Levels-of-processing Effect Research Articles

Level of processing affects priming in word fragment completion.

In 4 experiments, Ss studied words under learning conditions that promoted semantic or physical processing. An implicit word fragment completion test was administered (e.g., complete 1 ph t for elephant). When semantic and physical study conditions were manipulated between Ss (Experiments 1 and 3) or within Ss in a blocked fashion (Experiments 3 and 4), significant levels of processing (LOP) effects were obtained. When semantic and physical conditions were presented in a mixed list (Experiments 2, 3, and 4), the LOP effect was smaller and not significant. A survey of the literature on LOP effects in implicit perceptual tests revealed that priming in these tests was consistently greater in the semantic than physical condition, with reports of statistically significant LOP effects

Depth of processing approach to face recognition: A test of two theories.

Three experiments investigated feature quantity and semantic quality accounts for level of processing effects in face recognition

The relation between processing difficulty and cued recall in children and adults

The developmental relation between processing difficulty and cued recall was examined in five experiments. Processing difficulty was manipulated in Experiment 1 by asking related (“How many are related?”), category (“How many are vehicles?”), general (“How many move?”), and analytic (“How many usually carry freight?”) orienting questions about four-word stimuli in which the words were categorically related (Bus-Airplane-Car-Train) or unrelated. The measures of difficulty were the accuracy and speed of question answer. Cued recall for the targets (train) was assessed for one-word (Bus) or two-word (Bus-Airplane) cues, which were varied to determine if difficulty affected constructability or discriminability in retrieval. Similarly, the cues were category names in Experiment 2, and retrieval orienting questions were provided in Experiment 3, also as ways of distinguishing between constructability and discriminability. No orienting questions were asked in Experiment 4, and a divided attention task was employed in Experiment 5, to gain direct evidence about the effects of processing difficulty. The results showed that recall varied with processing difficulty for both children and college students in some situations, primarily due to enhanced cue discriminability. However, the relation between processing difficulty and developmental increases in recall seemed to be mediated by constructability problems and resource-limited and data-limited aspects of the task situation.

Does charm need depth? Similarity and levels-of-processing effects in cued recall.

Does charm need depth? Similarity and levels-of-processing effects in cued recall.

Levels of Processing Effects on the Immediate and Delayed Recall of Prose

Levels of processing is an explanatory framework which postulates that differences in memorial processing quality and/or effort affect the duration of the memory trace. Using recall (immediate, one week, two week) for connected discourse processed under three semantic and three orthographic interference conditions as well as a “normal” control, hypotheses of superior delayed recall for semantic processing conditions and “reversals” from immediate to delayed recall were tested. Results were consistent with a semantic elaboration notion, but the reversals suggested by the other studies (e. g., Pellegrino, Siegel & Dhawan) were not found to be statistically reliable. Alternative hypotheses are considered.