Level Of Public Participation Research Articles

An Investigation of Public Participation on Policy Formulation in Devolved Government in Keiyo South Sub County, Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya

Citizens in many county governments are not empowered to understand their role in development issues and feel that policy makers do not put into consideration their contribution in major decision making particularly affecting key development programs. Citizens in many counties feel more often than not that their predicaments have not been addressed effectively by their governments, bring in a lot of conflicts which at times has resulted in public unrest. This study therefore focused on establishing an investigation of public participation on policy formulation in devolved governments in Keiyo South Sub County, Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. The objectives of this study were to: establish the contribution of public participation in policy formulation in devolved government of Keiyo South Sub County, Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya and to determine the level of public participation on policy formulation in devolved government of Keiyo South Sub County, Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. The study was based on Participatory Communication Theory and Ladder of Citizen Participation Theory. The study used a mixed-method approach, integrating both qualitative and quantitative research. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population was 115 and the researcher obtained a sample size of 89 respondents using Yamane formulae. The study used stratified random sampling to select the respondents. The study used questionnaires and an interview schedule to collect dataThe statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 24 was used to analyze quantitative data from the closed-ended questions. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics involved frequencies, percentages, standard deviation, and arithmetic mean. Inferential statistics involved correlation and multiple regression. The analyzed data was presented in the form of charts and tables. Privacy was maintained during the entire research period, and participation was entirely voluntary, free from coercion or inducement. The findings demonstrated that respondents agreed with the statement that member’s ideas and contributions in the public participation are given priorities (Mean=3.70, standard deviation=1.40), further, the findings indicated that that the respondents agreed with the statement that there is a moderate level of public participation on policy formulation (Mean=3.73, standard deviation=1.39). The study concluded that significant number of respondents believed in a high level of grassroots participation and others held contrary views, indicating that there may be disparities in how stakeholders perceive the depth of involvement. The study recommended that policy makers and county authorities should take steps to ensure that public participation processes are equitable and inclusive.

Mathematical Model of Community Participation Levels in Elections in Medan City

Political participation is one of the benchmarks of a country's democracy. This can be seen from their involvement in elections. Every general election must have a white group called abstainers who usually consciously do not using their voting rights which may influence individuals not to use their voting rights in general elections. Medan City is the city with the second highest number of abstainers in North Sumatra Province at 33.33%. This study will model the level of public participation in elections in Medan City by comparing the level of public participation in the 2019 and 2024 presidential elections. From the model, two equilibrium points are obtained, namely abstainer and abstainer-free equilibrium points, basic reproduction number and stability analysis of the equilibrium point. The simulation results for 2019 and 2024 showed that for , the abstainer population increases so that the abstainer equilibrium point is asymptotically stable. Then for , the abstainer population will gradually disappear

Media Consumption Influence on Enhancing Public Participation Influenced by Perception and Solidarity Values in Timor-Leste

This study has aim to determine the effect of political consumption in mass media on increasing public participation in Timor-Leste, which is influenced by perceptions and solidarity values. To answer this research questions we applied the Uses and Gratification theory and conducted a survey of 68 people from Comoro Village, Dom Aleixo Administrative Post, Dili, Timor-Leste. This study found that H1 with a sig value of 0.004 <0.05 or t count with a value of 2.959> t table with a value of 0.235, then Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. So there is an influence between variable (X) and variable (A1) on variable (Y). H2 with a sig value of 0.008> 0.05 or t count with a value of 1.773> t table with a value of 3.846, then Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. There is an influence between variables (X), (A2) on (Y). The results of H3 obtained a sign value of 0.041> 0.05 or t count with a value of 2.083> t table with a value of 0.235, then Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. There is an influence between variables X, A1 and A2 on variable Y. The results show that theoretically community participation is influenced by other factors, namely media use, political issues and solidarity values. Practically, media content as a way and its delivery in the action of how to participate in society. Thus, this research shows that political content in the media has a major influence on the level of public participation and solidarity of the vulnerable group, so it needs to continue to be developed in Timor-Leste society.

