Levels Of Prejudice Research Articles

Social attitudes and values of children in new realities

Introduction. The problem of shaping social attitudes and life values is currently being brought up to date by the social changes caused by the crisis in political and public life, which entails the destruction of habitual stereotypes. Children are faced with the challenge of finding their place in a rapidly changing world. The aim of this article is to explore the social attitudes and life values of children from the Kherson region. Research methodology and methodologies. The research methodological basis is the systematic approach of B. F. Lomov. The research involved 221 children from the Kherson region on holiday in children’s health camps in the Republic of Crimea. The age of the participants ranged from 7 to 17 years old. The empirical basis consisted of methods: the author’s observation card for the students’ state and behavior, questionnaire to measure general social attitudes in children E. Frankel-Brunswick, associative experiment, test “Meaning-Life Orientations” in the adaptation of D.A. Leontiev, I. G. Senin’s questionnaire terminal values. For statistical processing of the research materials the calculation of descriptive statistics (M±SD), Pearson correlation analysis (r) and analysis of variance (F) were applied. Results. The study was conducted within the framework of the project "Center for Human Social Identification" (Priority-2030). Based on the analysis of the observation map, respondents revealed disturbed or unstable behavior (22.5%), sleep disorders (16.5%), attention disorders (16.5%), learning difficulties (16.5%), aggressiveness (15%), acute feeling of loneliness (10.5%), isolation, refusal of communication (10.5%), frequent headaches, abdominal pain (10.5%), communication disorders (8.6%), helplessness (6.6%), anxiety, fear for loved ones left in their small homeland (6%), self-destructive behavior (5.3%), memory impairment (3.7%), tremor, tics (3%), which indicates psychophysical stress and insufficient adaptation to the new social situation of development, low level of prejudice, orientation of goals for the future, dissatisfaction with life "here and now". The most relevant areas for them are training, education and professional life. Analysis of the results of E. Frenkel-Brunswick questionnaire to measure the children's general social attitudes showed that the majority of children revealed extremely low (23.8%), low (33.3%) and lowered (38%) levels of prejudice. The average level of prejudice was recorded at 4.9%. Statistically significant correlations between the indicators of behavioural and emotional disorders were recorded. The analysis of descriptive statistics calculated taking into account the gender of the respondents showed that there were no significant differences between the subgroups of girls and boys in terms of the indicators included in the analysis. Conclusion. Children from the Kherson region have an acute need to learn about the new social reality and hope that the Russian Federation will become their second homeland, bringing peace and stability. The data obtained in the research can be used by psychologists working in the educational system to develop recommendations to optimize the process of adaptation of children from the Kherson region, to develop programmes aimed at their adaptation and socialization, one of the most important points in which will be teaching the Russian language and culture, especially to the migrant children.

A war on prejudice: The role of media salience in reducing ethnic prejudice.

Ethnic prejudice poses a great challenge to the cohesion of current multicultural societies. Prior research has found that media portrayals of immigration-related issues might skew individual attitudes and feelings toward ethnic minorities. While these studies have focused on negative representations of ethnic minorities, less is known about the effects of media reports of unfortunate events affecting the victims of war, as in the case of the Ukrainian group in the Russia-Ukraine war. Therefore, the current research aims to examine whether media salience of this situation might change adolescents' ethnic prejudice against the Ukrainian minority. A total of 1016 ethnic-majority Italian adolescents (Mage = 15.66, SDage = 1.17, 49.61% females) completed online questionnaires during school hours before (T1: January/February 2022) and after (T2: April/May 2022) the Russia-Ukraine war onset. Additionally, the media salience of the war was quantified separately for the national newspaper and Twitter. Levels of prejudice significantly decreased from T1 to T2 for multiple ethnic minority groups but especially so for the Ukrainian group. The results of bivariate Latent Change Score models highlighted that increased salience of the war in the national newspaper was significantly associated with decreased prejudice against Ukrainians, regardless of adolescents' levels of self-reported newspaper consumption. Conversely, changes in the salience of the war on Twitter were not associated with changes in prejudice. These findings highlight the importance of media attention for the war's victims in skewing individuals' outgroup perceptions and feelings.

