Levels Of Interpersonal Trust Research Articles

Income inequality and social capital, are they negatively related?: European cross-country analyses 2006-2012

Theoretical notions in the literature suggest the existence of a negative relationship between earnings inequality and social capital as measured by interpersonal trust. In a number of crosscountry studies this negative relationship has been confirmed. However, in later cross country-studies that control for per capita wealth and several characteristics of the population and analyse one year or shifts over longer periods find no relationship between inequality and trust. In our study we take into account that socio-cultural factors may obscure this relationship. Our main focus is on the role of a country’s welfare regime. Four regimes are distinguished: social democratic regime, conservative regime, liberal regime and transition country. We further examine the impact on interpersonal trust of per capita GDP and the societal indicators percent of residents with tertiary education, percent urbanization, government spending as a percent of GDP. We use data over four points of time from 17 European countries. Besides cross-section OLS regression models using averaged data, fixed-effects models are estimated to control for unobserved time-invariant factors. We find the hypothesised negative relationship between earnings inequality and interpersonal trust not confirmed by our data. Our findings do suggest associations between interpersonal trust and welfare regime. With regard to the welfare regime, we found in particular that a conservative regime, a liberal regime and a transition regime are all associated with a much lower level of interpersonal trust than a social democratic regime. The difference in the level of interpersonal trust from countries with a social democratic regime is largest in countries in transition and smallest in countries with a liberal regime. For the development of institutions that can raise the transition countries to higher levels of social capital and economic development, those from the social democratic welfare regime appear to offer the best perspective. The social democratic welfare regime not only pays more attention to the socially vulnerable in society by paying their benefits, but – in addition to that – by investing in strengthening their productive capabilities to improve their chances on the labour market.

Interpersonal Trust and Ability of Elderly Victims to Perform Activities of Daily Living in the Ya'an Earthquake Reconstruction Area, China.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the socioeconomic status and interpersonal trust of elderly victims of the Ya'an earthquake on their ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs). Random sampling was done in the 8 counties of Ya'an in Sichuan, China (N=691). A multistage random sampling method was used. Samples were selected from counties, towns, and villages, respectively. The Faith in People Scale was used to measure interpersonal trust, and the Barthel ADL Index was used to measure ADLs. Both scales have strong reliability. A total of 37.34% of elderly earthquake victims relied on others moderately to live, and their self-rating of interpersonal trust was relatively unfavorable. Factors such as being female, being widowed, having a low educational level, and income negatively affected ADLs, among which education had the greatest influence. Interpersonal trust was vital in enhancing the level of ADLs of elderly victims. A high level of interpersonal trust can significantly improve the ADLs of elderly persons. However, this may be achieved by weakening the negative effect of deteriorating social structure of victims. Attention should be focused on elderly victims whose social network worsens to improve their ADLs. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;page 1 of 7).

Connecting culture to creativity and innovation: how trust and other variations of corporate culture influence innovative behaviour

This pilot study examines the cultural conditions that support sustainable creative and innovative behaviour, what we term intrapreneurship, within organisations. The results, limited to mature organisations that operate in developed markets, reveal that especially the benefits of high interpersonal trust levels, that is, the extent to which colleagues quickly trust one another, positively influence intrapreneurship levels for several reasons. Further, cultures that promote high work refuge and a feeling of self-direction and purpose also demonstrated a strong positive link to intrapreneurship. Holistically, when all three cultural aspects are present, very high intrapreneurship scores were observed. This suggests that the management is prepared to accept some 'randomness' costs reducing efficiency in the immediate short run, for the benefit of potential upcoming acts of intrapreneurship in the long run. The study also examines some conventional cultural dimensions often connected with intrapreneurship. In this vein, it was found that high individualism and high decentralisation were not strongly linked with intrapreneurship. This provides depth to the popular perception that these cultural dimensions are synonymous with fostering creativity and innovative behaviour.

Societal Trust and the Liquidity of ADRs

Using a unique research design, this paper examines how the level of trust in various countries affects liquidity in financial markets. In particular, we examine various measures of market liquidity in American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) while conditioning on the level of trust in the ADR’s home country, which we approximate with perceived corruption and the level of interpersonal trust. Multivariate tests show that as home-country levels of trust increase, ADR liquidity is dramatically improved. To draw stronger causal inferences, we use a difference-in-difference approach to examine liquidity surrounding an (arguably) exogenous reduction in trust and find that liquidity worsens in response to the event. These results support our hypothesis that trust is an important determinant in the liquidity of financial markets.