Influence of public participation in the planning phase on the outcome of water projects in Matungulu Sub-County, Machakos County

This study aimed to find out the influence of public participation in the planning phase on the phase-specific outcome and overall outcome of water projects in the Matungulu sub-county, Machakos County, Kenya. Employing a sequential mixed-method approach, data was gathered from 220 household heads, one water project manager, and eight water user committee representatives. Quantitative data analysis was done using linear regression, and the hypothesis was tested at a significance level of 0.05. A thematic approach was employed for the qualitative data analysis. Results indicated that public participation in the planning phase significantly influenced both the planning phase-specific outcome and the overall water project outcome. However, the level of public participation in the planning phase was found to be low. The study recommends that the Machakos County government officials and elected representatives prioritise public consultation and involvement in the planning phase since it ensures that water projects implemented are relevant to the needs of the local residents and enhances project ownership at an early stage. This ultimately guarantees project success and sustainability. This study provides insights to both the national and county governments on how the involvement of the local community in the planning phase fosters project ownership and leads to more sustainable water projects.

Influence of public participation in the planning phase on the outcome of water projects in Matungulu Sub-County, Machakos County

This study aimed to find out the influence of public participation in the planning phase on the phase-specific outcome and overall outcome of water projects in the Matungulu sub-county, Machakos County, Kenya. Employing a sequential mixed-method approach, data was gathered from 220 household heads, one water project manager, and eight water user committee representatives. Quantitative data analysis was done using linear regression, and the hypothesis was tested at a significance level of 0.05. A thematic approach was employed for the qualitative data analysis. Results indicated that public participation in the planning phase significantly influenced both the planning phase-specific outcome and the overall water project outcome. However, the level of public participation in the planning phase was found to be low. The study recommends that the Machakos County government officials and elected representatives prioritise public consultation and involvement in the planning phase since it ensures that water projects implemented are relevant to the needs of the local residents and enhances project ownership at an early stage. This ultimately guarantees project success and sustainability. This study provides insights to both the national and county governments on how the involvement of the local community in the planning phase fosters project ownership and leads to more sustainable water projects.

Evaluation of Age-Friendly Retrofits for Urban Communities in China Using a Social–Ecological–Technological Systems Framework

To address the problem of accurately evaluating age-friendly retrofit indicators in urban communities, this study constructs an evaluation model that takes into account user preferences and their interaction needs based on the social–ecological–technological systems (SETS) theory. The model aims to establish a set of precise community retrofit indicators, covering aspects such as public participation level, public ancillary facilities, green space layout, living environment building, health service support, and accessible design. By employing prioritization strategies, the model seeks to maximize resident satisfaction and promote harmonious coexistence between the community and the environment. Firstly, the retrofit evaluation indicators are formulated using the SETS theory. The entropy weight method (EWM) is then applied to determine the initial weights of these evaluation indicators, followed by the use of the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method to analyze the interrelationships among the indicators. The Kano model is integrated to adjust the weights, reflecting their importance. The final weights of the indicators are determined through normalization. Based on this, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method is employed to rank and analyze the importance of age-friendly retrofits in the community. Finally, six communities in Dalian, Liaoning Province, China, are selected as samples to evaluate and analyze the age-friendly retrofit indicators. Different methods are compared, and their advantages and disadvantages are ranked to validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed approach. Based on the analysis results, specific design schemes for improving the identified shortcomings in age-friendly aspects of these communities are proposed, considering the needs of aging populations and taking into account community public facilities, accessible design renovations, and the enhancement of green space layouts. This study aims to explore the comprehensive benefits of an age-friendly retrofit in urban communities and provide reference for the deep integration of social, ecological, and technological benefits in urban renewal. The evaluation indicators, methods, and conclusions presented can serve as a decision-making basis for the renovation and renewal of aging urban communities, particularly in terms of age-friendly updates.

Green Finance, Green Technology Innovation and the Upgrading of China’s Industrial Structure: A Study from the Perspective of Heterogeneous Environmental Regulation

In the era of green economic development, green finance serves as a crucial catalyst for green technological innovation, and both may significantly drive the upgrading of industrial structures. This study combines green finance, green technological innovation, and industrial structure into a research framework, analyzing data from 29 Chinese provinces (2003–2020) to empirically assess their impacts on China’s industrial structure using a two-way fixed-effects model. The results show the following: first, green finance and green technological innovation can significantly promote the upgrading of China’s industrial structure directly and synergistically, a finding corroborated by various robustness tests. Secondly, heterogeneity analysis reveals that there is a “path-dependency effect” in the development of green finance and technology innovation: in areas with higher population density, more developed technological markets, and lower fiscal pressure, the synergistic promotion of the upgrading of industrial structure is stronger. Thirdly, further research indicates that green finance and technology innovation impact the upgrading of industrial structure variably under command-and-control, market-incentive, and voluntary environmental-regulation tools. The most effective policy is the voluntary regulation tool, which involves higher levels of public participation. This study offers valuable insights for fostering green technology innovation, refining environmental policies, and enhancing the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure.