The effects of social support and social prejudice on emotional affect among drug users: the mediating role of resilience

ABSTRACT Objective Emotional affect plays an important role in the process of drug use. The aim of this study was to investigate how social support and social prejudice are associated with emotional affect among drug users in rehabilitation center, and to examine the mediating role of resilience. Methods 316 drug users were investigated using the subscales of positive affect, negative affect, social support, social prejudice, and resilience of the multidimensional psychological scale. Results The results revealed a significant link between social support and positive affect experienced by drug users. Moreover, resilience mediated the relationships between social support and both positive affect and negative affect. The results also demonstrated that there was a significant association between social prejudice and negative affect of drug users, resilience was found to mediate the relationships between social prejudice and both positive affect and negative affect. Conclusions Results have shown that social factors are closely related to drug users’ emotional affect. High levels of social support and low levels of social prejudice can improve their affective states, and resilience plays a mediating role in this process.

Adolescent friendship, cross-sexuality ties, and attitudes toward sexual minorities: A social network approach to intergroup contact

Social ties between members of in- and outgroups are theorized to reduce individual levels of prejudice. However, instances of intergroup contact are not isolated events; cross-group interactions are embedded in broader networks defined by various social processes that guide the formation and maintenance of interpersonal relationships. This project reconsiders the potential benefits of intergroup contact by applying a network perspective to examine whether friendships between youth of different sexualities can shape individuals’ homophobic attitudes. The impact of cross-sexuality ties is evaluated through the application of stochastic actor-oriented models (SAOMs) to a two-wave sample of Dutch adolescents. Results indicate that the benefits of cross-sexuality connections become negligible when we account for how patterns of network connectivity and segregation are informed by other individual-level traits, such as age, religious background, ethnicity, and gender. In other words, heterosexual adolescents who are situated in network positions that provide opportunities to form cross-sexuality friendships would be expected to report less homophobic attitudes even in the absence of this intergroup contact. These findings suggest that the cross-sexuality contact observed in the social world often represents instances of “preaching to the choir,” limiting the potential for intergroup connections to challenge systems of social inequality.

Acknowledging Stigma: Levels of Prejudice among Undergraduate Nursing Students toward People Living with a Mental Illness—A Quasi-Experimental Single-Group Study

Introduction The undergraduate mental health nursing course may be an optimal time to cultivate students’ positive attitudes toward people living with a mental illness. Aim To determine the impact of an undergraduate mental health nursing course on students’ attitudes toward people living with a mental illness, depression, and schizophrenia. Method A quasi-experimental single-group pretest posttest study was conducted using a sample of undergraduate nursing students in New York City (N = 44). Self-reported measures of prejudice toward those living with a mental illness were collected at the beginning of a mental health nursing course and again at its conclusion. Results A statistically significant decrease in prejudice scores was found concerning mental illness (p = .03, d = 0.23), depression (p = .01, d = 0.31), and schizophrenia (p = .013, d = 0.34). Subscale analysis revealed significant decreases in the fear/avoidance and unpredictability subscales. Yet no significant change was found in the subscales of authoritarianism and malevolence for any of the three conditions. Discussion A mental health course led to a modest decrease in prejudice. However, certain facets of prejudice remain unchanged. Implications for Practice Major curricular reform is needed to optimize the impact of undergraduate nursing education.

The Consequences of Hate Crime Victimization: Considering Prejudicial Attitudes as an Outcome of Interracial Bias-Motivated Conflict

Objectives: While extant research has largely framed prejudicial attitudes as a precursor to hate crime offending, the current research considers the possibility that negative outgroup attitudes may also be an important consequence of hate crime victimization as well. Methods: Using survey data from 3,183 respondents across the United States, this research employs a series of regression models to examine the relationship between hate crime victimization and three different types of prejudicial attitudes: anti-Asian xenophobia, anti-Hispanic xenophobia, and anti-Black prejudice. Results: Results indicate that hate crime victimization is significantly and positively associated with all three prejudicial attitudes, such that those who experienced a hate crime are more likely to report higher levels of anti-Asian xenophobia ( b = .455; p < .001), anti-Hispanic xenophobia ( b = .408; p < .001), and anti-Black prejudice ( b = .360; p < .001). Results also indicate that these patterns are both offender race-specific and stronger for more recent victimization, compared to less recent victimization. Conclusions: When interpreting these results within a pattern matching framework, we argue that they suggest important initial evidence that prejudice may not be just a precursor to hate crime offending, but also a possible consequence of hate crime victimization, thus implying a potentially cyclical relationship between intergroup offending and victimization that should be the subject of future research.

