LH Levels Research Articles

Efficacy of N-Acetylcysteine in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that affects women of reproductive age and requires better treatment. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is known to be beneficial under such conditions owing to its antioxidant potential and insulin-sensitizing properties. The effect of NAC on the reproductive outcomes of PCOS patients was examined in this meta-analysis. Methods: In accordance with PRISMA standards, this meta-analysis included studies that compared N-acetylcysteine, metformin, clomiphene citrate, and a placebo in patients with POCS. The main indicators were follicular growth, endometrial thickness, and hormone level. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane ROB2 tool. Results: Twenty-two studies (n = 2515) were included. NAC was associated with a statistically significant increase in progesterone (SMD 0.95, 95% CI: 0.13–1.77, p = 0.02) and endometrial thickness (SMD 0.58, 95% CI: 0.10–1.06, p = 0.02) compared to the placebo and other drugs (SMD 0.71, 95% CI: 0.48–0.94, p < 0.0001). LH levels were significantly increased by NAC compared to metformin (SMD 0.67, 95%CI: 0.23–1.12, p = 0.003). However, no significant differences were observed in the estradiol, SHBG, or FSH levels. Conclusions: NAC had a major effect on progesterone, endometrial thickness, and LH levels in women with PCOS. Therefore, it may be a potential treatment option.

Vitamin E improves the reproductive system of male rats exposed to busulfan chemotherapy.

Vitamin E is a well-known antioxidant and is frequently used as an adjunct treatment in cancer therapy. Busulfan is a commonly used drug for cancer treatment. In this study, twenty-eight male rats, ten weeks old and weighing between 250 and 300 grams, were divided into four groups. The first group served as the control and received daily intraperitoneal injections of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for four weeks. The second group received a single dose of Busulfan at 40 mg/kg body weight via intraperitoneal injection. The third group received the same single dose of Busulfan along with daily intraperitoneal injections of Vitamin E at 100 mg/kg body weight for four weeks. The fourth group was given only Vitamin E at the same dosage for four weeks. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected to test antioxidant enzyme levels (GSH, SOD, CAT) and analyze serum concentrations of reproductive hormones (FSH, LH, and testosterone). Additionally, sperm motility and viability were assessed after collecting epididymal spermatozoa. The findings revealed that Busulfan significantly increased serum levels of both FSH and LH while causing a notable decrease in testosterone levels. Furthermore, Busulfan treatment resulted in a significant reduction in sperm count, motility, and viability, along with a marked increase in sperm morphological abnormalities. In contrast, supplementation with Vitamin E alongside Busulfan improved hormone levels and enhanced sperm function. In conclusion, Busulfan has a toxic effect on sperm and directly impacts body weight and testicular weight. However, Vitamin E demonstrates beneficial therapeutic effects on testicular tissue and enhances sperm production in rats treated with Busulfan.

Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes in pregnancies following frozen embryo transfer (FET) after transcervical resection of adhesions (TCRA): A retrospective cohort study with propensity score matching analysis.

To compare the pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) in patients following transcervical resection of adhesions (TCRA) versus patients with normal uterine morphology, and to investigate the factors influencing pregnancy outcomes in patients undergoing FET after TCRA. We retrospectively analyzed FET cycles from September 2014 to September 2023, comparing patients with normal uterine morphology to those with intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) treated with TCRA. Propensity score matching (PSM) adjusted for confounding factors. LASSO regression and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of outcomes, which were visually represented in nomograms. Model performance was assessed using calibration curves, ROC curves, and DCA, with bootstrap method for internal validation. Post-PSM analysis showed higher live birth rates in patients with normal uterine morphology after clinical pregnancy (75.1% vs. 61.7%, P < 0.001). No significant differences were noted in clinical pregnancy rates and perinatal outcomes between the groups. Factors influencing clinical pregnancy in FET after TCRA included basal progesterone levels, endometrial thickness, parity, infertility cause, embryo stage at transfer, number and quality of embryos transferred, IUA severity, and TCRA surgical procedures. Body mass index, basal LH levels, and day 14 HCG levels post-embryo transfer were determinants of live birth outcome. FET cycles following TCRA showed a lower rate of successful live births, but TCRA did not increase adverse perinatal outcome risks. Our study introduces an innovative predictive model for clinical pregnancy and live birth outcomes in patients undergoing FET following TCRA, addressing a significant void in existing research.