Analisis Laporan dan Kinerja Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Sambas

This research aims to analyze the financial performance of the Sambas Regency Regional Government for 5 years from 2017 to 2021 and test whether there are differences in the performance of the degree of decentralization, performance of regional financial independence, performance of operating expenditures, and performance of capital expenditures. The analytical tools used are financial ratios, namely liquidity ratios, leverage ratios, debt ratios, productivity ratios and operating ratios. The research uses quantitative descriptive data analysis methods. The research results show that the liquidity ratio which consists of the average current ratio is 0.82, meaning that every Rp. 1,- of current debt is guaranteed by Rp. 0.82,- of current assets; The average cash ratio is 0.35, meaning that for every Rp. 1,- of current assets, Rp. 0.35 is cash and cash equivalents; the average cash to current liabilities is 0.29, meaning the regional government's ability to immediately pay every Rp. 1.- of current debt using cash and cash equivalents is Rp. 0.29,-; The average Quick Ratio is 0.60, meaning that the local government's ability to fulfill its short-term obligations for every Rp. 1,- using cash, cash equivalents and receivables is Rp. 0.60,-; The average cash flow ratio is 2.31, meaning the ability of a Regional Government's operating cash flow to pay for every Rp. 1,- of current debt owned using operating cash of Rp. 2.31,-. The leverage ratio measured is the Short Term Debt to Long Term Debt Ratio of 1.00. The debt ratio measured is the Total Liabilities to Current Assets Ratio. The average is 1.24 and the average Current Liabilities to Total Asset Ratio is 0.05, meaning that for every R.1,- debt is guaranteed by total assets of Rp.0.05,- The productivity ratio measured is Current Assets to Total Assets Ratio . The average is 0.04, meaning that for every Rp. 1,- current assets used for operational activities is Rp. 0.04,- Quick Asset to Inventory Ratio, the average is 2.67. The operating ratios measured include the average Earning Power of Total Investment of 0.10. The average financial independence ratio is 0.11 or 11%. From the aspect of relationship patterns and level of capability, the region is in the very low category with an instructive relationship pattern. The Public Participation Level Ratio is 0.07. This ratio shows the level of public participation in paying taxes, in this case all regional tax revenues, tax revenue sharing, both central and provincial. The higher the ratio value of the level of public participation of a Regional Government, the better it will be. From the calculation results it can be seen that for every Rp. 1,- Revenue, which comes from taxes is Rp. 0.07,- Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) for the Regional Government of Sambas Regency, the average for 2017-2021 is 2.79 or still above the minimum requirement of 2.5 as regulated in PP No. 107 of 2000 concerning Regional Loans article 6 letter b. However, in 2020 the DSCR was 2.35 and in 2021 it was 1.79, which is below the minimum requirements as regulated in PP 107/2000. This condition is caused by the relatively increasing number of regional loans from year to year. So the regional government for the coming year must ensure that the DSCR is still at the minimum limit outlined by the central government because if loans continue to increase there will be concerns that the Sambas Regency Regional Government will not be able to meet mandatory spending as regulated by PP 30/2011 concerning regional loans explanation of article 15 paragraph (1) letter b.

Research on Smart Community Management in the Era of Internet Plus +

As more and more attention has been paid to community governance, how to ensure the safety and comfort of residents’ lives and enhance the level of public participation by improving the intelligence of the community has become a hot issue. The traditional smart community operation management theory only considers a few interest subjects but does not pay attention to multi-interest subjects, and most studies do not involve the Internet Plus relationship of multi-interest subjects.Based on this, the main elements of smart community operation are identified from the perspective of “demand-supply-regulation” of community smart operation, the interest subjects of smart community operation are investigated in depth, the relationship matrix is constructed and the social Internet Plus structure diagram is drawn. Besides, UCINET 6.0 software is employed to analyze the density, centrality and influence of Internet Plus, identify the key factors, and put forward multi-dimensional policy suggestions, thus providing theoretical support for the coordinated development of the smart community with multi-party participation..