Public support for affirmative action policies favouring women and migrants in recruitment processes: An international survey experiment

Affirmative action policies (AAP) polarise the public debate in Western democracies as they involve favouring one candidate at the cost of others because of their group membership. Against this backdrop, we ran a factorial survey experiment in Denmark, France and Germany on the introduction of a hypothetical regulation favouring women and immigrants with equal qualifications in the recruitment process for a management position (N = 4264; YouGov online panel). Our data show that support for AAP for women is significantly greater than for immigrants in all three countries. Moreover, support for AAP is much higher in France than in Germany and Denmark. Germans and Danes show similar low support for AAP for immigrants, while support for AAP for women is higher in Germany than Denmark. We conducted multilevel regression models to investigate the power of several attitudinal factors in explaining target group and country differences. Results show that respondents’ varying levels of ethnic and gender prejudice and perceived disadvantage entirely explain target group differences in support for AAP. Furthermore, differences between Germany and Denmark in the support of AAP for women are explained by different levels of prejudices and perceived disadvantage, and attitudes towards state intervention. However, these attitudinal variables cannot explain why support for AAP is much higher in France.

Implicit and explicit racial prejudice among medical professionals: updated estimates from a population-based study

Prior research provides evidence of implicit and explicit anti-Black prejudice among US physicians. However, we know little about whether racialized prejudice varies among physicians and non-physician healthcare workers relative to the general population. Using ordinary least squares models and data from Harvard's Project Implicit (2007-2019), we assessed the associations between self-reported occupational status (physician, non-physician healthcare worker) and implicit (N=1,500,268) and explicit prejudice (N=1,429,677) toward Black, Arab-Muslim, Asian, and Native American populations, net of demographic characteristics. We used STATA 17 for all statistical analyses. Physicians and non-physician healthcare workers exhibited more implicit and explicit anti-Black and anti-Arab-Muslim prejudice than the general population. After controlling for demographics, these differences became non-significant for physicians but remained for non-physician healthcare workers (β=0.027 and 0.030, p<0.01). Demographic controls largely explained anti-Asian prejudice among both groups, and physicians and non-physician healthcare workers exhibited comparatively lower (β=-0.124, p<0.01) and similar levels of anti-Native implicit prejudice, respectively. Finally, white non-physician healthcare workers exhibited the highest levels of anti-Black prejudice. Demographic characteristics explained racialized prejudice among physicians, but not fully among non-physician healthcare workers. More research is needed to understand the causes and consequences of elevated levels of prejudice among non-physician healthcare workers. By acknowledging implicit and explicit prejudice as important reflections of systemic racism, this study highlights the need to understand the role of healthcare providers and systems in generating health disparities. UW-Madison Centennial Scholars Program, Society of Family Planning Research Fund, UW Center for Demography and Ecology, the County Health Rankings and Roadmaps Program and the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

The Research of The Resocialization on Released Juvenile Delinquents Under Stigma

The heavy difficulty faced by released juvenile delinquents of resocialization and the risk of destroying social order plague individual happiness and social harmony. It is of great significance to promote resocialization for the healthy development of the individual released juvenile delinquent and the harmony and stability of society. Through the literature research method, the author defines the concept of juvenile delinquency, clarifies the research scope of this paper, and studies and analyzes the different types of stigmatization of juvenile delinquency and the different levels of support needed in the process of socialization. Finally, the study found that released juvenile delinquents are negatively affected by the three levels of stereotype, prejudice and discrimination, which seriously hinders the integration of released juvenile delinquents into society, that is, resocialization. In the process of the resocialization of released juvenile delinquents, the support provided by the three levels of family, society and personal psychology plays an almost decisive role. Based on the above findings, the following recommendations are made: 1. Establish a social acceptance mechanism for released juvenile delinquents. 2. Build a family perception of the identity acceptance of released juvenile delinquents. 3. Enhance the emotional openness of released juvenile delinquents.

The Role of Morality and Religiosity in Ethnic and Homophobic Prejudice Among Teachers

The role of moral disengagement strategies and religiosity related to ethnic and homophobic prejudice were investigated in a sample of 550 Italian secondary school teachers (76.4% female, age range: 20–70; M = 46.18) who completed the teachers’ attitudes towards the representation of homosexuality in film and television scale; the Italian version of the moral disengagement scale; the subtle and blatant prejudice scales; and three items to evaluate their religiosity. Evidence suggests that moral disengagement processes matter for subtle ethnic prejudice, but not for blatant ethnic prejudice or homophobic prejudice. Results based on a structural equation model show that teachers who are more prone to use moral disengagement mechanisms have higher levels of subtle ethnic prejudice, while teachers who are older and more religious have higher levels of homophobic prejudice. The results of a multiple group structural equation model showed that high versus low levels of religiosity among teachers did not moderate the strength of these associations. Theoretical and educational implications are discussed.