Altruistic Behavior and Inter-Personal Trust among Behavioral Sciences and Engineering Students

The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the levels of Inter-Personal Trust and Altruistic Behavior between Behavioral Sciences and Engineering students. Convenience sampling technique has been used to collect data from 100 college students studying in Jamia Millia Islamia University. Of these 100 students, 50 were from Behavioral Science stream (Sociology, Psychology, Political Science and Social Work) and the other 50 were engineering students. The two groups of students (Engineering and Behavioral Sciences students) were compared on the said variables namely, Inter-Personal Trust and Altruistic Behavior, using independent sample t-test. Results suggest that Students studying Behavioral Sciences and those studying engineering differ significantly in terms of Inter-Personal Trust and Altruistic behavior. Moreover, the mean values indicate that Behavioral science students tend to score higher on Altruism as well as Inter-Personal Trust as compared to engineering students.

Does social capital enhance political participation of older adults? A multi-level analysis of older Finns and Swedes

This article contributes to the literature on political gerontology by analysing the role that social capital plays in the political participation of older adults. More specifically, the aim is to test the importance of individual-level and contextual-level social capital for different types of political participation of older adults in a Scandinavian setting by using survey data from Finland and Sweden (N= 6838). The results show that even though membership in voluntary associations, intense social networks and high levels of interpersonal trust tend to be positively correlated with political participation of older adults as a whole, the explanative logic differs between them depending on the kind of political engagement. The only type of social capital with a robust positive impact on all dimensions of political participation was individual-level membership in voluntary associations.

Effects of trustors' social identity complexity on interpersonal and intergroup trust

AbstractAlthough previous literature has revealed the effect of a single social identity on trust, only few studies have examined how multiple social identities affect trust in others. The present research examined the effects of trustors' social identity complexity on their level of trust toward another person (interpersonal trust), outgroup members (outgroup trust), and ingroup members (ingroup trust). Study 1, which was a correlational study, indicated that trustors' social identity complexity was positively related to their interpersonal and outgroup trust. Three experimental studies were performed to identify causal relationships. Study 2 found that activating trustors' high social identity complexity produced high levels of interpersonal trust, and Studies 3 and 4 found that this effect was more pronounced when the trustee was an outgroup member (outgroup trust) rather than an ingroup member (ingroup trust). The implications of these results for social harmony are discussed.

Unemployment in European regions: structural problems versus the Eurozone hypothesis

Unemployment rates differ dramatically across European regions. This article analyses these differences by integrating institutional and spatial perspectives into a unified dynamic framework distinguishing between slow and fast processes of change. The framework forms the basis for an econometric model that is used to analyse labour market differences among European Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques 2 regions. The results of random-effects models indicate that four key factors—all of which are of the slowly changing type—explain a large part of the variation in unemployment as well as employment rates. Flexible labour market regulations and above-average levels of interpersonal trust are institutional factors that reduce unemployment. Accessibility factors such as inter-regional transport connectivity and local access to skilled workers have similarly substantial effects. Whether a region belongs to the Eurozone or not seems to be less important.

The Relationship between Technological Capabilities and Interpersonal Trust: A Cross-Country Empirical Study

This study uses insights from the management literature to explain why countries with high levels of interpersonal trust have higher levels of economic development. The concept of absorptive capacity is used to show that the relationship between a country's technological capabilities and level of trust is path dependent. Trust allows countries to more efficiently convert human capital (such as formal education) into technological progress (such as patents). At the same time, the demand for higher technological capabilities increases the level of trust. A cross-country regression analysis is used to confirm these relationships. The income per capita is used as an example to show that, contrary to findings from previous research, the macro-economic effect of trust runs completely through the development of technological capabilities.

Who to Help? Trust and Preferences Over Redistribution in Russia

Who will you help if you have a higher level of interpersonal trust? In a set of surveys of about 34,000 individuals done in 2007-2011 in Russia we show that higher levels of trust in a region are connected with more support for government redistribution in favour of those who performed services for their homeland (war veterans, distinguished teachers, doctors). Less demand for government support is found for the poor, the homeless, those having many children and others in difficult life situations as people expect help from others, i.e. that social capital substitute for the government. Overall higher trust could have outcomes that could not be interpreted as good for everybody. Promoting growth policies should account for it otherwise they could be counterproductive.

Opinions of people

The growth of online social networks has seen the utilisation of these network graphs for the purpose of providing recommendations. Automated recommendations, however, do not take into account inter-personal trust levels that exist in a social network. In this article, we propose a privacy-preserving trusted social feedback (TSF) scheme where users can obtain feedback on questions from their friends whom they trust. We show that the concept can be extended to the domain of crowdsourcing -- the trusted crowdsourcing (TCS) scheme. In crowdsourcing, instead of asking friends, one can solicit opinions from experts in the crowd through a privacy preserving trusted feedback mechanism. Our proposal supports categorical answers as well as single-valued numerical answers. We evaluate our proposals in a number of ways: based on a prototype implementation built atop the Google App Engine, we illustrate the performance of the trusted social feedback. In addition, we present a user study to measure the impact that our trusted social feedback proposal has on users' perception of privacy and on foreground trust. We also present another user study to capture a model for user acceptance testing of the trusted crowdsourcing.