Public Perception of Climate Risk, Environmental Image, and Corporate Green Investment

Climate risk has garnered greater attention in recent years, increasing the public’s demand for climate change information. Public attention to climate risk has also increased corporate environmental governance pressure, which inevitably has an impact on the green investment of enterprises. To deepen the understanding of the issue, this article uses Chinese A-share listed manufacturing companies as a research sample from 2018 to 2022 to investigate the impact of public climate risk perception on corporate green investment. This research found that public perception of climate risk can help to promote green investment among enterprises; its route of action is generally achieved through green technological innovation; and an environmentally conscious image can strengthen the promotion effect of the public perception of climate risk on green investment. Further, public perceptions of climate risk contribute more to corporate green investment and the moderating effect of environmental image is more significant in regions with low levels of environmental regulation. This study not only helps to improve the level of public participation in climate governance, but also accounts for environmental regulation limitations. Clear enterprise differentiation and preventive green investment have a positive impact on enterprises and has the ability to improve climate governance and help companies consciously fulfill their environmental responsibility.

Utilizing data platform management to implement “5W” analysis framework for preventing and controlling corruption in grassroots government

In the era of information technology advancement, big data analysis has emerged as a crucial tool for government governance. Despite this, corruption remains a challenge at the grass-roots level, primarily attributed to information asymmetry. To enhance the efficacy of corruption prevention and control in grass-roots government, this study introduces the concept of data platform management and integrates it with the “5W” (Who, What, When, Where, Why) analysis framework. The research is motivated by the observation that existing studies on corruption prevention primarily concentrate on the formulation of laws and regulations, neglecting the potential improvement in actual effectiveness through the utilization of data platforms and analytical frameworks. The research employs methodologies grounded in the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analysis framework, the Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA) cycle analysis framework, and the 5W analysis framework. Throughout the iterative process of implementing data platform management, various timeframes are established, and the impact of the three models is evaluated using indicators such as public participation and government satisfaction. The research reveals that the SWOT framework can formulate targeted strategies, the PDCA framework continuously optimizes work processes, and the 5W framework profoundly explores the root causes of corruption. The outcomes indicate a 10.76% increase in the public participation level score with the 5W model, rising from 71.67%, and a 23.24% increase in the governance efficiency score, reaching 66.12%. The SWOT model excels in case handling prescription and corruption reporting rate. The synergistic application of the three models demonstrates a positive impact. In conclusion, the amalgamation of data platform management and a multi-model approach effectively enhances the corruption prevention capabilities of grass-roots governments, offering insights for the establishment of transparent and efficient grass-roots governance.

Value Perception, Government Regulation, and Farmers’ Behavior toward Continuing to Maintain the Sloping Land Conversion Program

As a major ecological project with the largest investment scale, strongest policy support, most extensive involvement, and the highest level of public participation in the world, the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) implemented by China is important for protecting the ecological environment and achieving long-term stability. Consolidating the SLCP’s achievements is key to its sustainable operation. Based on a sample of 612 farmers in Guizhou Province, this paper discusses the impact of value perception and government regulation on farmers’ behavior in terms of their continued SLCP maintenance. The results show that (1) value perception and government regulation are important factors affecting the sustainability of farmers’ behavior of continuing to maintain the SLCP. Perceived economic value and perceived cost input, as dimensions of value perception, and policy publicity and economic incentives, as dimensions of government regulation, have important influences on farmers’ continued SLCP maintenance. (2) There are complementary effects between value perception and government regulation. Policy publicity and perceived ecological value, technical guidance and perceived economic and social value, and economic incentives and perceived economic value can have complementary effects on farmers’ continued maintenance behavior. (3) Value perception and government regulation heterogeneously impact different groups of farmers. In terms of intergenerational differences, perceived cost inputs and punitive measures significantly affect only new-generation farmers. In terms of farmer type, perceived economic value does not significantly affect nonfarmers; perceived cost input significantly affects part-time farmers engaged mainly in off-farm employment, and technical guidance and economic incentives have the greatest impact on pure farmers. In terms of tree species, perceived cost input and policy publicity significantly impact only ecological forest farmers, while technical guidance has a greater impact on economic forest farmers. The findings provide an in-depth understanding of the mechanism underlying farmers’ behavior in maintaining the SLCP and offer a reference for promoting the goals of forestry ecological policies against the background of rural revitalization and green development.