Prejudice toward people with borderline personality disorder: Application of the prejudice toward people with mental illness framework.

People living with borderline personality disorder (BPD) face high levels of prejudice and discrimination from both the community and medical professionals, but no measure of prejudice toward people living with BPD exists. The current study aimed to adapt an existing Prejudice toward People with Mental Illness (PPMI) scale and investigate the structure and nomological network of prejudice toward people with BPD. The original 28-item PPMI scale was adapted to create the Prejudice toward People with Borderline Personality Disorder (PPBPD) scale. The scale and related measures were completed by three samples: 217 medical or clinical psychology students, 303 psychology undergraduate students, and 314 adults from the general population. The original four-factor structure of the PPMI was supported in the PPBPD scale. Reported prejudice toward people with BPD was more negative than prejudice toward people with mental illness in general. The association of the PPBPD scale with antecedents and consequences was assessed, including social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, ethnocentrism, personality traits, empathy, prior contact, and feelings toward other stigmatized groups and mental illnesses. This study provided evidence for the validity and psychometric properties of the PPBPD scale across three samples and investigated anticipated relationships with theoretically related antecedents and consequences. This research will help improve understanding of the expressions underlying prejudice toward people with BPD.

GENDER PREJUDICES TOWARD FEMALE SCIENTISTS’ POSITION IN THE FAMILY AND THE WORKPLACE

Based on the results of a quantitative survey of the subject "Gender prejudice against women in the field of science and technology" conducted by the Vietnam Women's Academy in 2021, the article analyzes gender stereotypes about the position of female scientists in the family and workplace. Research results show that the level of prejudice towards the position of female scientists in the family and the workplace is at an average level. However, a part of the respondents still have prejudiced thinking about the position of female scientists in the family as the keepers of the fire, keeping the family happy; putting family above career and in a position to support their husband's success rather than valuing their career. In addition, the research team also found some stereotypes towards the position of female scientists in the workplace such as women are suitable for professional positions, men suitable for professional leadership positions; women are more suitable for professional jobs than for management positions; Women are more suitable for deputy than the chief, especially in the fields of natural sciences, engineering, and technology.

Introduction: Assimilation, integration or transnationalism? An overview of theories of migrant incorporation

Introduction: Assimilation, integration or transnationalism? An overview of theories of migrant incorporation

Distrusted disclosures: Deception drives anti-transgender but not anti-atheist prejudice.

Transgender individuals face high levels of prejudice in interpersonal relationships. However, limited experimental research has examined the role of identity disclosure on anti-transgender prejudice. Drawing upon research on distrust and identity disclosure, two between-participants experiments (total n = 802) examined the role of intentional and unintentional identity disclosure on negative attitudes (Studies 1 & 2), perceived deception (Studies 1 & 2) and distrust (Study 2) toward two potentially concealable and historically distrusted identities (transgender and atheist). Specifically, the current studies examine the impact of a target's stigmatized identity (transgender or atheist) and method of disclosure (intentional or unintentional) on perceptions of the target, perceived deceptiveness, and distrust toward the target. Our findings demonstrated that compared to atheists, transgender targets elicited greater levels of prejudice and were viewed as more deceptive, and that this effect was amplified if the target did not intentionally reveal their identity. Study 2 demonstrated that perceived deception mediated the relationship between reveal type (i.e., intentional vs. unintentional) and prejudice toward participants who read about a transgender (but not atheist) target. We discuss the implications of these findings for reducing prejudice toward binary transgender individuals, particularly those who do not voluntarily disclose their identity.

Relations between positive and negative extended contact experiences and prejudice in host society and refugees: Effects of positive and negative direct contact

ObjectiveIn a migration context, we analyzed interaction effects of positive and negative extended contact and between valenced-extended and valenced-direct contact on prejudice in the acculturation process between host society members and refugees. MethodsTwo studies analyzed relations between valenced-extended contact and prejudice in German majority group members (N = 389, Study 1) and refugees (N = 816, Study 2). Regression models tested valenced-extended contact effects, interactions between valenced-extended contacts, and moderation by valenced-direct contact. ResultsInteraction analyses showed significant interactions between valenced-extended contact experiences in both samples. Furthermore, analyses showed that positive direct contact can facilitate prejudice reduction through positive extended contact in majority group members and buffers the relation between positive extended contact and lower levels of prejudice in minority group members. Negative direct contact was found to be positively associated with prejudice through negative extended contact but was unable to affect the relations between positive extended contact and lower levels of prejudice. ConclusionInteractions between positive and negative extended contact and their interactions with valenced-direct contact are significantly associated with prejudice in majority and minority group members. Valenced-direct contact can facilitate or buffer the effects of valenced-extended contact and interactions have a significant impact on prejudice especially if valence of contact experiences is matched.