Lower serum LH level was related to poor embryo quality and adverse pregnancy outcomes in fixed GnRH antagonist protocol with estradiol pretreatment

Objective To disclose the relationships between serum LH and reproductive outcomes in Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol pretreated with luteal estradiol. Methods 371 patients, pretreated with estradiol, followed the GnRH antagonist protocol. They were divided into four groups based on the quartiles of serum LH levels on the day of gonadotropin (Gn) initiation(LHGI) and trigger (LHtrigger). Data on various pregnancy outcomes were collected. Results As serum LHGI increased, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) level, antral follicle count (AFC), LHtrigger, estradiol (E2) and P on the trigger day, E2/oocytes, and oocyte numbers increased and peaked in Q4, while Gn dose decreased. Good-quality embryo and blast formation rates increased and peaked in Q3. LHGI <3.93 mIU/ml impaired ongoing pregnancy rate and LBR. After adjusting for AMH and AFC, the impacts were not significant. As LHtrigger increased, E2/oocytes and good-quality embryo rate increased and peaked in T4 and implantation rate increased and peaked in T3. LHtrigger <1.49 mIU/ml independently influenced clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) after adjusting for AMH and AFC. LHGI was positively related to AMH, AFC, LHtrigger, blast formation rate and negatively related to BMI, age and Gn dose. LHtrigger was positively related to E2/oocytes and good quality embryo rate. Conclusions Lower serum LH represents as a potential indicator for embryo quality and reproductive outcomes in GnRH antagonist fixed protocol pretreated with estradiol. Early identification of excessive suppression of LH levels will benefit individuals with normal ovarian reserve more.

Hormonal Function of Undescended Testes Before Orchidopexy in Prepubertal Boys

Background/Objectives: The hormonal aspect of undescended testes (UDTs) in prepubertal boys, i.e., after mini-puberty, is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hormonal function of UDTs before orchidopexy in prepubertal boys and its correlation with testicular parameters. Methods: The study included 90 prepubertal boys (0.9–8.8 years) with UDTs and 57 age-matched boys with testes in the scrotum (control). The testicular volume (TV), testicular atrophy index (TAI), and testicular growth potential (TGP) of the UDTs were assessed before orchidopexy and 18–24 months after. The analysis included FSH, LH, T, DHT, E2, Inh B, INSL3, and AMH levels. Results: The UDT group demonstrated a significantly higher FSH level and lower Inh B/FSH ratio than controls. Boys with UDTs aged under six years exhibited significantly higher FSH and LH levels and lower Inh B/FSH and T/LH ratios. The TV level of descended and undescended testes, both before and after surgery, was significantly positively related to T and DHT levels, but negatively with Inh B, INSL3 levels, Inh B/AMH, and Inh B/FSH. Conclusions: Hormonal evaluation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–testicular axis and Sertoli and Leydig cell function in prepubertal boys (after mini-puberty) may predict the further development and function of UDTs and may serve as a diagnostic tool in testicular descent disorder.

Etoricoxib–NLC Mitigates Radiation-Induced Ovarian Damage in Rats: Insights into Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines, Antioxidant Activity, and Hormonal Responses

Radiotherapy is a critical treatment for cancer but poses significant risks to ovarian tissue, particularly in young females, leading to premature ovarian failure (POF). This study examines the therapeutic potential of etoricoxib nanostructured lipid carriers (ETO-NLC) in mitigating radiation-induced ovarian damage in female Wistar rats. Twenty-four female rats were randomly assigned to four groups: a control group receiving normal saline, a group exposed to a single dose of whole-body gamma radiation (6 Gy), a group treated with etoricoxib (10 mg/kg) post-radiation, and a group treated with ETO-NLC for 14 days following radiation. Histopathological evaluations and oxidative stress biomarker assessments were conducted, including ELISAs for reactive oxygen species (ROS), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α), and signaling molecules (PI3K, AKT, P38MAPK, AMH). Serum levels of estrogen, FSH, and LH were measured, and gene expression analysis for TGF-β and Nrf2 was performed using qRT-PCR. The findings indicate that ETO-NLC has the potential to ameliorate the harmful effects of ovarian damage induced by γ-radiation. These therapeutic effects were achieved through the modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, augmentation of antioxidant defenses (including Nrf2 activation), support for cell survival pathways (via PI3K/Akt signaling), regulation of MAPK, mitigation of fibrosis (TGF-β), and preservation of ovarian reserve (as evidenced by AMH, FSH/LH, and estrogen levels). ETO-NLC shows promise as an effective strategy for attenuating radiation-induced ovarian damage, highlighting the need for further research to enhance therapeutic interventions aimed at preserving ovarian function during cancer treatment.

