Level Of Self-protection Research Articles

Literacy of Sexual Harassment and Abuse Toward Adolescent Protection Behavior

Cases of sexual harassment in Indonesia are increasingly prominent in the media when victims speak publicly. KOMNAS Perempuan notes that the spectrum of sexual abuse against women has increased by 800%. This seems to be a reminder for us, especially the young generation, to have the knowledge and ability to protect behavior from sexual abuse. This study aims to measure the extent of literacy of sexual harassment and violence on the level of self-protection by adolescents (15 – 21). A total of 120 young people consisting of men and women have participated in the online survey. Two-stage regression data analysis was carried out to measure each item. The sexual abuse literacy items (x) consist of Functional Literacy, Socio-Cultural Practice Literacy, Intellectual Empowerment Literacy, and The protection ability items (y) self-efficacy and self-defense. The results show that the higher the literacy level of adolescents against sexual abuse and harassment, the more they will be able to protect behavior from various threats.

Crime, Universities and Campus Police

ABSTRACT Crime motivates self-protection, such as undertaken quite visibly by individuals, households, and businesses. But we know much less about self-protection by public institutions, including schools, especially from an economic perspective. This paper examines how universities use campus police for that purpose. Conceptually, self-protection reduces vulnerability to crime but incurs costs whether a victimization happens or not; an actual crime further imposes a victimization cost. The agent (university administration) determines the equilibrium level of self-protection within this analytical environment. Empirical analysis of a two-year panel of U.S. universities reveals increased campus police use given larger external and internal crime threats and in the presence of better students and faculty. Larceny appears particularly influential, but the violent crimes of rape and aggravated assault do not. Extended analysis reveals that schools plagued by burglary and vehicle theft on campus utilize significantly more ancillary, procedural protections such as night-time police escorts. Larger-acreage, larger-enrolment, and religious-affiliated universities exhibit the most ongoing vulnerability to crime, showing significantly lesser campus police use even when facing higher internal crime threats.

Self-Protection against the Sphingolipid Biosynthesis Inhibitor Fumonisin B1 Is Conferred by a FUM Cluster-Encoded Ceramide Synthase.

Fumonisin (FB) mycotoxins produced by species of the genus Fusarium detrimentally affect human and animal health upon consumption, due to the inhibition of ceramide synthase. In the present work, we set out to identify mechanisms of self-protection employed by the FB1 producer Fusarium verticillioides FB1 biosynthesis was shown to be compartmentalized, and two cluster-encoded self-protection mechanisms were identified. First, the ATP-binding cassette transporter Fum19 acts as a repressor of the FUM gene cluster. Appropriately, FUM19 deletion and overexpression increased and decreased, respectively, the levels of intracellular and secreted FB1 Second, the cluster genes FUM17 and FUM18 were shown to be two of five ceramide synthase homologs in Fusarium verticillioides, grouping into the two clades CS-I and CS-II in a phylogenetic analysis. The ability of FUM18 to fully complement the yeast ceramide synthase null mutant LAG1/LAC1 demonstrated its functionality, while coexpression of FUM17 and CER3 partially complemented, likely via heterodimer formation. Cell viability assays revealed that Fum18 contributes to the fungal self-protection against FB1 and increases resistance by providing FUM cluster-encoded ceramide synthase activity.IMPORTANCE The biosynthesis of fungal natural products is highly regulated not only in terms of transcription and translation but also regarding the cellular localization of the biosynthetic pathway. In all eukaryotes, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in the production of organelles, which are subject to cellular traffic or secretion. Here, we show that in Fusarium verticillioides, early steps in fumonisin production take place in the ER, together with ceramide biosynthesis, which is targeted by the mycotoxin. A first level of self-protection is given by the presence of a FUM cluster-encoded ceramide synthase, Fum18, hitherto uncharacterized. In addition, the final fumonisin biosynthetic step occurs in the cytosol and is thereby spatially separate from the fungal ceramide synthases. We suggest that these strategies help the fungus to avoid self-poisoning during mycotoxin production.

A Diamond-Stiglitz approach to the demand for self-protection

The existing research concerning the relationship between risk aversion and prudence and the demand for self-protection assumes that the loss variable follows a Bernoulli distribution, and that changes in the level of self-protection are mean preserving. The analysis here replaces these two very strong conditions with ones which are more general. When doing this, the method of analysis is also significantly modified. This modification includes representing a change in the level of self-protection using the procedure developed by Diamond and Stiglitz (Journal of Economic Theory 8:337-360, 1974) for representing a change in risk. This alternate representation allows the existing findings to be generalized considerably, and also simplifies the analysis.