DAR O NO DAR PAPAYA: EL ROMPECABEZAS DE LA CONFIANZA INTERPERSONAL

One aspect not sufficiently considered in solving the social dilemma of redistribution of wealth is the mediating role of trust. In this article, I present preliminary evidence in this regard. Later, I consider several mechanisms that may explain the observed levels of interpersonal trust in 54 countries included in the fifth World Values ​​Survey (2005-2008). The results of a multivariate statistical model indicate that the best performing variables are the level of wealth, political stability, with a negative effect , participation and inclusion in decision -making processes . However, an analysis of the levels of interpersonal trust based on surveys conducted between 1996 and Latinobarometer 2010 shows partly different results. Later models could resolve this disparity considering the variety of historical trajectories in each region or modeling the effect of mechanisms from social, economic and political structure differently.

On the bioeconomics of shame and guilt

Shame has biological roots, possibly enhancing trust, favoring social cohesion. We studied bioeconomic aspects of shame and guilt using three approaches: 1—Anthropo-linguistic studies of Guilt and Shame among the Yanomami, a culturally isolated traditional tribal society; 2—Estimates of the importance different languages assign to the concepts Shame, Guilt, Pain, Embarrassment, Fear and Trust, counting the number of synonyms listed by Google Translate; 3—Quantitative correlations between this linguistic data with socioeconomic indexes. Results showed that Yanomami is unique in having overlapping synonyms for Shame, Fear and Embarrassment. No language had overlapping synonyms for Shame andGuilt. Societies previously described as “Guilt Societies” have more synonyms for Guilt than for Shame. A large majority of languages, including those from societies previously described as “Shame Societies”, have more words for Shame than for Guilt. The number of synonyms for Guilt and Shame strongly correlated with estimates of corruption, ease of doing business and governance, but not with levels of interpersonal trust. We propose that cultural evolution of shame has continued the work of biological evolution, but its adaptive advantageto society is still unclear. Results suggest that recent cultural evolution must be responsible for the relationship between the levels of corruption of a society and the number of synonyms for Guilt and Shame in its language. This opens a novel window for the study of complex interactions between biological and cultural evolution of cognition and emotions, which might help broaden our insight into bioeconomics.

Assessing drivers’ performance when automated driver support systems fail with different levels of automation

Adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems and lane keeping (LK) systems are two automated driver support systems that serve as convenience systems by changing the role of the driver from a controller to an automation supervisor. These higher levels of automation might impair drivers’ performance when the automated systems fail. This study examined how drivers’ performance differed when an automated system fails in two different levels of automation; with only LK engaged (lower level automation) and with both ACC and LK engaged (higher level automation). Drivers’ performance in conjunction with automated driving was compared in different road conditions (i.e., straight lane, curve lane, and in traffic). In addition, it was expected that drivers’ characteristics and attitudes towards automation, such as their automation complacency, interpersonal trust, acceptance of the LK, and trust of the LK would also influence driving performance. Results showed that participants had significantly longer response times to a system failure with a higher level of automation than with a lower level of automation. The higher level automation also led to significantly larger maximum lane deviation when a system failed. In addition, participants with higher level of interpersonal trust had significantly larger maximum lane deviation than participants with lower level of interpersonal trust. Thus, these results suggest that failures of higher levels of automation may lead to poorer driving performance during the detection and recovery from the failure and drivers’ level of interpersonal trust affects their detection and recovery from system failures.

Quantitative Analysis of the Elements of Interpersonal Trust of Poles

Interpersonal trust is a crucial element of the social trust and contributes essentially to economic growth. Various studies show that the level of interpersonal trust in Poland is relatively low what is an unfavorable situation. This paper aims at giving a statistical insight into interpersonal trust elements distinguished in the European Social Survey which can be described as trustfulness, helpfulness and fairness. These three components are considered with respect to some socio-economic characteristics as gender and age. As the dataset used in this study comprises both metric and non-metric variables several analytical methods are applied to explore the structure and nature of relationships. Additionally, the analyses are supported by appropriate data visualization techniques. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n13p72

The examination of individuals’ virtual loneliness states in Internet addiction and virtual environments in terms of inter-personal trust levels