Kaempferol and Vitamin E Improve Production Performance by Linking the Gut-Uterus Axis Through the Reproductive Hormones and Microbiota of Late-Laying Hens.

This study evaluated the effects of kaempferol (KAE), and vitamin E (VE) on the performance, reproductive hormones, and the composition of the cecum and uterus microbiota in late-laying hens. A total of 192 49-week-old Jinghong No. 1 laying hens were randomly divided into four groups, with six replicates in each group and eight laying hens in each replicate, pre-reared for one week and formally tested for ten weeks. The CON group was fed basal diets, the VE group, the KAE group, and the KAE + VE group were fed a basal diet to which was added 0.2 g/kg VE, 0.4 g/kg KAE, and 0.2 g/kg VE + 0.4 g/kg KAE, respectively. The results are as follows. Compared to the CON group, the VE group, the KAE group, and the KAE + VE group significantly increased the egg production rate, average daily egg weight and significantly decreased the feed-to-egg ratio. The VE + KAE group significantly improved the Haugh unit. The VE group, the KAE group, and the KAE + VE group considerably enhanced the eggshell strength, eggshell relative weight, eggshell thickness, yolk color, and relative yolk weight. The serum E2 and LH levels of the KAE group and the KAE + VE group and the serum FSH levels of the KAE + VE group were significantly higher. In the ovary, the KAE group and the KAE + VE group's ESR1 gene expression levels were significantly higher, and the KAE + VE group's FSHR gene expression levels were markedly higher. In the uterus, the KAE group and the KAE + VE group's ESR1 gene expression levels were dramatically higher, and the KAE + VE group's ESR2 and FSHR gene expression levels were significantly higher. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a significant aggregation of cecum and uterus colonies in the Beta diversity PCoA. In the cecum, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and WPS-2 were the dominant phylums. In the uterus, the Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phylums. The KAE + VE group's F/B was significantly higher at the phylum level than in the CON group and the VE group. In summary, the addition of VE and KAE to the diet can improve the production performance of late-laying hens, increase the content of reproductive hormones, and stabilize the cecal and uterus microbiota, which may be related to the hormone and microbiota linkage of the gut-uterus axis.

Association Between Chlamydia trachomatis and Helicobacter pylori with Inflammation in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective: Chronic low-grade inflammation occurs in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and there are many contributing factors. In this study, we aimed to investigate Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia trachomatis infections in patients with PCOS and to evaluate the association between these microorganisms and the inflammatory process in the etiology of the disease. Materials and Methods: This comparative cross-sectional clinical study was conducted at Balıkesir University Hospital and included 40 female patients diagnosed with PCOS in the gynecology outpatients clinic and 40 healthy female controls. Demographic data were recorded. Blood hormone profiles and biochemical parameters were analyzed. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test kit was used to measure H. pylori IgG and C. trachomatis IgG. Results: According to the analysis of the study data, there was no significant association between the PCOS and non-PCOS groups with regard to the presence of Helicobacter pylori IgG (p = 0.1) and Chlamydia trachomatis IgG (p = 0.338). CRP levels were significantly higher in the PCOS group (p = 0.001). In the subgroup analyses, the CRP levels were not significantly different between the H. pylori and C. trachomatis antibody-positive and -negative groups. Diabetes mellitus was significantly associated with PCOS (p = 0.005). The smoking rate was significantly higher in the control group than in the PCOS group (p = 0.036). Compared to the control group, the BMI, LH, HOMA-IR, TSH, and TG levels were significantly higher in participants with PCOS (p = 0.000; p = 0.004; p = 0.001; p = 0.001; p = 0.043; p = 0.000). FSH was lower in PCOS patients compared to controls (p = 001). In the subgroup analyses, no significant differences were found between the H. pylori and C. trachomatis antibody-positive and -negative groups. Conclusions: PCOS is characterized by chronic nonspecific low-grade inflammation. The etiopathogenesis of PCOS involves comorbidities that cause a chronic inflammatory process. However, the possible infective causes still seem to be open to investigation. In particular, studies on microbiota and periodontal diseases in PCOS may provide important contributions.