I won't listen if I think we're losing our way: How right-wing authoritarianism affects the response to different anti-prejudice messages.

Prejudice reduction messages have been shown to be effective through changing norms. Previous research suggests that Right Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) moderates the reaction to these messages, but it is unclear whether individuals high in RWA are more or less sensitive to prejudice-reduction campaigns. This research used the social identity approach to investigate the role of RWA in moderating the reactions to messages that look to reduce support for prejudicial policies and associated prejudice against an ethnoreligious group (Muslims). Americans (N = 388) were presented with statements on a real, proposed ban on Muslim immigration into the US from an in-group member (i.e., an American freight worker who disapproves of the Muslim ban), outgroup member (an Iraqi refugee who is in favour if the Muslim ban), or both, or control message. Those high in RWA showed consistently high levels of prejudice against Muslims in all conditions, but those low in RWA showed lower prejudice when presented with the anti-prejudice message from an in-group member (compared to control). This suggests that anti-prejudice messages primarily affect those with low RWA, clarifying that RWA likely leads to resistance to anti-prejudice messages regardless of the source. Future research aiming to reduce prejudice should examine how messages can be tailored to reduce prejudice in those with high RWA.

Treinamento de habilidades sociais como estratégia de combate ao preconceito contra a diversidade sexual e de gênero

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to verify the effectiveness of a social skills training program to reduce prejudice against sexual diversity. Method A total of 22 adolescents aged between 14 and 17 years who were 9th grade public school students, participated. The assessment instruments were the Social Skills Inventory for adolescents and the Scale of Prejudice Against Sexual and Gender Diversity. Both instruments were applied before and after training. Results The results indicated a significant reduction in the levels of prejudice against sexual and gender diversity, an increase in the frequency of the issuance of skills related to assertiveness, an affective approach and social resourcefulness and a decrease in the difficulties related to civility. Conclusion The social skills training program proved to be effective, indicating that this is a viable tool for greater acceptance of sexual and gender diversity.

Preconceito e Normas Igualitárias: Análises a Partir do Julgamento Moral

Abstract Based on the social psychology of development, this study investigated whether differences in moral reasoning would imply differences in prejudice, conforming with an egalitarian norm and in the use of moral justifications for the suppression of prejudice. A total of 555 Brazilians participated in this study, the final sample being composed of 500 Brazilians, who answered an online questionnaire with measurements used to assess the variables of interest in the research. Based on descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, the results indicated a relationship between differences in moral judgment and differences in the level of prejudice, in accordance with the egalitarian norm and the use of moral justifications. The results are discussed from the perspective of social psychology and moral development.

Fragile Heterosexuality: A Cross-cultural Study Between Germany and Italy

Prior research in the UK and the USA found that heterosexual identity was perceived as more easily compromised than gay identity: a finding dubbed the “Fragile Heterosexuality” effect. However, there is as yet no evidence that this effect occurs outside the USA and UK. With representative samples from Germany (N = 1236) and Italy (N = 1249), we investigated the fragile heterosexuality effect using participants’ agreement with gender-neutral statements about the perceived fragility of sexual orientation of others. We found evidence supporting the fragile heterosexuality effect in both countries. We also investigated six possible moderators of the effect. Higher estimates of gay/lesbian population weakened the effect, and higher levels of anti-gay prejudice strengthened the effect. Contact (quantity/quality), right wing authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation did not moderate the effect. These findings contribute to previous literature by highlight that the fragile heterosexuality effect appears across countries of diverse LGBTQ friendliness and languages, and also suggest plausible explanations for the effect.

Rasch Model Analysis of the Social Prejudice Scale

The measurement of social prejudice requires valid and reliable instruments to produce objective data. Tests of validity and reliability with classical theory on the instrument were found to have many weaknesses that required in-depth analysis so that the data obtained were not biased. This study aims to analyze the social prejudice scale of students by using the Rasch model approach. 50 respondents were taken from students of Guidance and Counseling study program. The numbers of items on the scale of social prejudice were 25 items. Data was analyzed using WinstepS software. The method used in this analysis was Rasch modeling method. Based on the analysis of 25 statements developed, there were 23 items that meet the standards that while the other items did not meet the standards. The reliability value of the scale is 0.86 which means that it is in a good category. The overall scale of social prejudice developed can be used to measure a student’s level of social prejudice.