The aim of this study is to put forth what kind of a relationship there is among the loneliness states of the individuals, the Internet addiction and interpersonal trust levels in virtual environments by examining these states felt by the individuals in virtual environments; and to try to define the virtual loneliness concept in this way. This study is a descriptive study. It has been carried out in scanning model. The study group of this study consists of 225 women, 129 men, 354 people. Data were collected using Virtual Environment Loneliness Scale, Virtual Environment Interpersonal Trust Scale and Internet Addiction Scale. The analyses of arithmetic mean, standard deviation, modes, median, frequency, t, Anova, LSD, Correlation ve Regression have been carried out on. As a result: Virtual environment loneliness is predicted by loneliness factor, interpersonal trust and Internet addiction factor. The order of importance of predictor variable in terms of factors: virtual distrust, virtual honesty, the loss of control and desire for being online for more. These factors are meaningful predictors of virtual level and regression equality is: virtual loneliness=48.073–0.156, virtual dishonesty +0.172, virtual honesty +0.113 the loss of control +0.052 desire for being online for more.

Social Relationships in Sexually Abused Children: Self-Reports and Teachers’ Evaluation

This study aimed to explore the social relationships of child victims of sexual abuse using both self-reports and teachers’ ratings. Participants were 93 child victims of sexual abuse and a comparison group of 75 nonvictims. Teachers’ assessments revealed that sexually abused children displayed greater social skill problems compared to same-age, nonabused peers and were more likely to display social difficulties nearing clinical levels. Analyses indicated that sexually abused children presented lower levels of interpersonal trust in people surrounding them yet a marginally higher level of trust in peers compared to nonabused children. Sense of loneliness and feeling different from peers did not differ between groups.

VOTING IN THE ELECTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF VOTERS’ SOCIAL NETWORKS

Analysis of the influence of social networks on the electoral behaviour of people is based on the general assumption, that political communication which is important for voting decisions usually takes place in the small groups of intimates, characterized by high levels of interpersonal trust. Data of the post-election survey of Lithuanian population in 2012 allows a “modest” analysis of the impact of various characteristics of respondent’s social networks on their voting in the election to the Parliament. There were several hypotheses formulated based on the review of literature about the influence of social networks on political participation, which were empirically tested using self-reported data of respondents about members of their social network.The survey data show that in Lithuania political discussions in personal networks of people are not widespread and usually involve only family members. Only a small part of people belongs to politically homogeneous networks, which means that most people have relatively few reinforcing political interactions in their close social environment. Analysis of the relation between characteristics of the respondents’ social networks and their voting revealed that people, who are isolated from social and political communication because they do not have anyone with whom they can discuss matters that are important for them or talk about politics, also people, who do not have political discussions in their networks, also people, who belong to networks, whose members do not support any political party, are less likely to vote in the election. Contrary, people with more politicized social networks, also people who have knowledgeable political discussants, are more likely to participate in elections. The political homogeneity of social networks has a positive effect on an early decision about the vote and stability of voting over elections. People who share political preferences with their family, friends, co-workers or neighbours, are more likely to make their voting decision a long time before the election. People with higher political homogeneity of their social network are more likely to be loyal voters of the same party than people, who are isolated from social and political communication, or people with politically heterogeneous networks.

Economy of distrust (the institute of trust and its role in the regional competitiveness)

The study is dedicated to the role of social capital in ensuring the competitiveness of the social and economic systems. The indicator of interpersonal trust is used as the important indicator of social capital. Trust and distrust are considered in the article as separate categories, the distrust and its role in the economic component of life in the regions and countries are considered. The theoretical provisions revealing the mechanisms of distrust influence on the economy and the competitiveness of economies are given. The article statistically examines the link of indicators of trust and distrust on the level of countries and Russian regions and the competitiveness of countries and Russian regions. The assessment of parameters of interpersonal trust / distrust at the level of regions of the Russian Federation and the country in general on the basis of the Public Opinion Foundation are provided. The calculations of the correlation between the scores of countries’ competitiveness and credibility of the countries on the basis of survey data from the European Social Survey (ESS), as well as the data of the World Economic Forum on the competitiveness of countries in 2008 and 2010 are also provided. Our empirical study confirmed the link between the low level of interpersonal trust and competitiveness of the Russian economy in general, and the state of the country’s institutions. At the same time, we fail to confirm the link between the indicators of interpersonal trust across regions and economic indicators. This may serve as a confirmation of the fact that regional communities have virtually no effect on the behavior and economic decisions of persons taking decisions in the regions. This can be explained by the lack of relationship between trust to the elites making decisions and their position due to the lack of selectivity of the first persons of regions and mechanisms of the real impact of the population on economic decision-making, as well the lack of mechanisms leading from the trust to the position of the elites. The results of the study can be used for development of policy for appointment / elections of governors, interaction between political elites and the society, in the theoretical studies.

What to Do About Trust? A Source of Contradiction in Interprofessional Collaboration

What to Do About Trust? A Source of Contradiction in Interprofessional Collaboration