Predictive Roles of Reproductive Hormones in Screening Human Males with Oligo Spermia

Objective; Evaluation of the roles of testosterone, LH, FSH, and prolactin hormone indicators in the pathophysiology of patients with oligozoospermia. Methods: This investigation was applied in Baghdad, Iraq, on people with oligozoospermia from June to September 2024. Fifty blood samples were collected from patients visiting outpatient clinics after being examined by a specialist (gynecologist). In addition, forty samples were taken from healthy individuals and considered as a control group. All hormones were measured in the study groups using the Snibe Maglumi 800 machine. SPSS v. 23.0 and Prism v. 6 statistical software programs were used for the analysis of our results. Results; The present findings indicated that most patients fall within the age groups 21–30 years (28.0%), 31–40 years (22.0%), and 41–50 years (20.0%), while a smaller percentage fall within the ≤20 years (8.0%) and &gt;60 years (10.0%) groups. LH, FSH, and prolactin levels were significantly increased (p&lt;0.05) in patients compared to healthy individuals. In contrast, testosterone levels were significantly decreased (p&lt;0.05) in patients compared to healthy individuals. ROC curve results showed that FSH achieved the highest sensitivity and specificity (71% and 75%), followed by prolactin (70% and 73%), testosterone (68% and 66%), and LH hormone (62% and 55%) at cutoff values of 7.12, 10.25, 1.965, and 5.25, respectively, in screening patients with oligozoospermia, with significant differences (p&lt;0.05). There were positive and negative correlations among sexual hormones in oligozoospermia patients; however, these relationships were not significant (p&gt;0.05). Finally, we found no significant variations (p&gt;0.05) in the levels of sexual hormones across the age groups of patients. Conclusion: The investigation revealed LH, FSH, and Prolactin levels were significantly increased, while testosterone levels were significantly decreased. ROC curve showed FSH scored the highest sensitivity and specificity, followed by Prolactin, testosterone, and lastly LH. In addition, there is no significant positive or negative correlation among reproduction hormones in oligozoospermia patients. There is no significant correlation between age and level of reproductive hormones.

Piperazine ferulate impact on diabetes-induced testicular dysfunction: unveiling genetic insights, MAPK/ERK/JNK pathways, and TGF-β signaling.

Diabetic testicular dysfunction (DTD) poses a significant threat to male reproductive health. This study delves into the potential of piperazine ferulate (PF), a natural phenolic compound, in alleviating DTD and sheds light on its underlying mechanisms in rats. Animals were divided into the control, PF, diabetic, and diabetic plus PF groups. Diabetes was induced in rats with a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at 50mg/kg. PF was administered at 50mg/kg/day via i.p. injection for four weeks. Significant changes in sexual behavior were observed in diabetic rats, which additionally revealed lower serum levels of testosterone, FSH, and LH. The abnormalities in sperm count, viability, motility, and morphology occurred along with the demonstrated suppression of genes and protein expression related to spermatogenesis. Atrophy of the seminiferous tubules and extensive degeneration and necrosis of the germ and Leydig cells were highlighted by histopathological examination. The testicular function of diabetic rats was significantly improved after PF administration, evidenced by normalized testicular histology, increased testosterone levels, and enhanced sperm quality. In addition to reducing inflammatory cytokines, COX2, and NF-κB expression, pf administration elevated the antioxidant levels and Nrf2/HO-1 expression. Furthermore, key signaling pathways involved in testicular degeneration are regulated by PF. It promoted cell survival and tissue repair by activating the protective TGF-β signaling pathway and attenuating the MAPK/ERK/JNK signaling cascade, which in turn reduced inflammation and apoptosis. PF suppressed the expression of INSL3, SPHK1, CD62E, ANGPTL2, and miR-148a-5p, while increasing the expression of testicular genes like HSD17B1, DAZL, and S1P, addressing DTD. This study highlights the potential of PF to restore testicular function and fertility in diabetic males by modulating genetic and signaling pathways.