Economic valuation of health risk exposure of restaurant users in Dhaka city

The aim of the study presented in this paper is to estimate the economic cost of health risk exposure of the restaurant users in Dhaka city. In a large-scale survey, 400 restaurant users in Dhaka city belonging to lower-middle to high income group were asked for their preferences for a hypothetical ‘Food Safety Inspection Programme’ using closed ended dichotomous choice contingent valuation questions. The study reveals an average estimated willingness to pay of Tk31 (US$ 0.5) which is 13% of the average restaurant bill per visit per person. Aggregating the overall willingness to pay estimate across the whole population, a reduction in restaurant food-related health risk results in a total economic benefit of Tk2,250 million (US$33million) per year. The study, furthermore, reveals that the respondent' willingness to pay for the Inspection Programme varies with the degree of health risk exposure, respondent' income level, frequency of restaurant visits, the disutility from health risks and the levels of self-protection. Two different health risk indicators, subjective (respondent perceived probability of becoming ill after eating in a restaurant) and objective (experience of negative health incidences from low quality restaurant food), have been used to test the consistency of influence of health risk exposure on stated willingness to pay. Better model fit has been observed with the objective health risk exposure. The results from the statistical models indicate that the offered bid amounts (additional amount of money that the restaurant users need to pay in order to finance the Inspection Programme) affects willingness to pay negatively. We find income, frequency of restaurant visits and health consciousness influencing willingness to pay for the Inspection Programme positively. Finally, our results confirm the hypothesis that willingness to pay for health risk reduction varies positively with the levels of risk exposure independent of the type of indicators (subjective or objective) we use to measure health risk.

Comparative Transient Analysis of Critical and Subcritical 80-MW Pb-Bi Eutectic-Cooled Reactor Systems

A consistent analytical comparison has been made of the transient behavior of critical and subcritical fast-spectrum reactor systems, the basic core design assumed in each case being that of the 80-MW(thermal) mixed-oxide-fueled, Pb-Bi-cooled, Experimental Accelerator Driven System (XADS). The transient calculations were performed using the FAST code system developed at the Paul Scherrer Institute. The present study demonstrates a high level of self-protection of both the critical and subcritical systems over a wide range of postulated events, including transient overpower due to reactivity insertion, loss of flow, station blackout, loss of coolant, and core overcooling accidents. The relative advantages and shortcomings of the two system types, from the viewpoint of transient behavior, are discussed on the basis of the corresponding simulation results obtained.

The Influence of Frontal Crash Test Speeds on the Compatibility of Passenger Cars in Real World Accidents

In the last two decades the front end structures of all cars were optimized in crashes against rigid barriers in order to guarantee the highest level of self protection. As a consequence, the stiffness of the front end structure was directly related to the own mass of the car. This effect is independant of the crash test speed if safety standards demand the same test speed for all cars. Although German accident statistics still indicate that twice as many fatalities of car occupants occur in single vehicle accidents as in car-to-car collisions, the problem of compatibility has to be taken into account because of the high number of injuries in car-to-car collisions. Therefore, for compatibility reasons, for years experts have recommended higher crash speeds for small cars and lower crash speeds for large cars; a demand which of course is not in accordance with the safety standards. Based on the state-of-the-art cars, experts agree that the stiffness of the front end of a small car should be increased and the stiffness of the front end of a large car should be decreased. This energy-balance concept is briefly described in this paper. Unfortunately, the offset test procedure according to ECE-R 94/01, which is a structural test, is now used as a rating system with an increased test speed. This paper describes the consequences of these tests for cars of different weight which were especially designed for compatibility. With the increase of the test speed as a side effect, which is completely unreasonable, the energy unbalance is of more and more significance: large cars are tested at a higher crash severity level than small cars. This effect is totally contradictory to the basic demand for compatibility. As a consequence, a mass-dependent test speed is proposed to avoid this special disadvantage of the offset test procedure using a deformable barrier.

IS OVEREXPOSURE TO BENZENE LIKELY DURING CRUDE OIL SPILL RESPONSE?1

ABSTRACT This article examines the potential for benzene exposure during crude oil spill response. Literature review found that under normal conditions benzene is lost from an oil slick within 40 minutes to 8 hours. A correlation between benzene and API gravity is presented graphically. This information was used to develop worst-case scenarios. Results of a preliminary field investigation indicate that benzene overexposure may be possible during “ideal adverse” conditions. Four generic crude oil spills are described along with rationale for the suggested level of self protection.