Sustainable political commitment is necessary for institutionalizing community participation in health policy-making: Insights from Iran

BackgroundCommunity participation is currently utilized as a national strategy to promote public health and mitigate health inequalities across the world. While community participation is acknowledged as a civic right in the Constitution of Iran and other related upstream documents, the government has typically failed in translating, integrating and implementing community participation in health system policy. The present study was conducted to determine the level of public voice consideration within the health policy in Iran and address fundamental interventions required to promote the public voice in the context of Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI). This study has originality because there is no study that addresses the requirements of institutionalizing community participation especially in low-middle-income countries, so Iran’s experience can be useful for other countries.MethodsMethodologically, this study utilized a multi-method and multi-strand sequential research design, including qualitative, comparative and documentary studies. In the first phase, the current level of community participation in the health policy cycle of Iran was identified using the International Association for Public Participation (IAP2) spectrum. In the second phase, a comparative study was designed to identify relevant interventions to promote the community participation level in the selected countries under study. In the third phase, a qualitative study was conducted to address the barriers, facilitators and strategies for improving the level of public participation. Accordingly, appropriate interventions and policy options were recommended. Interventions were reviewed in a policy dialogue with policy-makers and community representatives, and their effectiveness, applicability and practical feasibility were evaluated.ResultsBased on the IAP2 spectrum, the level of community participation in the health policy-making process is non-participation, while empowerment is set at the highest level in the upstream documents. Moreover, capacity-building, demand, mobilization of the local population, provision of resources and setting a specific structure were found to be among the key interventions to improve the level of community participation in Iran’s health sector. More importantly, “political will for action” was identified as the driving force for implementing the necessary health interventions.ConclusionsTo sum up, a paradigm shift in the governing social, economic and political philosophy; establishing a real-world and moral dialogue and communication between the government and the society; identifying and managing the conflicts of interest in the leading stockholders of the healthcare system; and, more importantly, maintaining a stable political will for action are integral to promote and institutionalize participatory governance in the health sector of Iran. All of the above will lead us to scheme, implement and institutionalize suitable interventions for participatory governance in health and medicine.

THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN KAZAKHSTAN: THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN KAZAKHSTAN

The article is devoted to the analysis of the problems of formation and development of the institute of local self-government in Kazakhstan. I analyze the current state of local self-government in Kazakhstan, political-administrative, socio-economic problems and problems related to the participation of the population in self-government are identified. With the help of a sociological survey of experts, the identified problems are clarified. In conclusion, the author suggests a number of measures that will help improve the situation in local self-government, including strengthening the legal framework, increasing the efficiency of budget financing and increasing the level of public participation in local self-government affairs. The article may be of interest to specialists engaged in the study of the local government system.

Strategic-Competitiveness for Socio-Economic Development: Unlocking the Potential of Gorontalo Province in the Context of the Nusantara Capital Integrated Development (IKN)

The development of the Capital City of Nusantara (IKN) in East Kalimantan Province was an important turning point in Indonesia's development model. As one of its close neighbors, Gorontalo Province has great potential to contribute to developing IKN. Cohesion between Gorontalo Province and IKN is key to achieving its socio-economic development goals. However, Gorontalo Province still faces problems in economic development, public services, and MSMEs, including slow local economic development, inadequate infrastructure, low community competitiveness, high levels of poverty, and socio-economic problems. This study aims to analyze the problems and potential of the Gorontalo Provincial Government in its contribution and cohesion to the socio-economic development of IKN. Through a well-being methodology (WM) approach combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, three main dimensions are emphasized: perception, participation and community acceptability of competitive strategies to provide a holistic and participatory understanding of welfare aspects. The study found that the people of Gorontalo have a positive view of IKN, with the hope that the Gorontalo Provincial Government can strengthen its contribution through improving the quality of human resources, infrastructure and economic competitiveness to support the socio-economic development of IKN. Interestingly, most respondents were generation Z. This shows that most of Gorontalo's young generation were involved in this research. In essence, the Gorontalo Provincial Government faces challenges in its contribution and cohesion to the socio-economic development of IKN, with low levels of public participation and a lack of public understanding of the benefits of development. Therefore, intensive efforts are needed in socialization, education, and public involvement to increase participation and strengthen the IKN development process. The Gorontalo Provincial Government is advised to design an integrated competitive strategy, focusing on increasing public perception through socialization, building trust, fostering public participation, and increasing the acceptability of IKN development.