Multicenter, prospective, single-arm clinical study to investigate the efficacy and safety of Zoladex (Goserelin acetate) 10.8 mg prior to surgery in Chinese premenopausal women with symptomatic uterine fibroids

Objectives To assess the effect and safety of Zoladex (Goserelin acetate) 10.8 mg in patients with uterine fibroids. Methods Fifty-three patients received Goserelin acetate 10.8 mg once and surgery was conducted at 12 weeks ± 7 days after drug injection. All assessments form baseline to week12/before surgery were carried out: fibroids volume, uterine volume, serum hormone (E2, FSH, LH), hemoglobin concentration, uterine arterial resistance index (UA-RI), fibroid arterial RI (FA-RI) and improvements of symptoms (Uterine Fibroid Symptom and Quality of Life (UFS-QOL) and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL) scores). Adverse events (AEs) were recorded to evaluate the safety. Results After 12 weeks of treatment, the volume of uterine fibroids was significantly smaller than before (249.19 ± 297.04 vs. 195.77 ± 418.27 cm3, p < 0.0001). The volume of the uterus was also smaller than before (372.02 vs. 263.58 cm3, p < 0.0001). Serum levels of E2, FSH, and LH showed significant decreasing trend (61.13 pmol/L, 5.23 IU/L and 4.75 IU/L respectively, p < 0.0001) and hemoglobin levels were increased significantly (108.30 ± 26.28 VS. 134.90 ± 9.21g/L, p < 0.0001). Left and right UA-RI showed slight increase of 0.04 and 0.02 respectively from baseline without significance. Mean FA-RI showed slight decrease of 0.03 from baseline (p = 0.22). Patient symptoms were alleviated after treatment. In addition, AEs occurred in 81.1% of enrolled patients and all AEs were well tolerably. Conclusions Goserelin acetate 10.8 mg pretreatment can effectively reduce the volume of uterine fibroids and uterus, lower estrogen levels and improve anemia symptoms. It could also improve the quality of life of patients, showing good safety and tolerance. This pretreatment was effective, safe, and generally well tolerated.

Effect of Thyroid Status Modulation on Pituitary and Peripheral Hormone Concentrations in Healthy Older Subjects

Introduction: Depending on age, sex, and familial longevity, alterations in thyroid status occur frequently and often co-occur with differences in other hormonal axes. However, studies that explore the effects of thyroid status modulation on other hormonal axes remain scarce. We aimed to determine the effects of thyroid status modulation on prolactin, IGF-1, cortisol, LH, testosterone, and SHBG levels. We also explored whether effects differed depending on type of challenge, sex, and familial longevity. Methods: Data were gathered from two single-arm challenge studies comprising an intramuscular injection of 0.1 mg recombinant human TSH (rhTSH, N = 29) or 100 µg T3 orally (N = 27) in healthy older individuals. Changes in hormone concentration profiles relative to baseline were determined for 4 and 5 days, respectively. Results: IGF-1 increased with a maximum of 6.3% (SEM = 1.6%, p = 0.002) in the rhTSH challenge and 8.8% (SEM = 1.6%, p < 0.001) in the T3 challenge, while LH (19.3% [SEM = 6.6%, p = 0.048]), testosterone (13.8% [SEM = 4.7%, p = 0.048]), and SHBG (11.8% [SEM = 3.5%, p = 0.02]) increased significantly in the T3 challenge only. Moreover, prolactin significantly decreased in both rhTSH and T3 challenges (−8.8% [SEM = 3.4%, p = 0.048] and −12.0% [3.3%, p = 0.004], respectively) as did cortisol (−14.8% [SEM = 3.6%, p < 0.001] and −15.6% [SEM = 3.5%, p < 0.001]). There was no significant interaction with type of challenge, sex, or familial longevity, except for prolactin in the rhTSH challenge (p = 0.004) which decreased significantly in men only. Conclusions: Upon modulation of thyroid status, changes were observed in IGF-1, prolactin, and cortisol. In the T3 challenge, LH, testosterone, and SHBG increased in men. Observed changes are hypothesized to be driven by (f)T3.

