our objective was to measure SA among team members during simulation of acute pediatric care scenarios on the medical ward and its relationship with team effectiveness. Twenty-four pediatric teams, consisting of two nurses, one resident, and one consultant, participated in three acute care scenarios, using high-fidelity simulation. Individual SAGAT scores contained shared and complimentary knowledge questions on different levels of SA. Within each scenario, two “freezes” were incorporated to assess SA of each team members’ clinical assessment and decision-making. SA overlap within the team (team SA) was computed and compared to indicators of team effectiveness (time to goal achievement, consensus on primary problem, diagnosis, task prioritization, leadership, and teamwork satisfaction). In 13 scenarios (18%), the team failed to reach the primary goals within the prescribed time of 1200 s. There was no significant difference in failure of goal completion between the scripted scenarios; however, there was a significant difference between scenario 3 and the other scenarios in time to goal completion. In all three scenarios, SA overlap level 2 (consensus on primary problem during the first freeze and consensus on diagnosis during the second freeze) leads to significantly faster achievement of the predefined goals. There was a strong relationship between team SA on the primary problem and diagnosis and team SA on task prioritization. Consensus on leadership within the team was low. Teamwork satisfaction was more influenced by knowledge about the importance of the assigned task than outcome of the scenario.Conclusion: The use of SAGAT enables us to measure SA of team members during real-time simulation of acute care scenarios. Although there is no direct connection between team SA and goal achievement, SAGAT provides insight in differences in SA among team members, and the process of shared mental model formation. By measuring SA, issues that may improve team effectiveness (prioritizing tasks, enhancing shared mental models, and providing leadership) can be trained and assessed during medical team simulation, enhancing teamwork in health care settings.What is known?• Teamwork skills such as communication, leadership, and situational awareness have become increasingly recognized as essential for good performance in pediatric resuscitation. However, the assessment of pediatric team performance in these clinical situations has been traditionally difficult.• The Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) is a method of objectively and directly measuring SA during a team simulation using “freezes” at predetermined points in time with participants reporting on “what is going on” from their perspective on the situation.What is new?• We assessed SA, and its relationship with team effectiveness, in multidisciplinary pediatric teams performing simulated critical events in critically ill children on the medical ward using the SAGAT model, outside the emergency room setting.• In all three scenarios, consensus on the primary problem (shared mental model) leads to faster achievement of predefined goals. Consensus on leadership was overall low, without a significant impact on goal achievement.

Me or information technology? Adoption of artificial intelligence in the delegation of personal strategic decisions

Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing the way we do business. Whereas both the adoption of technological innovations and strategic decision making have been subject to prior research, this experimental study is first to combine both. To understand the impact of choice complexity and cognitive perceptions on the willingness to delegate a strategic decision to an algorithm, we conducted an experiment with 310 participants. We find that although choice complexity has no effect, participants with low levels of situational awareness are more likely to delegate. The findings augment research on choice complexity in decision making by emphasizing the relevance of cognitive perceptions.

Development and Empirical Testing of a Novel Team Leadership Assessment Measure: A Pilot Study Using Simulated and Live Patient Encounters.

Team leadership is critical to health care resuscitation team performance. There has been increased focus on competency in team leadership behaviors; however, there is still variability in how team leadership is assessed within emergency medicine. The objective of this study was to develop and pilot a novel team leadership assessment measure for emergency medicine resuscitation teams. Team leadership dimensions and associated behaviors were identified through a systematic literature review and expert consensus. Included behaviors were used to create behaviorally anchored rating scales, which were then revised based on subject matter expert ratings. Four raters from three different academic institutions observed 30 video-recorded resuscitations (20 simulated and 10 actual patient care resuscitations). Mean leadership scores were calculated. Intraclass coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for each item and for overall leadership scores. Leader scores for the simulation-based scenarios were compared to external variables including level of training, team process, clinical performance, and team situational awareness. The study was conducted from July 2017 through June 2018. Leadership scores ranged from 2.23 to 4.30 (mean[±SD] =3.18 [±0.50]). The ICC for the overall score was 0.79 for all observations, 0.87 for simulation-based observations, and 0.24 for the patient care observations. Team leadership scores on simulation-based observations did not correlate with available external variables. We developed a novel team leadership assessment measure for emergency medicine resuscitation teams with supporting validity evidence, including content validity and response process. The measure demonstrated acceptable inter-rater reliability when applied to simulation-based medical resuscitations; however, this did not translate to trauma resuscitations in the actual patient care setting.

Subjective Evaluation of Seafarers� Situational Awareness on Collision Avoidance

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the situational awareness capabilities of seafarers which is the weakness of the safety management system studies conducted under the human element researches in maritime literature. Methods/ Statistical Analysis: The SART multi-dimensional, self-rating, post-trial situational awareness measurement technique was used to assess the situational awareness on collision avoidance of the seafarers who have different ages and experience levels. The results were analyzed usingdescriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA and post-hoc tests (Tukey, LSD and Bonferroni). Findings: Results indicate that a gradual decline in mean SART scores of the seafarer from oceangoing watchkeeping officers to oceangoing masters is clearly detected. Although this decline is observed in the all SART main dimensions (Understanding + Attentional Demand + Attentional Supply), there is no statistically significant difference among the situational awareness levels of seafarers in SART - generic analysis. Application/Improvements: The findings of this study suggest that, recruiting seafarers by examining the requirements ofthe situational awareness will be a critical stepto minimizeaccidents on board. Keywords: Seafarers, Situational Awareness, SART

MmWave Vehicular Beam Selection With Situational Awareness Using Machine Learning

Establishing and tracking beams in millimeter-wave (mmWave) vehicular communication is a challenging task. Large antenna arrays and narrow beams introduce significant system overhead configuring the beams using exhaustive beam search. In this paper, we propose to learn the optimal beam pair index by exploiting the locations and types of the receiver vehicle and its neighboring vehicles (situational awareness), leveraging machine learning classification and past beam training data. We formulate the mmWave beam selection as a multi-class classification problem based on hand-crafted features that capture the situational awareness in different coordinates. We then provide a comprehensive comparison of the different classification models and various levels of situational awareness. Furthermore, we examine several practical issues in the implementation: localization is susceptible to inaccuracy; situational awareness at the base station (BS) can be outdated due to vehicle mobility and limited location reporting frequencies; the situational awareness may be incomplete since vehicles could be invisible to the BS if they are not connected. To demonstrate the scalability of the proposed beam selection solution in the large antenna array regime, we propose two solutions to recommend multiple beams and exploit an extra phase of beam sweeping among the recommended beams. The numerical results show that situational awareness-assisted beam selection using machine learning is able to provide beam prediction, with accuracy that increases with more complete knowledge of the environment.

Bringing Adaptive and Immersive Interfaces to Real-World Multi-Robot Scenarios: Application to Surveillance and Intervention in Infrastructures

Multiple robot missions imply a series of challenges for single human operators, such as managing high workloads or maintaining a correct level of situational awareness. Conventional interfaces are not prepared to face these challenges; however, new concepts have arisen to cover this need, such as adaptive and immersive interfaces. This paper reports the design and development of an adaptive and immersive interface, as well as a complete set of experiments carried out to establish comparisons with a conventional one. The interface object of study has been developed using virtual reality to bring operators into scenarios and allow an intuitive commanding of robots. Additionally, it is able to recognize the mission’s state and show hints to the operators. The experiments were performed in both outdoor and indoor scenarios recreating an intervention after an accident in critical infrastructure. The results show the potential of adaptive and immersive interfaces in the improvement of workload, situational awareness and performance of operators in multi-robot missions.