From Spectator to Participant: How New Media Ignites the Innovative Potential of Public Design Participation

In the age of new media, the boundaries between content creators and consumers have blurred, allowing for an unprecedented level of public participation in design. This paper delves into the transformative power of new media platforms and tools that have reshaped the landscape of design, moving from a traditionally passive audience to an active and engaged public body. Through an exploration of case studies and emerging trends, we highlight the innovative potential unlocked when the public is actively involved in design processes. While the benefits are manifold, challenges related to quality control and the balance between professional and public input are also discussed. Embracing these changes, understanding the dynamic nature of design in the new media era, and harnessing the collective power of the public will pave the way for more inclusive, innovative, and forward-thinking design solutions.

KAJIAN KEBIJAKAN VAKSINASI TERHADAP ANGKA PENURUNAN CORONA VIRUS 19 BERBASIS BIG DATA TABLEAU ANALISIS DI INDONESIA 2023

This study analyzes Minister of Health Regulation Number 10 of 2021, which focuses on COVID-19 vaccination implementation in Indonesia. The research combines qualitative and quantitative data using Big Data Analysis techniques such as data mining and text mining. The study reveals that the graph comparison of fully vaccinated individuals in Indonesia demonstrates a reduction in new cases of the COVID-19 variant, indicating a high level of public participation in the vaccination policy. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the vaccination program in combating the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia

An evolutionary game for the behavior of third-party evaluators in pension public–private partnership incorporating public participation

This study analyzes the impact of public participation on the choice of third-party evaluators' behavior strategies during the service quality supervision process of China's pension public–private partnership project. An evolutionary game model between third-party evaluators and government regulators is developed, wherein the evolution rule of the two sides and public participation’s influence on their behavior under the two different conditions are analyzed, and a numerical simulation is carried out using MATLAB 2016a. It is found that third-party evaluators may choose the false evaluation strategy without public participation because of the inducement of rent-seeking or insufficient government punishment when the regulatory revenue of the government regulatory agencies is less than the regulatory cost. In contrast, in the case of public participation, the true evaluation strategy is chosen with an improvement in the level of public participation or an increase in reputation incentive. This suggests the construction and improvement of a third-party evaluation system, which shows that the construction of the service quality supervision system in China’s pension PPP project has a large operating space.

Learning to live with COVID-19 in Norway: Moving from a pandemic to an endemic state

ObjectivesTo analyze the relationship between the stringency of policies that focus on containment, mitigation and elimination and practices to change behavior implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic and apparent impacts in the Norwegian population and society. In particular, to consider how the escalation and de-escalation of policy stringency relates to both health and non-health societal factors. MethodsObservational analysis of publicly available statistics, government documents and media sources. ResultsThe stringency of policies relating to social containment, mitigation and elimination and practices to change behaviour were linked to infection rates and pressures on the health system until the endemic phase of COVID-19. In the endemic phase all restrictions were removed despite high levels of infection justified on the basis of the success of the vaccination programme. ConclusionsIn the Norwegian context containment policies were highly effective in limiting both infections and deaths from COVID-19 and more so than reliance on vaccinations alone despite high levels of public participation. In part this is due to the significant trust in the state apparent in Norway that leads to compliance with even highly restrictive policies. Therefore compliance may be more important than the level of stringency in explaining the consequence of public policies on pandemic outcomes.

ANALYSIS OF E-TILANG WEBSITE AT STATE ATTORNEY AT BATU CITY

The E-ticket website is an E-government innovation by the Indonesian government that aims to help people pay ticket fines, avoid extortion, and increase accountability, transparency and fairness. The Attorney General's Office for Batu, East Java Province, has implemented this innovation, but the results have not been optimal. This is due to a lack of Human Resources from the community as users and the lack of socialization about the importance of implementing E-tickets. This study aims to find out how E-government can be implemented at the Batu State Prosecutor's Office in East Java Province through the E-tilang website. In addition, it will also identify factors that support and hinder the implementation of E-government. This analysis uses the successful elements of e-government development according to the Harvard JFK School of Government, namely Support, Capacity, and Value. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation. Based on the results of the study, the Support variable is good, because support, allocation of human resources, and outreach have been carried out by the Batu State Prosecutor's Office. Variable Capacity is also sufficient, with available financial resources and technological infrastructure. However, the Value variable is not yet optimal, due to the low level of public participation as well as technical problems and features for refunding overpaid fines on the E-ticket website which are not yet available. This has become an obstacle in the implementation of E-government through E-tickets at the Batu State Prosecutor's Office, East Java Province.