GLP-1R/NPY2R regulate gene expression, ovarian and adrenal morphology in HFD mice.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and neuropeptide Y receptors (NPYRs) are expressed in reproductive tissues contributing to the regulation of gonadal function. This exploratory study examines the potential impact of their modulation by assessing effects of exendin-4 (Ex-4) and peptide YY (PYY) (3-36) on endocrine ovaries and adrenals, in high-fat diet (HFD) mice. Ex-4 and PYY(3-36) reduced blood glucose and energy intake, with no effects on body weight. While HFD did not impact estrous cycle, Ex-4 increased metestrus frequency and decreased diestrus frequency resulting in 0% mice experiencing repeated diestrus or becoming acyclic. LH levels were significantly higher in the Ex-4 and PYY(3-36) groups compared to ND and HFD controls. In the adrenals, reduced capsule and zona glomerulosa thickness cause by HFD was reversed after peptide treatments. Within the ovaries, HFD increased the number of atretic follicles, an effect that disappeared after Ex-4 and PYY(3-36) treatments. Ex-4 also increased the number of corpora lutea owing to the prolonged metestrus phase. Gene expression analysis within the adrenals revealed upregulation of Insr and downregulation of Prgtr in HFD mice, while Ex-4 downregulated the expression of Gipr. Ovarian gene expression of Gipr, Npy1r and Prgtr were downregulated by Ex-4 treatment, while PYY(3-36) significantly downregulated Prgtr expression compared to HFD mice. These data indicate that manipulating GLP-1R and NPY2R lead to changes in the reproductive physiology of mice. Additionally, the observed alterations in the morphology and gene expression in the adrenals and ovaries imply a direct impact of these peptides on female reproductive function.

Effect of Astragalus microcephalus wild extract and Vitamin E–Selenium combination on Cadmium–induced damage in rat ovaries

This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of Astragalus (AST) extract alone and in combination with vitamin E (vit E) + selenium (Se) against the toxicity induced by cadmium (CdCl2) in rat ovaries. Thirty–six female Wistar rats were divided into six groups. AST was administered at a dose of 5 mg·kg-1, Cd at a dose of 2 mg·kg-1, and Vit E (60 mg·kg-1) + Se (1 mg·kg-1) orally for a duration of 15 days. The levels of MDA, GSH–Px, SOD, and CAT were analyzed in the blood and tissue samples to assess oxidative stress. Additionally, the levels of estrogen, FSH, LH, Inhibin B, and Antimullerian hormones were measured in the serum samples. The ovarian tissues were examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically for 8–OhDG, Caspase 3, and LC3B immunoreactivity. In the group exposed to CdCl2, MDA levels significantly increased, while antioxidant parameters showed significant decreases (P&lt;0.05). Although significant improvements were observed in the groups treated with AST alone, more significant improvements were seen in the groups treated with both AST and Vit E + Se (P&lt;0.05). It was concluded that AST extracts alone and in combination with Vit E + Se exhibited protective effects against ovarian toxicity caused by Cd exposure and may be effective against metal toxicity.

The Outcomes of Onco-Testis Sperm Extractionat the Time of Radical Orchiectomy.

To evaluate outcomes of onco-testis sperm extraction (TESE) and to define potential predictors of successful surgical sperm retrieval (SSR). For this study, we examined all men (i) diagnosed with a testicular mass, (ii) who had azoospermia, and (iii) who underwent a radical orchiectomy and onco-TESE. Our institutional database of testicular cancer (TCA) patients was reviewed. Demographics, baseline endocrine and oncological characteristics, and treatments received were recorded. The onco-TESE Technique was performed at the time of radical orchiectomy before the specimen was sent for formal histopathological assessment. Onco-TESE was considered successful if viable sperm was found. Logistic regression assessments were performed to evaluate predictors of successful onco-TESE. Thirty-eight men with a median age of 35 were included in the analysis. Median baseline total testosterone, LH, and FSH levels were 419ng/dL, 10.9mU/mL, and 27mU/mL, respectively. The median pre-TESE testicular volume was 11mL. Of men who underwent radical orchiectomy, 58% had unilateral tumors at the time of the procedure. 42% had bilateral tumors, which were synchronous in 25%, and asynchronous tumors in 75%. Pathologically, 76% had germ cell tumor (83% had pure seminoma, and 17% had mixed germ cell tumor). At onco-TESE, 24% of the patients had successful SSR. No variables had a statistically significant association with successful SSR. Onco-TESE represents a useful option for testis cancer patients who wish for future paternity, with a quarter of such patients having sperm found.

Therapeutic Potential of Silica Nanoparticles, Cisplatin, and Quercetin on Ovarian Cancer: In Vivo Model

The present study evaluated the effect of silica nanoparticles, quercetin, and cisplatin against ovarian cancer. Cisplatin is a potent antineoplastic agent but has greater toxicity against cancer. Quercetin is a powerful flavonoid with remarkable anti-cancer activity due to its anti-apoptotic nature. Forty female albino rats were randomly divided into eight groups, with five rats per group. Group 1 (G1) was normal control, G2 received Carboxymethylcellulose; G3 was the normal control and treated with quercetin, G4 was given silica nanoparticles, G5 was treated with cisplatin. G6 was the tumor control. Tumor induction was done by 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA), G7 was treated with quercetin-cisplatin-silica nanoparticles, and in G8 quercetin-cisplatin silica nanoparticles were used to treat the induced tumor. Chemically synthesized silica nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). After the treatment, animals were sacrificed and tested for biochemical and hormonal assays. G6 displayed increased body weight and a significant rise in CA125 as compared to G1. G6 also exhibited an altered hormonal profile, with a particular increase in estrogen, FSH, and testosterone, along with reduced LH and progesterone levels. Lipid profile, liver enzymes, and renal parameters (urea and creatinine) increased in G6, but G8 significantly ameliorated all damaging effects of DMBA as observed in G6. The current study revealed that silica nanoparticles combined with cisplatin and quercetin demonstrated greater protection against drastic changes induced by carcinogens in ovarian cancer mice models.

Dietary supplementation with lycopene improves semen quality and antioxidant status in breeder roosters.

This study investigated the effects of dietary lycopene supplementation on semen quality, testicular histology, antioxidant capacity, and reproductive hormone levels in aging breeder roosters. A total of 96 roosters were randomly divided into four groups and supplemented with 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of lycopene for six weeks. Lycopene significantly improved semen volume, sperm concentration, motility, viability, and morphological parameters at all doses (P < 0.05). The 200 mg/kg group exhibited the highest semen volume by week 6 (0.44 mL, P < 0.05). Sperm concentration increased significantly in the 100 mg/kg group (P < 0.05), and motility was highest in the 200 mg/kg group by week 4 (92.08 %, P < 0.05). Testicular histology also showed significant improvement, with a notable increase in seminiferous tubule area at 200 mg/kg (0.11 mm², P < 0.01), while Leydig cell density followed a quadratic response, peaking at 100 mg/kg (44.60 cells/mm², P < 0.01). Plasma LH and testosterone levels peaked at 100 mg/kg, with significant increases of 12.81 % and 43.37 %, respectively (P < 0.01). Lycopene enhanced antioxidant capacity across seminal plasma, plasma, and testicular tissues, with significant increases in T-SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT activities (P < 0.05). MDA levels were significantly reduced, especially at 100 mg/kg (P < 0.01). Lycopene supplementation also improved mitochondrial function in sperm, as indicated by enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential at 100 mg/kg (P < 0.01) and reduced reactive oxygen species levels and sperm apoptosis (P < 0.05). In conclusion, lycopene supplementation, particularly at 100 mg/kg, significantly improves semen quality, testicular health, antioxidant capacity, and reproductive hormone levels in aging breeder roosters, with potential applications in enhancing reproductive performance.

Comparison of hormonal levels between infertile PCOS and non-PCOS females

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex condition characterized by elevated androgen levels, menstrual irregularities cystic ovaries. Other clinical features include obesity, acne, amenorrhea, excessive hair growth, and infertility. PCOS has been linked to insulin resistance and obesity and many patients with PCOS have insulin resistance and hyper-insulinemia, which play a significant role in the pathogenesis of PCOS Method: This study was conducted during the period starting from November 2022 to May 2023. One hundred infertile female patients aged range 18–46 years. Women complaining from infertility included in this study were divided into 2 groups: Group I: PCOS group, including 42 females diagnosed with PCOS. Group II: Non-PCOS group, involving 58 females with either male factors or unexplained causes of infertility. Results: BMI was significantly higher among PCOS females (28.61 ± 1.06 vs.25.62 ± 1.65; p=0.046), there was significantly higher LH levels (6.12 ± 0.12 vs. 4.59 ± 0.31; p=004), LH/FSH ratio (1.20 ± 0.12 vs. 0.78 ± 0.05; p=0.001) and significantly lower FSH levels among PCOS patients (5.62 ± 0.62 vs. 6.67 ± 0.58; p=0.043). There were also no significant correlations among PCOS women between BMI with LH, FSH, LH/FSH ratio, E2, prolactin and testosterone hormones

Expression profile of RFRP-3 gene in hypothalamic tissue and its relationship with reproductive hormones across phases of the estrous cycle in female rats

The expression profile of RFRP-3 during the different phases of the estrous cycle and its relationship with reproductive hormones were studied in 36 adult female Wister rats. Phases of the estrous cycle were characterized by visual observation of the vagina and vaginal exfoliated cell cytology. The expression profile of the RFRP-3 gene in the hypothalamic tissue was evaluated by real-time qPCR. Reproductive hormones (LH, FSH, estrogen, and progesterone) were measured from plasma by enzyme immunoassay. The expression level of RFRP-3 was significantly higher (P < 0.01) during diestrus compared to other phases of the estrous cycle. The lowest expression level was detected during estrus and metestrus. The highest level of LH was detected during the proestrus and metestrus and the lowest during the diestrus. Higher expression of RFRP 3 during diestrus is consistent with the higher level of estrogen, however, the lower expression of RFRP 3 during estrus and met estrus did not corroborate with the level of estrogen. The findings of this research work revealed significant up-regulation of RFRP-3 during the estrous cycle together with higher estrogen level. Therefore it can be concluded that higher expression of RFRP 3 may lead to the suppression of the HPG axis during diestrus in rats and estrogen may be involved in the regulation of RFRP-3.

Effects of cloprostenol and oxytocin on ultrasonographic changes of uterine horns in postpartum primiparous Hu sheep

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exogenous hormones on postpartum ultrasonographic changes of uterine horn in Hu sheep. 90 nulliparous Hu sheep were divided into three groups according to the number of lambs. Each group was further randomly subdivided into three groups (n = 10), a control group (sodium chloride), a PG group (cloprostol), and a PG+OT group (cloprostol + oxytocin). The effects of different treatments on ultrasonographic changes of uterine horn and reproductive performance of ewes were determined after the treatment. Then, 90 nulliparous ewes were divided into a control group, PG group, and PG+OT group according to hormone injections received. Each group (n = 30) consisted of 10 single, 10 twin, and 10 triple ewes. Changes in the levels of hormones P4, LH, FSH, and E2 in the serum of postpartum ewes, the time of the first estrus, and the conception rate were detected. Results showed that the higher the lambing rate, the slower the rate of ultrasonographic changes of uterine horn. The rate of ultrasonographic changes of uterine horn in the PG+OT group was faster than that in respective PG and the control groups. Caruncle diameter was not affected by the number of lambs or hormone treatment. After delivery, the concentrations of P4 and LH increased rapidly and remained at a relatively high level, while the concentration of E2 increased in all ewes. The PG+OT group had lower P4 concentrations compared to the control group, but higher LH, FSH, and E2 levels. The time to first postpartum estrus was significantly shorter in the PG+OT group, but differences in pregnancy rate were not significant. Thus, PG+OT treatment can significantly accelerate postpartum ultrasonographic changes of uterine horn, which can prepare postpartum ewes for the next reproductive cycle.